{"adverse_reactions":["6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling: • Hypersensitivity reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The safety of PAXLOVID is based on two Phase 2/3 randomized, placebo-controlled trials in symptomatic adult subjects 18 years of age and older with a laboratory confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Subjects in both studies received PAXLOVID (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir 300 mg/100 mg) or placebo every 12 hours for 5 days for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 within 5 days of symptom onset [see Clinical Studies (14) ] : • Trial C4671005 (EPIC-HR) enrolled subjects who were at high risk for progression to severe disease. • Trial C4671002 (EPIC-SR) enrolled subjects who were at standard risk for progression to severe disease (previously unvaccinated subjects at standard risk or fully vaccinated subjects with at least 1 risk factor for progression to severe disease). Adverse reactions were those reported while subjects were on study medication and through 28 days after the last dose of study treatment. In Trial C4671005 (EPIC-HR), 1,038 subjects received PAXLOVID and 1,053 subjects received placebo. The most common adverse reactions (≥1% incidence in the PAXLOVID group and occurring at a greater frequency than in the placebo group) were dysgeusia (5% and <1%, respectively) and diarrhea (3% and 2%, respectively). Among vaccinated or unvaccinated subjects at standard risk or fully vaccinated subjects with at least 1 risk factor for progression to severe disease in Trial C4671002 (EPIC-SR), 540 subjects received PAXLOVID and 528 subjects received placebo. The adverse reactions observed were consistent with those observed in EPIC-HR. 6.2 Post-Authorization Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-authorization use of PAXLOVID. Immune System Disorders: Anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] Nervous System Disorders: Headache Vascular Disorders: Hypertension Gastrointestinal Disorders: Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: Malaise 6.4 Required Reporting for Serious Adverse Events and Medication Errors The prescribing healthcare provider and/or the provider's designee is/are responsible for mandatory reporting of all serious adverse events Serious adverse events are defined as: • Death; • A life-threatening adverse event; • Inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization; • A persistent or significant incapacity or substantial disruption of the ability to conduct normal life functions; • A congenital anomaly/birth defect; • Other important medical event, which may require a medical or surgical intervention to prevent death, a life-threatening event, hospitalization, disability, or congenital anomaly. and medication errors potentially related to use of PAXLOVID in the authorized pediatric population within 7 calendar days from the healthcare provider's awareness of the event, using FDA Form 3500 (for information on how to access this form, see below). The FDA requires that such reports, using FDA Form 3500, include the following: • Patient demographics and baseline characteristics (e.g., patient identifier, age or date of birth, gender, weight, ethnicity, and race). • A statement \" PAXLOVID use for COVID-19 under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA)\" under the \" Describe Event, Problem, or Product Use/Medication Error \" heading. • Information about the serious adverse event or medication error (e.g., signs and symptoms, test/laboratory data, complications, timing of drug initiation in relation to the occurrence of the event, duration of the event, treatments required to mitigate the event, evidence of event improvement/disappearance after stopping or reducing the dosage, evidence of event reappearance after reintroduction, clinical outcomes). • Patient's pre-existing medical conditions and use of concomitant products. • Information about the product (e.g., dosage, route of administration, NDC #). Submit adverse event and medication error reports, using Form 3500, to FDA MedWatch using one of the following methods: • Complete and submit the report online: https://www.fda.gov/medwatch/report.htm • Complete and submit a postage-paid FDA Form 3500 ( https://www.fda.gov/media/76299/download ) and return by: o Mail to MedWatch, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852-9787, or o Fax to 1-800-FDA-0178, or • Call 1-800-FDA-1088 to request a reporting form In addition, please provide a copy of all FDA MedWatch forms to: Website Fax number Telephone number www.pfizersafetyreporting.com 1-866-635-8337 1-800-438-1985 The prescribing healthcare provider and/or the provider's designee is/are responsible for mandatory responses to requests from FDA for information about adverse events and medication errors following receipt of PAXLOVID."],"adverse_reactions_table":["
WebsiteFax numberTelephone number
www.pfizersafetyreporting.com1-866-635-83371-800-438-1985
"],"boxed_warning":["WARNING: SIGNIFICANT DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH PAXLOVID • PAXLOVID includes ritonavir, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, which may lead to greater exposure of certain concomitant medications, resulting in potentially severe, life-threatening, or fatal events [see Contraindications (4) , Warnings and Precautions (5.1) , and Drug Interactions (7) ]. • Prior to prescribing PAXLOVID: 1) Review all medications taken by the patient to assess potential drug-drug interactions with a strong CYP3A inhibitor like PAXLOVID and 2) Determine if concomitant medications require a dose adjustment, interruption, and/or additional monitoring [see Drug Interactions (7) ]. • Consider the benefit of PAXLOVID treatment in reducing hospitalization and death, and whether the risk of potential drug-drug interactions for an individual patient can be appropriately managed [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) , Drug Interactions (7) , and Clinical Studies (14) ]."],"carcinogenesis_and_mutagenesis_and_impairment_of_fertility":["13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Nirmatrelvir Carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted with nirmatrelvir. Nirmatrelvir was negative for mutagenic or clastogenic activity in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays including the Ames bacterial reverse mutation assay using S. typhimurium and E. coli , the in vitro micronucleus assay using human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells, and the in vivo rat micronucleus assays. In a fertility and early embryonic development study, nirmatrelvir was administered orally to male and female rats at doses of 60, 200, or 1,000 mg/kg/day once daily beginning 14 days prior to mating, throughout the mating phase, and continued through GD 6 for females and for a total of 32 doses for males. There were no effects on fertility, reproductive performance, or early embryonic development at doses up to 1,000 mg/kg/day, resulting in systemic exposure (AUC 24 ) approximately 5 times higher than exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. Ritonavir Carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats have been conducted on ritonavir. In male mice, at levels of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day, there was a dose dependent increase in the incidence of both adenomas and combined adenomas and carcinomas in the liver. Based on AUC measurements, the exposure at the high dose was approximately 25 times higher than the exposure in humans at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. No carcinogenic effects were observed in females at up to the highest dose tested, resulting in systemic exposure (AUC 24 ) approximately 25 times higher than the exposure in humans at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. In rats dosed at levels of 7, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day, there were no carcinogenic effects. In this study, the exposure at the high dose was approximately 5 times higher than the exposure in humans at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. Ritonavir was found to be negative for mutagenic or clastogenic activity in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays including the Ames bacterial reverse mutation assay using S. typhimurium and E. coli , the mouse lymphoma assay, the mouse micronucleus test and chromosomal aberration assays in human lymphocytes. Ritonavir produced no effects on fertility in rats at drug exposures approximately 18 (male) and 27 (female) times higher than the exposure in humans at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID."],"clinical_pharmacology":["12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Nirmatrelvir is a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antiviral drug [see Microbiology (12.4) ]. Ritonavir is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor but is not active against SARS-CoV-2 M pro . Ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of nirmatrelvir, resulting in increased plasma concentrations of nirmatrelvir. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics Cardiac Electrophysiology At 3 times the steady state peak plasma concentration (C max ) at the recommended dose, nirmatrelvir does not prolong the QTc interval to any clinically relevant extent. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir were similar in healthy subjects and in subjects with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Nirmatrelvir AUC increased in a less than dose proportional manner over a single dose range from 250 mg to 750 mg (0.83 to 2.5 times the authorized recommended dose) and multiple dose range from 75 mg to 500 mg (0.25 to 1.67 times the authorized recommended dose), when administered in combination with 100 mg ritonavir. Nirmatrelvir steady state was achieved on Day 2 following administration of the authorized recommended dosage and the mean accumulation ratio was approximately 2-fold. The pharmacokinetic properties of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir are displayed in Table 2. Table 2: Pharmacokinetic Properties of Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir in Healthy Subjects Nirmatrelvir (When Given With Ritonavir) Ritonavir Abbreviations: CL/F=apparent clearance; hr=hour; L/hr=liters per hour; T ½ =terminal elimination half-life; T max =the time to reach C max ; V z /F=apparent volume of distribution. Absorption T max (hr), median 3.00 Represents data after a single dose of 300 mg nirmatrelvir (2 × 150 mg tablet formulation) administered together with 100 mg ritonavir tablet in healthy subjects. 3.98 Food effect Test/reference (fed/fasted) ratios of adjusted geometric means (90% CI) AUC inf and C max for nirmatrelvir were 119.67 (108.75, 131.68) and 161.01 (139.05, 186.44), respectively. Following a single oral dose of nirmatrelvir 300 mg boosted ritonavir 100 mg at -12 hours, 0 hours and 12 hours, administered under fed (high fat and high calorie meal) or fasted conditions. Distribution % bound to human plasma proteins 69% 98–99% Blood-to-plasma ratio 0.60 0.14 Red blood cell to plasma ratio. V z /F (L), mean 104.7 300 mg nirmatrelvir (oral suspension formulation) co-administered with 100 mg ritonavir (tablet formulation) twice daily for 3 days. 112.4 Elimination Major route of elimination Renal elimination Hepatic metabolism Half-life (T ½ ) (hr), mean 6.05 6.15 Oral clearance (CL/F) (L/hr), mean 8.99 13.92 Metabolism Metabolic pathways Nirmatrelvir is a CYP3A substrate but when dosed with ritonavir, metabolic clearance is minimal. Major CYP3A, Minor CYP2D6 Excretion % drug-related material in feces 35.3% Determined by 19 F-NMR analysis following 300 mg nirmatrelvir oral suspension administered at 0 hr enhanced with 100 mg ritonavir at -12 hours, 0 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours. 86.4% Determined by 14 C analysis following 600 mg 14 C-ritonavir oral solution (6 times the authorized ritonavir dose). % of dose excreted as total (unchanged drug) in feces 27.5% 33.8% % drug-related material in urine 49.6% 11.3% % of dose excreted as total (unchanged drug) in urine 55.0% 3.5% The predicted Day 5 nirmatrelvir exposure parameters in adult subjects with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 who were treated with PAXLOVID in EPIC-HR are presented in Table 3. Table 3: Predicted Day 5 Nirmatrelvir Exposure Parameters Following Administration of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir 300 mg/100 mg Twice Daily in Subjects with Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Pharmacokinetic Parameter (units) Data presented as geometric mean (10 th and 90 th percentile). Nirmatrelvir Based on 1,016 subjects with their post hoc PK parameters. Abbreviations: C max =predicted maximal concentration; C min =predicted minimal concentration (C trough ). C max (µg/mL) 3.43 (2.59, 4.52) AUC tau (µg*hr/mL) AUC tau =predicted area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time 0 to 12 hours for twice-daily dosing. 30.4 (22.9, 39.8) C min (µg/mL) 1.57 (1.16, 2.10) Effect of Food No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir were observed following administration of a high fat meal (800-1000 calories; 50% fat) to healthy subjects. Specific Populations There were no clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir based on age (18 to 86 years), sex, or race/ethnicity. Pediatric Patients The pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in patients less than 18 years of age have not been established. Patients with Renal Impairment The pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir in patients with renal impairment following administration of a single oral dose of nirmatrelvir 100 mg (0.33 times the authorized recommended dose) co-administered with ritonavir 100 mg are presented in Table 4. Compared to healthy controls with no renal impairment, the C max and AUC of nirmatrelvir in patients with mild renal impairment was 30% and 24% higher, in patients with moderate renal impairment was 38% and 87% higher, and in patients with severe renal impairment was 48% and 204% higher, respectively. Table 4: Impact of Renal Impairment on Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Pharmacokinetics Abbreviations: AUC inf =area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero extrapolated to infinite time; C max =the observed maximum concentration; CV=coefficient of variation; SD=standard deviation; T ½ =terminal elimination half-life; T max =the time to reach C max . Values are presented as geometric mean (geometric % CV) except median (range) for T max and arithmetic mean ± SD for T 1/2 . Normal Renal Function (n=8) Mild Renal Impairment (n=8) Moderate Renal Impairment (n=8) Severe Renal Impairment (n=8) C max (µg/mL) 1.60 (31) 2.08 (29) 2.21 (17) 2.37 (38) AUC inf (µg*hr/mL) 14.46 (20) 17.91 (30) 27.11 (27) 44.04 (33) T max (hr) 2.0 (1.0 – 4.0) 2.0 (1.0 – 3.0) 2.50 (1.0 – 6.0) 3.0 (1.0 – 6.1) T 1/2 (hr) 7.73 ± 1.82 6.60 ± 1.53 9.95 ± 3.42 13.37 ± 3.32 Patients with Hepatic Impairment The pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir were similar in patients with moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) hepatic impairment compared to healthy subjects following administration of a single oral dose of nirmatrelvir 100 mg (0.33 times the authorized recommended dose) co-administered with ritonavir 100 mg. The impact of severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) on the pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir or ritonavir has not been studied. Clinical Drug Interaction Studies Table 5 describes the effect of other drugs on the C max and AUC of nirmatrelvir. Table 5: The Effect of Other Drugs on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Nirmatrelvir Abbreviations: AUC=area under the plasma concentration-time curve; AUC inf =area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero extrapolated to infinite time; AUC tau =area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero to time tau (τ), the dosing interval. CI=confidence interval; C max =observed maximum plasma concentrations. Co-administered Drug Dose (Schedule) N Percent Ratio (in combination with co-administered drug/alone) of Nirmatrelvir Pharmacokinetic Parameters (90% CI); No Effect=100 Co-administered Drug Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir C max AUC For carbamazepine, AUC=AUC inf ; for itraconazole, AUC=AUC tau . Carbamazepine Carbamazepine titrated up to 300 mg twice daily on Day 8 through Day 15 (e.g., 100 mg twice daily on Day 1 through Day 3 and 200 mg twice daily on Day 4 through Day 7). 300 mg twice daily (16 doses) 300 mg/100 mg once daily (2 doses) 10 56.82 (47.04, 68.62) 44.50 (33.77, 58.65) Itraconazole 200 mg once daily (8 doses) 300 mg/100 mg twice daily (5 doses) 11 118.57 (112.50, 124.97) 138.82 (129.25, 149.11) Table 6 describes the effect of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir on the C max and AUC of other drugs. Table 6: Effect of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir on Pharmacokinetics of Other Drugs Abbreviations: AUC=area under the plasma concentration-time curve; CI=confidence interval; C max =observed maximum plasma concentrations; P-gp=p-glycoprotein. Co-administered Drug Dose (Schedule) N Percent Ratio of Test/Reference of Geometric Means (90% CI); No Effect=100 Co-administered Drug Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir C max AUC AUC=AUC inf for both midazolam and dabigatran. Midazolam For midazolam, Test=nirmatrelvir/ritonavir plus midazolam, Reference=Midazolam. Midazolam is an index substrate for CYP3A. For dabigatran, Test=nirmatrelvir/ritonavir plus dabigatran, Reference=Dabigatran. Dabigatran is an index substrate for P-gp. 2 mg (1 dose) 300 mg/100 mg twice daily (9 doses) 10 368.33 (318.91, 425.41) 1430.02 (1204.54, 1697.71) Dabigatran 75 mg (1 dose) 300 mg/100 mg twice daily (4 doses) 24 233.06 (172.14, 315.54) 194.47 (155.29, 243.55) In Vitro Studies Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Enzymes: • Nirmatrelvir is a reversible and time-dependent inhibitor of CYP3A, but not an inhibitor CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or CYP2D6. Nirmatrelvir is an inducer of CYP2B6, 2C8, 2C9, and 3A4, but there is minimal risk for pharmacokinetic interactions arising from induction of these CYP enzymes at the proposed therapeutic dose. • Ritonavir is a substrate of CYP2D6 and CYP3A. Ritonavir is an inducer of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2B6, and CYP3A. Transporter Systems: Nirmatrelvir is an inhibitor of P-gp and OATP1B1. Nirmatrelvir is a substrate for P-gp, but not BCRP, MATE1, MATE2K, NTCP, OAT1, OAT2, OAT3, OCT1, OCT2, PEPT1, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, or OATP4C1. 12.4 Microbiology Mechanism of Action Nirmatrelvir is a peptidomimetic inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro ), also referred to as 3C-like protease (3CL pro ) or nonstructural protein 5 (nsp5) protease. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 M pro renders it incapable of processing the viral polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab, preventing viral replication. Nirmatrelvir inhibited the activity of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 M pro in a biochemical assay with a K i value of 3.1 nM and an IC 50 value of 19.2 nM. Nirmatrelvir was found to bind directly to the SARS-CoV-2 M pro active site by X-ray crystallography. Antiviral Activity Cell Culture Antiviral Activity Nirmatrelvir exhibited antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 (USA-WA1/2020 isolate) infection of differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (dNHBE) cells with EC 50 and EC 90 values of 62 nM (31 ng/mL) and 181 nM (90 ng/mL), respectively, after 3 days of drug exposure. The antiviral activity of nirmatrelvir against the Omicron sub-variants BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.4, BA.4.6, BA.5, BF.7, BQ.1, BQ.1.11, and XBB.1.5 was assessed in Vero E6-TMPRSS2 cells in the presence of a P-gp inhibitor. Nirmatrelvir had a median EC 50 value of 83 nM (range: 39-146 nM) against the Omicron sub-variants, reflecting EC 50 value fold-changes ≤1.5 relative to the USA-WA1/2020 isolate. In addition, the antiviral activity of nirmatrelvir against the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Lambda, Mu, and Omicron BA.1 variants was assessed in Vero E6 P-gp knockout cells. Nirmatrelvir had a median EC 50 value of 25 nM (range: 16-141 nM). The Beta variant was the least susceptible variant tested, with an EC 50 value fold-change of 3.7 relative to USA-WA1/2020. The other variants had EC 50 value fold-changes ≤1.1 relative to USA-WA1/2020. Clinical Antiviral Activity In clinical trial EPIC-HR, which enrolled subjects who were primarily infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, PAXLOVID treatment was associated with a 0.83 log 10 copies/mL greater median decline in viral RNA shedding levels in nasopharyngeal samples through Day 5 (mITT1 analysis set, all treated subjects with onset of symptoms ≤5 days who at baseline did not receive nor were expected to receive COVID-19 therapeutic mAb treatment); similar results were observed in the mITT2 analysis set (all treated subjects with onset of symptoms ≤5 days). In the EPIC-SR trial, which included subjects who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta (79%) or Omicron (19%) variants, PAXLOVID treatment was associated with a 1.05 log 10 copies/mL greater median decline in viral RNA shedding levels in nasopharyngeal samples through Day 5, with similar declines observed in subjects infected with Delta or Omicron variants. The degree of reduction in viral RNA levels relative to placebo following 5 days of PAXLOVID treatment was similar between unvaccinated high-risk subjects in EPIC-HR and vaccinated high-risk subjects in EPIC-SR. Antiviral Resistance In Cell Culture and Biochemical Assays SARS-CoV-2 M pro residues potentially associated with nirmatrelvir resistance have been identified using a variety of methods, including SARS-CoV-2 resistance selection, testing of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 viruses with M pro substitutions, and biochemical assays with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 M pro containing amino acid substitutions. Table 7 indicates M pro substitutions and combinations of M pro substitutions that have been observed in nirmatrelvir-selected SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture. Individual M pro substitutions are listed regardless of whether they occurred alone or in combination with other M pro substitutions. Note that the M pro S301P and T304I substitutions overlap the P6 and P3 positions of the nsp5/nsp6 cleavage site located at the C-terminus of M pro . Substitutions at other M pro cleavage sites have not been associated with nirmatrelvir resistance in cell culture. The clinical significance of these substitutions is unknown. Table 7: SARS-CoV-2 M pro Amino Acid Substitutions Selected by Nirmatrelvir in Cell Culture Single Substitutions (EC 50 value fold-change) T21I (1.1-4.6), L50F (1.5-4.2), P108S (ND), T135I (ND), F140L (4.1), S144A (2.2-5.3), C160F (ND), E166A (3.3), E166V (25‑288), L167F (ND), T169I (ND), H172Y (ND), A173V (0.9-1.7), V186A (ND), R188G (ND), A191V (ND), A193P (ND), P252L (5.9), S301P (ND), and T304I (1.4-5.5). ≥2 Substitutions (EC 50 value fold-change) T21I+S144A (9.4), T21I+E166V (83), T21I+A173V (3.1), T21I+T304I (3.0-7.9), L50F+E166V (34-175), L50F+T304I (5.9), T135I+T304I (3.8), F140L+A173V (10.1), H172Y+P252L (ND), A173V+T304I (20.2), T21I+L50F+A193P+S301P (28.8), T21I+S144A+T304I (27.8), T21I+C160F+A173V+V186A+T304I (28.5), T21I+A173V+T304I (15), and L50F+F140L+L167F+T304I (54.7). Abbreviation: ND=no data. In a biochemical assay using recombinant SARS-CoV-2 M pro containing amino acid substitutions, the following SARS-CoV-2 M pro substitutions led to ≥3-fold reduced nirmatrelvir activity (fold-change based on K i values): Y54A (25), F140A (21), F140L (7.6), F140S (260), G143S (3.6), S144A (46), S144E (480), S144T (170), H164N (6.7), E166A (35), E166G (6.2), E166V (7,700), H172Y (250), A173S (4.1), A173V (16), R188G (38), Q192L (29), Q192P (7.8), and V297A (3.0). In addition, the following combinations of M pro substitutions led to ≥3-fold reduced nirmatrelvir activity: T21I+S144A (20), T21I+E166V (11,000), T21I+A173V (15), L50F+E166V (4,500), T135I+T304I (5.1), F140L+A173V (95), H172Y+P252L (180), A173V+T304I (28), T21I+S144A+T304I (51), T21I+A173V+T304I (55), L50F+E166A+L167F (210), T21I+L50F+A193P+S301P (7.3), L50F+F140L+L167F+T304I (190), and T21I+C160F+A173V+V186A+T304I (28). The following substitutions and substitution combinations emerged in cell culture but conferred <3-fold reduced nirmatrelvir activity in biochemical assays: T21I (1.6), L50F (0.2), P108S (2.9), T135I (2.2), C160F (0.6), L167F (0.9), T169I (1.4), V186A (0.8), A191V (0.8), A193P (0.9), P252L (0.9), S301P (0.2), T304I (1.0), T21I+T304I (1.8), and L50F+T304I (1.3). The clinical significance of these substitutions is unknown. In Clinical Trials Treatment-emergent substitutions were evaluated among subjects in clinical trials EPIC-HR/SR with sequence data available at both baseline and a post-baseline visit (n=907 PAXLOVID-treated subjects, n=946 placebo‑treated subjects). SARS-CoV-2 M pro amino acid changes were classified as PAXLOVID treatment-emergent substitutions if they occurred at the same amino acid position in 3 or more PAXLOVID‑treated subjects and were ≥2.5-fold more common in PAXLOVID-treated subjects than placebo-treated subjects. The following PAXLOVID treatment-emergent M pro substitutions were observed: T98I/R/del(n=4), E166V (n=3), and W207L/R/del (n=4). Within the M pro cleavage sites, the following PAXLOVID treatment-emergent substitutions were observed: A5328S/V(n=7) and S6799A/P/Y (n=4). These cleavage site substitutions were not associated with the co-occurrence of any specific M pro substitutions. None of the treatment-emergent substitutions listed above in M pro or M pro cleavage sites occurred in PAXLOVID-treated subjects who experienced hospitalization. Thus, the clinical significance of these substitutions is unknown. Viral RNA Rebound (With and Without COVID-19 Symptoms) and Treatment-Emergent Substitutions EPIC-HR and EPIC-SR were not designed to evaluate COVID-19 rebound; exploratory analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between PAXLOVID use and rebound in viral RNA shedding levels or self-reported COVID-19 symptoms. Post-treatment increases in SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding levels in nasopharyngeal samples were observed on Day 10 and/or Day 14 in a subset of PAXLOVID and placebo recipients in EPIC-HR and EPIC-SR, irrespective of COVID-19 symptoms. The frequency of detection of post-treatment viral RNA rebound varied according to analysis parameters, but was generally similar among PAXLOVID and placebo recipients. A similar or smaller percentage of placebo recipients compared to PAXLOVID recipients had nasopharyngeal viral RNA results Table 2: Pharmacokinetic Properties of Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir in Healthy SubjectsNirmatrelvir (When Given With Ritonavir)RitonavirAbbreviations: CL/F=apparent clearance; hr=hour; L/hr=liters per hour; T½=terminal elimination half-life; Tmax=the time to reach Cmax; Vz/F=apparent volume of distribution.Absorption Tmax (hr), median3.00Represents data after a single dose of 300 mg nirmatrelvir (2 × 150 mg tablet formulation) administered together with 100 mg ritonavir tablet in healthy subjects.3.98 Food effectTest/reference (fed/fasted) ratios of adjusted geometric means (90% CI) AUCinf and Cmax for nirmatrelvir were 119.67 (108.75, 131.68) and 161.01 (139.05, 186.44), respectively.Following a single oral dose of nirmatrelvir 300 mg boosted ritonavir 100 mg at -12 hours, 0 hours and 12 hours, administered under fed (high fat and high calorie meal) or fasted conditions.Distribution % bound to human plasma proteins69%98–99% Blood-to-plasma ratio0.600.14Red blood cell to plasma ratio. Vz/F (L), mean104.7300 mg nirmatrelvir (oral suspension formulation) co-administered with 100 mg ritonavir (tablet formulation) twice daily for 3 days.112.4Elimination Major route of eliminationRenal eliminationHepatic metabolism Half-life (T½) (hr), mean6.056.15 Oral clearance (CL/F) (L/hr), mean8.9913.92Metabolism Metabolic pathwaysNirmatrelvir is a CYP3A substrate but when dosed with ritonavir, metabolic clearance is minimal.Major CYP3A, Minor CYP2D6Excretion % drug-related material in feces35.3%Determined by 19F-NMR analysis following 300 mg nirmatrelvir oral suspension administered at 0 hr enhanced with 100 mg ritonavir at -12 hours, 0 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours. 86.4%Determined by 14C analysis following 600 mg 14C-ritonavir oral solution (6 times the authorized ritonavir dose). % of dose excreted as total (unchanged drug) in feces27.5%33.8% % drug-related material in urine49.6%11.3% % of dose excreted as total (unchanged drug) in urine55.0%3.5%","
Table 3: Predicted Day 5 Nirmatrelvir Exposure Parameters Following Administration of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir 300 mg/100 mg Twice Daily in Subjects with Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19
Pharmacokinetic Parameter (units)Data presented as geometric mean (10th and 90th percentile).NirmatrelvirBased on 1,016 subjects with their post hoc PK parameters.
Abbreviations: Cmax=predicted maximal concentration; Cmin=predicted minimal concentration (Ctrough).
Cmax (µg/mL)3.43 (2.59, 4.52)
AUCtau (µg*hr/mL)AUCtau=predicted area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time 0 to 12 hours for twice-daily dosing.30.4 (22.9, 39.8)
Cmin (µg/mL)1.57 (1.16, 2.10)
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Table 4: Impact of Renal Impairment on Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Pharmacokinetics
Abbreviations: AUCinf=area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero extrapolated to infinite time; Cmax=the observed maximum concentration; CV=coefficient of variation; SD=standard deviation; T½=terminal elimination half-life; Tmax=the time to reach Cmax. Values are presented as geometric mean (geometric % CV) except median (range) for Tmax and arithmetic mean ± SD for T1/2.
Normal Renal Function (n=8)Mild Renal Impairment (n=8)Moderate Renal Impairment (n=8)Severe Renal Impairment (n=8)
Cmax (µg/mL)1.60 (31)2.08 (29)2.21 (17)2.37 (38)
AUCinf (µg*hr/mL)14.46 (20)17.91 (30)27.11 (27)44.04 (33)
Tmax (hr)2.0 (1.0 – 4.0)2.0 (1.0 – 3.0)2.50 (1.0 – 6.0)3.0 (1.0 – 6.1)
T1/2 (hr)7.73 ± 1.826.60 ± 1.539.95 ± 3.4213.37 ± 3.32
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Table 5: The Effect of Other Drugs on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Nirmatrelvir
Abbreviations: AUC=area under the plasma concentration-time curve; AUCinf=area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero extrapolated to infinite time; AUCtau=area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero to time tau (τ), the dosing interval. CI=confidence interval; Cmax=observed maximum plasma concentrations.
Co-administered DrugDose (Schedule)NPercent Ratio (in combination with co-administered drug/alone) of Nirmatrelvir Pharmacokinetic Parameters (90% CI); No Effect=100
Co-administered Drug Nirmatrelvir/RitonavirCmaxAUCFor carbamazepine, AUC=AUCinf; for itraconazole, AUC=AUCtau.
CarbamazepineCarbamazepine titrated up to 300 mg twice daily on Day 8 through Day 15 (e.g., 100 mg twice daily on Day 1 through Day 3 and 200 mg twice daily on Day 4 through Day 7).300 mg twice daily (16 doses)300 mg/100 mg once daily (2 doses)1056.82 (47.04, 68.62)44.50 (33.77, 58.65)
Itraconazole200 mg once daily (8 doses)300 mg/100 mg twice daily (5 doses)11118.57 (112.50, 124.97)138.82 (129.25, 149.11)
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Table 6: Effect of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir on Pharmacokinetics of Other Drugs
Abbreviations: AUC=area under the plasma concentration-time curve; CI=confidence interval; Cmax=observed maximum plasma concentrations; P-gp=p-glycoprotein.
Co-administered DrugDose (Schedule)NPercent Ratio of Test/Reference of Geometric Means (90% CI); No Effect=100
Co-administered Drug Nirmatrelvir/RitonavirCmaxAUCAUC=AUCinf for both midazolam and dabigatran.
MidazolamFor midazolam, Test=nirmatrelvir/ritonavir plus midazolam, Reference=Midazolam. Midazolam is an index substrate for CYP3A. For dabigatran, Test=nirmatrelvir/ritonavir plus dabigatran, Reference=Dabigatran. Dabigatran is an index substrate for P-gp.2 mg (1 dose)300 mg/100 mg twice daily (9 doses)10368.33 (318.91, 425.41)1430.02 (1204.54, 1697.71)
Dabigatran75 mg (1 dose)300 mg/100 mg twice daily (4 doses)24233.06 (172.14, 315.54)194.47 (155.29, 243.55)
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Table 7: SARS-CoV-2 Mpro Amino Acid Substitutions Selected by Nirmatrelvir in Cell Culture
Single Substitutions(EC50 value fold-change)T21I (1.1-4.6), L50F (1.5-4.2), P108S (ND), T135I (ND), F140L (4.1), S144A (2.2-5.3), C160F (ND), E166A (3.3), E166V (25‑288), L167F (ND), T169I (ND), H172Y (ND), A173V (0.9-1.7), V186A (ND), R188G (ND), A191V (ND), A193P (ND), P252L (5.9), S301P (ND), and T304I (1.4-5.5).
≥2 Substitutions(EC50 value fold-change)T21I+S144A (9.4), T21I+E166V (83), T21I+A173V (3.1), T21I+T304I (3.0-7.9), L50F+E166V (34-175), L50F+T304I (5.9), T135I+T304I (3.8), F140L+A173V (10.1), H172Y+P252L (ND), A173V+T304I (20.2), T21I+L50F+A193P+S301P (28.8), T21I+S144A+T304I (27.8), T21I+C160F+A173V+V186A+T304I (28.5), T21I+A173V+T304I (15), and L50F+F140L+L167F+T304I (54.7).
"],"clinical_studies":["14 CLINICAL STUDIES 14.1 Efficacy in Subjects at High Risk of Progression to Severe COVID-19 (EPIC-HR) EPIC-HR (NCT04960202) was a Phase 2/3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in non-hospitalized symptomatic adult subjects with a laboratory confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eligible subjects were 18 years of age and older with at least 1 of the following risk factors for progression to severe disease: diabetes, overweight (BMI >25), chronic lung disease (including asthma), chronic kidney disease, current smoker, immunosuppressive disease or immunosuppressive treatment, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, sickle cell disease, neurodevelopmental disorders, active cancer, medically-related technological dependence, or were 60 years of age and older regardless of comorbidities. Subjects with COVID-19 symptom onset of ≤5 days were included in the study. Subjects were randomized (1:1) to receive PAXLOVID (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir 300 mg/100 mg) or placebo orally every 12 hours for 5 days. The trial excluded individuals with a history of prior COVID-19 infection or vaccination and excluded individuals taking any medications with clinically significant drug interactions with PAXLOVID. The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of subjects with COVID-19 related hospitalization or death from any cause through Day 28. The analysis was conducted in the modified intent-to-treat (mITT) analysis set [all treated subjects with onset of symptoms ≤3 days who at baseline did not receive nor were expected to receive COVID-19 therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment], the mITT1 analysis set (all treated subjects with onset of symptoms ≤5 days who at baseline did not receive nor were expected to receive COVID-19 therapeutic mAb treatment), and the mITT2 analysis set (all treated subjects with onset of symptoms ≤5 days). A total of 2,113 subjects were randomized to receive either PAXLOVID or placebo. At baseline, mean age was 45 years; 51% were male; 71% were White, 15% were Asian, 9% were American Indian or Alaska Native, 4% were Black or African American, and 1% was missing or unknown; 41% were Hispanic or Latino; 67% of subjects had onset of symptoms ≤3 days before initiation of study treatment; 49% of subjects were serological negative at baseline; the mean (SD) baseline viral RNA in nasopharyngeal samples was 4.71 log 10 copies/mL (2.89); 27% of subjects had a baseline viral RNA of ≥10^7 (log 10 copies/mL); 6% of subjects either received or were expected to receive COVID-19 therapeutic monoclonal antibody treatment at the time of randomization and were excluded from the mITT and mITT1 analyses. The baseline demographic and disease characteristics were balanced between the PAXLOVID and placebo groups. The proportions of subjects who discontinued treatment due to an adverse event were 2.0% in the PAXLOVID group and 4.2% in the placebo group. Table 8 provides results of the primary endpoint in mITT1 analysis population. For the primary endpoint, the relative risk reduction in the mITT1 analysis population for PAXLOVID compared to placebo was 86% (95% CI: 72%, 93%). Table 8: COVID-19 Related Hospitalization or Death from Any Cause Through Day 28 in Non-Hospitalized Adults with COVID-19 (mITT1 Analysis Set): EPIC-HR PAXLOVID (N=977) Placebo (N=989) Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; COVID-19=coronavirus disease 2019; mAb=monoclonal antibody; mITT1=modified intent-to-treat 1 (all treated subjects with onset of symptoms ≤5 days who at baseline did not receive nor were expected to receive COVID-19 therapeutic mAb treatment). The determination of primary efficacy was based on a planned interim analysis of 754 subjects in mITT population. The estimated risk reduction was -6.5% with a 95% CI of (-9.3%, -3.7%) and 2-sided p-value <0.0001. COVID-19 Related Hospitalization or Death from Any Cause Through Day 28 n (%) 9 (0.9%) 64 (6.5%) Reduction Relative to Placebo The estimated cumulative proportion of subjects hospitalized or death by Day 28 was calculated for each treatment group using the Kaplan-Meier method, where subjects without hospitalization and death status through Day 28 were censored at the time of study discontinuation. (95% CI), % -5.6 (-7.3, -4.0) COVID-19 Related Hospitalization Through Day 28, % 9 (0.9%) 63 (6.4%) All-cause Mortality Through Day 28 For the secondary endpoint of all-cause mortality through Week 24, there were 0 and 15 (1%) events in the PAXLOVID arm and placebo arm, respectively. , % 0 12 (1.2%) Consistent results were observed in the mITT and mITT2 analysis populations. Similar trends have been observed across subgroups of subjects (see Figure 1 ) . Figure 1: Subgroup Analysis of Adults with COVID-19 Dosed within 5 Days of Symptom Onset with COVID-19 Related Hospitalization or Death from Any Cause Through Day 28: EPIC-HR Abbreviations: BMI=body mass index; COVID-19=coronavirus disease 2019; mAb=monoclonal antibody; mITT=modified intent-to-treat; SARS-CoV-2=severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. N=number of subjects in the category of the analysis set. All categories are based on mITT1 population except for COVID-19 mAb treatment which is based on mITT2 population. Seropositivity was defined if results were positive in either Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S or Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 (N) assay. The difference of the proportions in the 2 treatment groups and its 95% confidence interval based on normal approximation of the data are presented. Among subjects who were SARS-CoV-2 seropositive at baseline, 1/490 (0.2%) PAXLOVID recipients versus 8/479 (1.7%) placebo recipients met the primary endpoint of COVID-19 related hospitalization or death from any cause through Day 28 [reduction relative to placebo -1.47% (-2.70%, -0.25%)]. Figure 1 14.2 Trial in Unvaccinated Subjects Without a Risk Factor for Progression to Severe COVID-19 or Subjects Fully Vaccinated Against COVID-19 With at Least One Factor for Progression to Severe COVID-19 (EPIC-SR) PAXLOVID is not authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 in patients without a risk factor for progression to severe COVID-19. EPIC-SR (NCT05011513) was a Phase 2/3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in non-hospitalized symptomatic adult subjects with a laboratory confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eligible subjects were 18 years of age or older with COVID-19 symptom onset of ≤5 days who were at standard risk for progression to severe disease. The trial included previously unvaccinated subjects with no risk factors for progression to severe disease or subjects fully vaccinated against COVID-19 (i.e., completed a primary vaccination series) with at least 1 of the risk factors for progression to severe disease as defined in EPIC-HR. Through the December 19, 2021, data cutoff, a total of 1,075 subjects were randomized (1:1) to receive PAXLOVID or placebo orally every 12 hours for 5 days; of these, 59% were fully vaccinated high-risk subjects. The primary endpoint in this trial, the difference in time to sustained alleviation of all targeted COVID-19 signs and symptoms through Day 28 among PAXLOVID versus placebo recipients, was not met. In an exploratory analysis of the subgroup of fully vaccinated subjects with at least 1 risk factor for progression to severe disease, a non-statistically significant numerical reduction relative to placebo for the secondary endpoint of COVID-19 related hospitalization or death from any cause through Day 28 was observed. 14.3 Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Trial PAXLOVID is not authorized for the post-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19. In a double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled trial, the efficacy of PAXLOVID when administered for 5 or 10 days as post-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 was evaluated. Eligible subjects were asymptomatic adults 18 years of age and older who were SARS-CoV-2 negative at baseline and who lived in the same household with symptomatic individuals with a recent diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. A total of 2,736 subjects were randomized (1:1:1) to receive PAXLOVID orally every 12 hours for 5 days, PAXLOVID orally every 12 hours for 10 days, or placebo. The primary endpoint for this trial was not met. The primary endpoint was the risk reduction between the 5-day and 10-day PAXLOVID regimens versus placebo in the proportion of subjects who developed RT-PCR or RAT confirmed symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection through Day 14 who had a negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR result at baseline. The proportion of subjects who had events through Day 14 was 2.6% for the 5-day PAXLOVID regimen, 2.4% for the 10-day PAXLOVID regimen, and 3.9% for placebo. There was not a statistically significant risk reduction versus placebo for either the 5-day or 10-day PAXLOVID regimen."],"clinical_studies_table":["
Table 8: COVID-19 Related Hospitalization or Death from Any Cause Through Day 28 in Non-Hospitalized Adults with COVID-19 (mITT1 Analysis Set): EPIC-HR
PAXLOVID (N=977)Placebo (N=989)
Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; COVID-19=coronavirus disease 2019; mAb=monoclonal antibody; mITT1=modified intent-to-treat 1 (all treated subjects with onset of symptoms ≤5 days who at baseline did not receive nor were expected to receive COVID-19 therapeutic mAb treatment). The determination of primary efficacy was based on a planned interim analysis of 754 subjects in mITT population. The estimated risk reduction was -6.5% with a 95% CI of (-9.3%, -3.7%) and 2-sided p-value <0.0001.
COVID-19 Related Hospitalization or Death from Any Cause Through Day 28
n (%)9 (0.9%)64 (6.5%)
Reduction Relative to PlaceboThe estimated cumulative proportion of subjects hospitalized or death by Day 28 was calculated for each treatment group using the Kaplan-Meier method, where subjects without hospitalization and death status through Day 28 were censored at the time of study discontinuation. (95% CI), %-5.6 (-7.3, -4.0)
COVID-19 Related Hospitalization Through Day 28, %9 (0.9%)63 (6.4%)
All-cause Mortality Through Day 28For the secondary endpoint of all-cause mortality through Week 24, there were 0 and 15 (1%) events in the PAXLOVID arm and placebo arm, respectively., %012 (1.2%)
","
Abbreviations: BMI=body mass index; COVID-19=coronavirus disease 2019; mAb=monoclonal antibody; mITT=modified intent-to-treat; SARS-CoV-2=severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. N=number of subjects in the category of the analysis set. All categories are based on mITT1 population except for COVID-19 mAb treatment which is based on mITT2 population. Seropositivity was defined if results were positive in either Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S or Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 (N) assay. The difference of the proportions in the 2 treatment groups and its 95% confidence interval based on normal approximation of the data are presented.
"],"contraindications":["4 CONTRAINDICATIONS PAXLOVID is contraindicated in patients with a history of clinically significant hypersensitivity reactions [e.g., toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) or Stevens-Johnson syndrome] to its active ingredients (nirmatrelvir or ritonavir) or any other components of the product. PAXLOVID is contraindicated with drugs that are primarily metabolized by CYP3A and for which elevated concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening reactions and drugs that are strong CYP3A inducers where significantly reduced nirmatrelvir or ritonavir plasma concentrations may be associated with the potential for loss of virologic response and possible resistance. There are certain other drugs for which concomitant use with PAXLOVID should be avoided and/or dose adjustment, interruption, or therapeutic monitoring is recommended. Drugs listed in this section are a guide and not considered a comprehensive list of all drugs that may be contraindicated with PAXLOVID. The healthcare provider should consult other appropriate resources such as the prescribing information for the interacting drug for comprehensive information on dosing or monitoring with concomitant use of a strong CYP3A inhibitor like PAXLOVID [see Drug Interactions (7.3) ] : ➢ Drugs that are primarily metabolized by CYP3A for which elevated concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening reactions [see Drug Interactions (7.3) ] : • Alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist: alfuzosin • Antianginal: ranolazine • Antiarrhythmic: amiodarone, dronedarone, flecainide, propafenone, quinidine • Anti-gout: colchicine (in patients with renal and/or hepatic impairment [see Table 1 , Drug Interactions (7.3)] ) • Antipsychotics: lurasidone, pimozide • Benign prostatic hyperplasia agents: silodosin • Cardiovascular agents: eplerenone, ivabradine • Ergot derivatives: dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergonovine • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: lovastatin, simvastatin (these drugs can be temporarily discontinued to allow PAXLOVID use [see Table 1 , Drug Interactions (7.3)] ) • Immunosuppressants: voclosporin • Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor: lomitapide • Migraine medications: eletriptan, ubrogepant • Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: finerenone • Opioid antagonists: naloxegol • PDE5 inhibitor: sildenafil (Revatio ® ) when used for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) • Sedative/hypnotics: triazolam, oral midazolam • Serotonin receptor 1A agonist/serotonin receptor 2A antagonist: flibanserin • Vasopressin receptor antagonists: tolvaptan ➢ Drugs that are strong CYP3A inducers where significantly reduced nirmatrelvir or ritonavir plasma concentrations may be associated with the potential for loss of virologic response and possible resistance. PAXLOVID cannot be started immediately after discontinuation of any of the following medications due to the delayed offset of the recently discontinued CYP3A inducer [see Drug Interactions (7.3) ] : • Anticancer drugs: apalutamide • Anticonvulsant: carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, phenytoin • Antimycobacterials: rifampin, rifapentine • Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator potentiators: lumacaftor/ivacaftor • Herbal products: St. John's Wort ( hypericum perforatum )"],"description":["11 DESCRIPTION PAXLOVID is nirmatrelvir tablets co-packaged with ritonavir tablets. Nirmatrelvir is a SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro ) inhibitor, and ritonavir is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor and CYP3A inhibitor. Nirmatrelvir The chemical name of active ingredient of nirmatrelvir is (1 R ,2 S ,5 S )- N -((1 S )-1-Cyano-2-((3 S )-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)ethyl)-3-((2 S )-3,3-dimethyl-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)butanoyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxamide]. It has a molecular formula of C 23 H 32 F 3 N 5 O 4 and a molecular weight of 499.54. Nirmatrelvir has the following structural formula: Nirmatrelvir is available as immediate-release, film-coated tablets. Each tablet contains 150 mg nirmatrelvir with the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium stearyl fumarate. The following are the ingredients in the film coating: hydroxy propyl methylcellulose, iron oxide red, polyethylene glycol, and titanium dioxide. Chemical Structure Ritonavir Ritonavir is chemically designated as 10-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1- [2-(1 methylethyl)-4-thiazolyl]-3,6-dioxo-8,11-bis(phenylmethyl)-2,4,7,12- tetraazatridecan-13-oic acid, 5-thiazolylmethyl ester, [5S-(5R*,8R*,10R*,11R*)]. Its molecular formula is C 37 H 48 N 6 O 5 S 2 , and its molecular weight is 720.95. Ritonavir has the following structural formula: Ritonavir is available as film-coated tablets. Each tablet contains 100 mg ritonavir with the following inactive ingredients: anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate, colloidal silicon dioxide, copovidone, sodium stearyl fumarate, and sorbitan monolaurate. The film coating may include the following ingredients: colloidal anhydrous silica, colloidal silicon dioxide, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, talc, and titanium dioxide. Chemical Structure"],"dosage_and_administration":["2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 2.1 Important Dosage and Administration Information for Emergency Use of PAXLOVID PAXLOVID is nirmatrelvir tablets co-packaged with ritonavir tablets. There are two different dose packs available: • PAXLOVID (nirmatrelvir; ritonavir) co-packaged for oral use 300 mg;100 mg [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ]. • PAXLOVID (nirmatrelvir; ritonavir) co-packaged for oral use 150 mg;100 mg for patients with moderate renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ]. Nirmatrelvir must be co-administered with ritonavir. Failure to correctly co-administer nirmatrelvir with ritonavir may result in plasma levels of nirmatrelvir that are insufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Prescriptions should specify the numeric dose of each active ingredient within PAXLOVID [see Dosage and Administration (2.2 , 2.3 )]. Completion of the full 5-day treatment course and continued isolation in accordance with public health recommendations are important to maximize viral clearance and minimize transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The 5-day treatment course of PAXLOVID should be initiated as soon as possible after a diagnosis of COVID-19 has been made, and within 5 days of symptom onset even if baseline COVID-19 symptoms are mild. Should a patient require hospitalization due to severe or critical COVID-19 after starting treatment with PAXLOVID, the patient should complete the full 5-day treatment course per the healthcare provider's discretion. If the patient misses a dose of PAXLOVID within 8 hours of the time it is usually taken, the patient should take it as soon as possible and resume the normal dosing schedule. If the patient misses a dose by more than 8 hours, the patient should not take the missed dose and instead take the next dose at the regularly scheduled time. The patient should not double the dose to make up for a missed dose. PAXLOVID (both nirmatrelvir and ritonavir tablets) can be taken with or without food [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . The tablets should be swallowed whole and not chewed, broken, or crushed. 2.2 Recommended Dosage The recommended dosage for PAXLOVID is 300 mg nirmatrelvir (two 150 mg tablets) with 100 mg ritonavir (one 100 mg tablet) with all 3 tablets taken together orally twice daily for 5 days. 2.3 Dosage in Patients with Renal Impairment No dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with mild renal impairment (eGFR ≥60 to <90 mL/min). In patients with moderate renal impairment (eGFR ≥30 to <60 mL/min), the dosage of PAXLOVID is 150 mg nirmatrelvir (one 150 mg tablet) and 100 mg ritonavir (one 100 mg tablet) with both tablets taken together twice daily for 5 days [see How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16) ] . Prescriptions should specify the numeric dose of each active ingredient within PAXLOVID. Providers should counsel patients about renal dosing instructions [see Patient Counseling Information (17) ]. PAXLOVID is not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR <30 mL/min) until more data are available; the appropriate dosage for patients with severe renal impairment has not been determined [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. 2.4 Use in Patients with Hepatic Impairment No dosage adjustment is needed in patients with mild (Child-Pugh Class A) or moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) hepatic impairment. No pharmacokinetic or safety data are available regarding the use of nirmatrelvir or ritonavir in subjects with severe (Child-Pugh Class C) hepatic impairment; therefore, PAXLOVID is not recommended for use in patients with severe hepatic impairment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7) ] ."],"dosage_forms_and_strengths":["3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS PAXLOVID is nirmatrelvir tablets co-packaged with ritonavir tablets. • Nirmatrelvir is supplied as oval, pink immediate-release, film-coated tablets debossed with \"PFE\" on one side and \"3CL\" on the other side. Each tablet contains 150 mg of nirmatrelvir. • Ritonavir is supplied as white or white to off-white film-coated tablets uniquely identified by the color, shape, and debossing [see How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16) ] . Each tablet contains 100 mg of ritonavir."],"drug_interactions":["7 DRUG INTERACTIONS 7.1 Potential for PAXLOVID to Affect Other Drugs PAXLOVID (nirmatrelvir co-packaged with ritonavir) is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A, and an inhibitor of CYP2D6, P-gp and OATP1B1. Co-administration of PAXLOVID with drugs that are primarily metabolized by CYP3A and CYP2D6 or are transported by P-gp or OATP1B1 may result in increased plasma concentrations of such drugs and increase the risk of adverse events. Co-administration of PAXLOVID with drugs highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance and for which elevated plasma concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening events is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4) and Drug Interactions (7.3) Table 1 ] . Co-administration with other CYP3A substrates may require a dose adjustment or additional monitoring as shown in Table 1. 7.2 Potential for Other Drugs to Affect PAXLOVID Nirmatrelvir and ritonavir are CYP3A substrates; therefore, drugs that induce CYP3A may decrease nirmatrelvir and ritonavir plasma concentrations and reduce PAXLOVID therapeutic effect [see Contraindications (4) and Drug Interactions (7.3) Table 1 ] . 7.3 Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions Table 1 provides a listing of clinically significant drug interactions, including contraindicated drugs [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] . Drugs listed in Table 1 are a guide and not considered a comprehensive list of all possible drugs that may interact with PAXLOVID. The healthcare provider should consult other appropriate resources such as the prescribing information for the interacting drug for comprehensive information on dosing or monitoring with concomitant use of a strong CYP3A inhibitor such as ritonavir. Table 1: Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions Drug Class Drugs within Class Effect on Concentration Clinical Comments Alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist alfuzosin ↑ alfuzosin Co-administration contraindicated due to potential hypotension [see Contraindications (4) ] . Alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist tamsulosin ↑ tamsulosin Avoid concomitant use with PAXLOVID. Antianginal ranolazine ↑ ranolazine Co-administration contraindicated due to potential for serious and/or life-threatening reactions [see Contraindications (4) ] . Antiarrhythmics amiodarone, dronedarone, flecainide, propafenone, quinidine ↑ antiarrhythmic Co-administration contraindicated due to potential for cardiac arrhythmias [see Contraindications (4) ] . Antiarrhythmics lidocaine (systemic), disopyramide ↑ antiarrhythmic Caution is warranted and therapeutic concentration monitoring is recommended for antiarrhythmics if available. Anticancer drugs apalutamide ↓ nirmatrelvir/ritonavir Co-administration contraindicated due to potential loss of virologic response and possible resistance [see Contraindications (4) ]. Anticancer drugs abemaciclib, ceritinib, dasatinib, encorafenib, ibrutinib, ivosidenib, neratinib, nilotinib, venetoclax, vinblastine, vincristine ↑ anticancer drugs Avoid co-administration of encorafenib or ivosidenib due to potential risk of serious adverse events such as QT interval prolongation. Avoid use of neratinib, venetoclax or ibrutinib. Co-administration of vincristine and vinblastine may lead to significant hematologic or gastrointestinal side effects. For further information, refer to individual product label for anticancer drug. Anticoagulants warfarin ↑↓ warfarin Closely monitor international normalized ratio (INR) if co-administration with warfarin is necessary. rivaroxaban ↑ rivaroxaban Increased bleeding risk with rivaroxaban. Avoid concomitant use. dabigatran See Pharmacokinetics, Drug Interaction Studies Conducted with Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir (12.3) . ↑ dabigatran Increased bleeding risk with dabigatran. Depending on dabigatran indication and renal function, reduce dose of dabigatran or avoid concomitant use. Refer to the dabigatran product label for further information. apixaban ↑ apixaban Combined P-gp and strong CYP3A inhibitors increase blood levels of apixaban and increase the risk of bleeding. Dosing recommendations for co-administration of apixaban with PAXLOVID depend on the apixaban dose. Refer to the apixaban product label for more information. Anticonvulsants carbamazepine , phenobarbital, primidone, phenytoin ↓ nirmatrelvir/ritonavir Co-administration contraindicated due to potential loss of virologic response and possible resistance [see Contraindications (4) ] . Anticonvulsants clonazepam ↑ anticonvulsant A dose decrease may be needed for clonazepam when co-administered with PAXLOVID and clinical monitoring is recommended. Antidepressants bupropion ↓ bupropion and active metabolite hydroxy-bupropion Monitor for an adequate clinical response to bupropion. trazodone ↑ trazodone Adverse reactions of nausea, dizziness, hypotension, and syncope have been observed following co-administration of trazodone and ritonavir. A lower dose of trazodone should be considered. Refer to trazadone product label for further information. Antifungals voriconazole ↓ voriconazole Avoid concomitant use of voriconazole. ketoconazole, isavuconazonium sulfate, itraconazole ↑ ketoconazole ↑ isavuconazonium sulfate ↑ itraconazole Refer to ketoconazole, isavuconazonium sulfate, and itraconazole product labels for further information. ↑ nirmatrelvir/ritonavir A nirmatrelvir/ritonavir dose reduction is not needed. Anti-gout colchicine ↑ colchicine Co-administration contraindicated due to potential for serious and/or life-threatening reactions in patients with renal and/or hepatic impairment [see Contraindications (4) ] . Anti-HIV protease inhibitors atazanavir, darunavir, tipranavir ↑ protease inhibitor For further information, refer to the respective protease inhibitors' prescribing information. Patients on ritonavir- or cobicistat-containing HIV regimens should continue their treatment as indicated. Monitor for increased PAXLOVID or protease inhibitor adverse events . Anti-HIV efavirenz, maraviroc, nevirapine, zidovudine, bictegravir/ emtricitabine/ tenofovir ↑ efavirenz ↑ maraviroc ↑ nevirapine ↓ zidovudine ↑ bictegravir ↔ emtricitabine ↑ tenofovir For further information, refer to the respective anti-HIV drugs prescribing information. Anti-infective clarithromycin, erythromycin ↑ clarithromycin ↑ erythromycin Refer to the respective prescribing information for anti-infective dose adjustment. Antimycobacterial rifampin, rifapentine ↓ nirmatrelvir/ritonavir Co-administration contraindicated due to potential loss of virologic response and possible resistance. Alternate antimycobacterial drugs such as rifabutin should be considered [see Contraindications (4) ] . Antimycobacterial bedaquiline ↑ bedaquiline Refer to the bedaquiline product label for further information. rifabutin ↑ rifabutin Refer to rifabutin product label for further information on rifabutin dose reduction. Antipsychotics lurasidone, pimozide ↑ lurasidone ↑ pimozide Co-administration contraindicated due to serious and/or life-threatening reactions such as cardiac arrhythmias [see Contraindications (4) ] . Antipsychotics quetiapine ↑ quetiapine If co-administration is necessary, reduce quetiapine dose and monitor for quetiapine-associated adverse reactions. Refer to the quetiapine prescribing information for recommendations. clozapine ↑ clozapine If co-administration is necessary, consider reducing the clozapine dose and monitor for adverse reactions. Benign prostatic hyperplasia agents silodosin ↑ silodosin Co-administration contraindicated due to potential for postural hypotension [see Contraindications (4) ] . Calcium channel blockers amlodipine, diltiazem, felodipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, verapamil ↑ calcium channel blocker Caution is warranted and clinical monitoring of patients is recommended. A dose decrease may be needed for these drugs when co-administered with PAXLOVID. If co-administered, refer to individual product label for calcium channel blocker for further information. Cardiac glycosides digoxin ↑ digoxin Caution should be exercised when co-administering PAXLOVID with digoxin, with appropriate monitoring of serum digoxin levels. Refer to the digoxin product label for further information. Cardiovascular agents eplerenone ↑ eplerenone Co-administration with eplerenone is contraindicated due to potential for hyperkalemia [see Contraindications (4) ] . ivabradine ↑ ivabradine Co-administration with ivabradine is contraindicated due to potential for bradycardia or conduction disturbances [see Contraindications (4) ] . Cardiovascular agents aliskiren, ticagrelor, vorapaxar ↑ aliskiren ↑ ticagrelor ↑ vorapaxar Avoid concomitant use with PAXLOVID. clopidogrel ↓ clopidogrel active metabolite cilostazol ↑ cilostazol Dosage adjustment of cilostazol is recommended. Refer to the cilostazol product label for more information. Corticosteroids primarily metabolized by CYP3A betamethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, dexamethasone, fluticasone, methylprednisolone, mometasone, triamcinolone ↑ corticosteroid Co-administration with corticosteroids (all routes of administration) of which exposures are significantly increased by strong CYP3A inhibitors can increase the risk for Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. However, the risk of Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression associated with short-term use of a strong CYP3A inhibitor is low. Alternative corticosteroids including beclomethasone, prednisone, and prednisolone should be considered. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator potentiators lumacaftor/ivacaftor ↓ nirmatrelvir/ritonavir Co-administration contraindicated due to potential loss of virologic response and possible resistance [see Contraindications (4) ]. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator potentiators ivacaftor ↑ ivacaftor Reduce dosage when co-administered with PAXLOVID. elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor ↑elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor Refer to individual product labels for more information. tezacaftor/ivacaftor ↑ tezacaftor/ivacaftor Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors saxagliptin ↑ saxagliptin Dosage adjustment of saxagliptin is recommended. Refer to the saxagliptin product label for more information. Endothelin receptor antagonists bosentan ↑ bosentan ↓ nirmatrelvir/ritonavir Discontinue use of bosentan at least 36 hours prior to initiation of PAXLOVID. Refer to the bosentan product label for further information. Ergot derivatives dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergonovine ↑ dihydroergotamine ↑ ergotamine ↑ methylergonovine Co-administration contraindicated due to potential for acute ergot toxicity characterized by vasospasm and ischemia of the extremities and other tissues including the central nervous system [see Contraindications (4) ] . Hepatitis C direct acting antivirals elbasvir/grazoprevir ↑ antiviral Increased grazoprevir concentrations can result in alanine transaminase (ALT) elevations. glecaprevir/pibrentasvir Avoid concomitant use of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir with PAXLOVID. ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir Refer to the ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir label for further information. sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir Refer to the sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir product label for further information. Patients on ritonavir-containing HCV regimens should continue their treatment as indicated. Monitor for increased PAXLOVID or HCV drug adverse events with concomitant use . Herbal products St. John's Wort ( hypericum perforatum ) ↓ nirmatrelvir/ritonavir Co-administration contraindicated due to potential loss of virologic response and possible resistance [see Contraindications (4) ] . HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors lovastatin, simvastatin ↑ lovastatin ↑ simvastatin Co-administration contraindicated due to potential for myopathy including rhabdomyolysis [see Contraindications (4) ] . If treatment with PAXLOVID is considered medically necessary, discontinue use of lovastatin and simvastatin at least 12 hours prior to initiation of PAXLOVID, during the 5 days of PAXLOVID treatment and for 5 days after completing PAXLOVID. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors atorvastatin, rosuvastatin ↑ atorvastatin ↑ rosuvastatin Consider temporary discontinuation of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin during treatment with PAXLOVID. Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin do not need to be withheld prior to or after completing PAXLOVID. Hormonal contraceptive ethinyl estradiol ↓ ethinyl estradiol An additional, non-hormonal method of contraception should be considered during the 5 days of PAXLOVID treatment and until one menstrual cycle after stopping PAXLOVID. Immunosuppressants voclosporin ↑ voclosporin Co-administration contraindicated due to potential for acute and/or chronic nephrotoxicity [see Contraindications (4) ] . Immunosuppressants calcineurin inhibitors: cyclosporine, tacrolimus ↑ cyclosporine ↑ tacrolimus Avoid concomitant use of calcineurin inhibitors with PAXLOVID when close monitoring of immunosuppressant concentrations is not feasible. If co-administered, dose adjustment of the immunosuppressant and close and regular monitoring for immunosuppressant concentrations and adverse reactions are recommended during and after treatment with PAXLOVID. Obtain expert consultation to appropriately manage the complexity of this co-administration [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] . mTOR inhibitors: everolimus, sirolimus ↑ everolimus ↑ sirolimus Avoid concomitant use of everolimus and sirolimus and PAXLOVID. Refer to the individual immunosuppressant product label and latest guidelines for further information. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors tofacitinib, upadacitinib ↑ tofacitinib Dosage adjustment of tofacitinib is recommended. Refer to the tofacitinib product label for more information. ↑ upadacitinib Dosing recommendations for co-administration of upadacitinib with PAXLOVID depends on the upadacitinib indication. Refer to the upadacitinib product label for more information. Long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist salmeterol ↑ salmeterol Avoid concomitant use with PAXLOVID. The combination may result in increased risk of cardiovascular adverse events associated with salmeterol, including QT prolongation, palpitations, and sinus tachycardia. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) inhibitor lomitapide ↑ lomitapide Co-administration contraindicated due to potential for hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal adverse reactions [see Contraindications (4) ] . Migraine medications eletriptan ↑ eletriptan Co-administration of eletriptan within at least 72 hours of PAXLOVID is contraindicated due to potential for serious adverse reactions including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events [see Contraindications (4) ] . ubrogepant ↑ ubrogepant Co-administration of ubrogepant with PAXLOVID is contraindicated due to potential for serious adverse reactions [see Contraindications (4) ] . Migraine medications rimegepant ↑ rimegepant Avoid concomitant use with PAXLOVID. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists finerenone ↑ finerenone Co-administration contraindicated due to potential for serious adverse reactions including hyperkalemia, hypotension, and hyponatremia [see Contraindications (4) ] . Muscarinic receptor antagonists darifenacin ↑ darifenacin The darifenacin daily dose should not exceed 7.5 mg when co-administered with PAXLOVID. Refer to the darifenacin product label for more information. Narcotic analgesics fentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine ↑ fentanyl ↑ hydrocodone ↑ oxycodone ↑ meperidine Careful monitoring of therapeutic and adverse effects (including potentially fatal respiratory depression) is recommended when fentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, or meperidine is concomitantly administered with PAXLOVID. If concomitant use with PAXLOVID is necessary, consider a dosage reduction of the narcotic analgesic and monitor patients closely at frequent intervals. Refer to the individual product label for more information. methadone ↓ methadone Monitor methadone-maintained patients closely for evidence of withdrawal effects and adjust the methadone dose accordingly. Neuropsychiatric agents suvorexant ↑ suvorexant Avoid concomitant use of suvorexant with PAXLOVID. aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, iloperidone, lumateperone, pimavanserin ↑ aripiprazole ↑ brexpiprazole ↑ cariprazine ↑ iloperidone ↑ lumateperone ↑ pimavanserin Dosage adjustment of aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, iloperidone, lumateperone, and pimavanserin is recommended. Refer to individual product label for more information. Opioid antagonists naloxegol ↑ naloxegol Co-administration contraindicated due to the potential for opioid withdrawal symptoms [see Contraindications (4) ] . Pulmonary hypertension agents (PDE5 inhibitors) sildenafil (Revatio ® ) ↑ sildenafil Co-administration of sildenafil with PAXLOVID is contraindicated for use in pulmonary hypertension due to the potential for sildenafil associated adverse events, including visual abnormalities, hypotension, prolonged erection, and syncope [see Contraindications (4) ] . Pulmonary hypertension agents (PDE5 inhibitors) tadalafil (Adcirca ® ) ↑ tadalafil Avoid concomitant use of tadalafil with PAXLOVID for pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension agents (sGC stimulators) riociguat ↑ riociguat Dosage adjustment is recommended for riociguat when used for pulmonary hypertension. Refer to the riociguat product label for more information. Erectile dysfunction agents (PDE5 inhibitors) avanafil ↑ avanafil Do not use PAXLOVID with avanafil because a safe and effective avanafil dosage regimen has not been established. sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil ↑ sildenafil ↑ tadalafil ↑ vardenafil Dosage adjustment is recommended for use of sildenafil, tadalafil or vardenafil with PAXLOVID when used for erectile dysfunction. Refer to individual product label for more information. Sedative/hypnotics triazolam, oral midazolam ↑ triazolam ↑ midazolam Co-administration contraindicated due to potential for extreme sedation and respiratory depression [see Contraindications (4) ] . Sedative/hypnotics buspirone, clorazepate, diazepam, estazolam, flurazepam, zolpidem ↑ sedative/hypnotic A dose decrease may be needed for these drugs when co-administered with PAXLOVID and monitoring for adverse events. midazolam (administered parenterally) ↑ midazolam Co-administration of midazolam (parenteral) should be done in a setting which ensures close clinical monitoring and appropriate medical management in case of respiratory depression and/or prolonged sedation. Dosage reduction for midazolam should be considered, especially if more than a single dose of midazolam is administered. Refer to the midazolam product label for further information. Serotonin receptor 1A agonist/ serotonin receptor 2A antagonist flibanserin ↑ flibanserin Co-administration contraindicated due to potential for hypotension, syncope, and CNS depression [see Contraindications (4) ] . Vasopressin receptor antagonists tolvaptan ↑ tolvaptan Co-administration contraindicated due to potential for dehydration, hypovolemia and hyperkalemia [see Contraindications (4) ] ."],"drug_interactions_table":["
Table 1: Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions
Drug ClassDrugs within ClassEffect on ConcentrationClinical Comments
Alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonistalfuzosin↑ alfuzosinCo-administration contraindicated due to potential hypotension [see Contraindications (4)].
Alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonisttamsulosin↑ tamsulosinAvoid concomitant use with PAXLOVID.
Antianginalranolazine↑ ranolazineCo-administration contraindicated due to potential for serious and/or life-threatening reactions [see Contraindications (4)].
Antiarrhythmicsamiodarone, dronedarone, flecainide, propafenone, quinidine↑ antiarrhythmicCo-administration contraindicated due to potential for cardiac arrhythmias [see Contraindications (4)].
Antiarrhythmicslidocaine (systemic), disopyramide↑ antiarrhythmicCaution is warranted and therapeutic concentration monitoring is recommended for antiarrhythmics if available.
Anticancer drugsapalutamide↓ nirmatrelvir/ritonavirCo-administration contraindicated due to potential loss of virologic response and possible resistance [see Contraindications (4)].
Anticancer drugsabemaciclib, ceritinib, dasatinib, encorafenib, ibrutinib, ivosidenib, neratinib, nilotinib, venetoclax, vinblastine, vincristine↑ anticancer drugsAvoid co-administration of encorafenib or ivosidenib due to potential risk of serious adverse events such as QT interval prolongation. Avoid use of neratinib, venetoclax or ibrutinib. Co-administration of vincristine and vinblastine may lead to significant hematologic or gastrointestinal side effects. For further information, refer to individual product label for anticancer drug.
Anticoagulantswarfarin↑↓ warfarinClosely monitor international normalized ratio (INR) if co-administration with warfarin is necessary.
rivaroxaban↑ rivaroxabanIncreased bleeding risk with rivaroxaban. Avoid concomitant use.
dabigatranSee Pharmacokinetics, Drug Interaction Studies Conducted with Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir (12.3).↑ dabigatranIncreased bleeding risk with dabigatran. Depending on dabigatran indication and renal function, reduce dose of dabigatran or avoid concomitant use. Refer to the dabigatran product label for further information.
apixaban↑ apixabanCombined P-gp and strong CYP3A inhibitors increase blood levels of apixaban and increase the risk of bleeding. Dosing recommendations for co-administration of apixaban with PAXLOVID depend on the apixaban dose. Refer to the apixaban product label for more information.
Anticonvulsantscarbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, phenytoin↓ nirmatrelvir/ritonavirCo-administration contraindicated due to potential loss of virologic response and possible resistance [see Contraindications (4)].
Anticonvulsantsclonazepam↑ anticonvulsantA dose decrease may be needed for clonazepam when co-administered with PAXLOVID and clinical monitoring is recommended.
Antidepressantsbupropion↓ bupropion and active metabolite hydroxy-bupropion Monitor for an adequate clinical response to bupropion.
trazodone↑ trazodoneAdverse reactions of nausea, dizziness, hypotension, and syncope have been observed following co-administration of trazodone and ritonavir. A lower dose of trazodone should be considered. Refer to trazadone product label for further information.
Antifungalsvoriconazole↓ voriconazoleAvoid concomitant use of voriconazole.
ketoconazole, isavuconazonium sulfate, itraconazole↑ ketoconazole ↑ isavuconazonium sulfate ↑ itraconazoleRefer to ketoconazole, isavuconazonium sulfate, and itraconazole product labels for further information.
↑ nirmatrelvir/ritonavirA nirmatrelvir/ritonavir dose reduction is not needed.
Anti-goutcolchicine↑ colchicineCo-administration contraindicated due to potential for serious and/or life-threatening reactions in patients with renal and/or hepatic impairment [see Contraindications (4)].
Anti-HIV protease inhibitorsatazanavir, darunavir, tipranavir↑ protease inhibitorFor further information, refer to the respective protease inhibitors' prescribing information. Patients on ritonavir- or cobicistat-containing HIV regimens should continue their treatment as indicated. Monitor for increased PAXLOVID or protease inhibitor adverse events.
Anti-HIVefavirenz, maraviroc, nevirapine, zidovudine, bictegravir/ emtricitabine/ tenofovir↑ efavirenz ↑ maraviroc ↑ nevirapine ↓ zidovudine ↑ bictegravir ↔ emtricitabine ↑ tenofovirFor further information, refer to the respective anti-HIV drugs prescribing information.
Anti-infectiveclarithromycin, erythromycin↑ clarithromycin ↑ erythromycinRefer to the respective prescribing information for anti-infective dose adjustment.
Antimycobacterialrifampin, rifapentine↓ nirmatrelvir/ritonavirCo-administration contraindicated due to potential loss of virologic response and possible resistance. Alternate antimycobacterial drugs such as rifabutin should be considered [see Contraindications (4)].
Antimycobacterialbedaquiline↑ bedaquilineRefer to the bedaquiline product label for further information.
rifabutin↑ rifabutinRefer to rifabutin product label for further information on rifabutin dose reduction.
Antipsychoticslurasidone, pimozide↑ lurasidone ↑ pimozideCo-administration contraindicated due to serious and/or life-threatening reactions such as cardiac arrhythmias [see Contraindications (4)].
Antipsychoticsquetiapine↑ quetiapineIf co-administration is necessary, reduce quetiapine dose and monitor for quetiapine-associated adverse reactions. Refer to the quetiapine prescribing information for recommendations.
clozapine↑ clozapineIf co-administration is necessary, consider reducing the clozapine dose and monitor for adverse reactions.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia agentssilodosin↑ silodosinCo-administration contraindicated due to potential for postural hypotension [see Contraindications (4)].
Calcium channel blockersamlodipine, diltiazem, felodipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, verapamil↑ calcium channel blockerCaution is warranted and clinical monitoring of patients is recommended. A dose decrease may be needed for these drugs when co-administered with PAXLOVID. If co-administered, refer to individual product label for calcium channel blocker for further information.
Cardiac glycosidesdigoxin↑ digoxinCaution should be exercised when co-administering PAXLOVID with digoxin, with appropriate monitoring of serum digoxin levels. Refer to the digoxin product label for further information.
Cardiovascular agentseplerenone↑ eplerenoneCo-administration with eplerenone is contraindicated due to potential for hyperkalemia [see Contraindications (4)].
ivabradine↑ ivabradineCo-administration with ivabradine is contraindicated due to potential for bradycardia or conduction disturbances [see Contraindications (4)].
Cardiovascular agentsaliskiren, ticagrelor, vorapaxar↑ aliskiren ↑ ticagrelor ↑ vorapaxarAvoid concomitant use with PAXLOVID.
clopidogrel↓ clopidogrel active metabolite
cilostazol↑ cilostazolDosage adjustment of cilostazol is recommended. Refer to the cilostazol product label for more information.
Corticosteroids primarily metabolized by CYP3Abetamethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, dexamethasone, fluticasone, methylprednisolone, mometasone, triamcinolone↑ corticosteroidCo-administration with corticosteroids (all routes of administration) of which exposures are significantly increased by strong CYP3A inhibitors can increase the risk for Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. However, the risk of Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression associated with short-term use of a strong CYP3A inhibitor is low. Alternative corticosteroids including beclomethasone, prednisone, and prednisolone should be considered.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator potentiatorslumacaftor/ivacaftor↓ nirmatrelvir/ritonavirCo-administration contraindicated due to potential loss of virologic response and possible resistance [see Contraindications (4)].
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator potentiatorsivacaftor↑ ivacaftorReduce dosage when co-administered with PAXLOVID.
elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor↑elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftorRefer to individual product labels for more information.
tezacaftor/ivacaftor↑ tezacaftor/ivacaftor
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitorssaxagliptin↑ saxagliptinDosage adjustment of saxagliptin is recommended. Refer to the saxagliptin product label for more information.
Endothelin receptor antagonistsbosentan↑ bosentan ↓ nirmatrelvir/ritonavirDiscontinue use of bosentan at least 36 hours prior to initiation of PAXLOVID. Refer to the bosentan product label for further information.
Ergot derivativesdihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergonovine↑ dihydroergotamine ↑ ergotamine ↑ methylergonovineCo-administration contraindicated due to potential for acute ergot toxicity characterized by vasospasm and ischemia of the extremities and other tissues including the central nervous system [see Contraindications (4)].
Hepatitis C direct acting antiviralselbasvir/grazoprevir↑ antiviralIncreased grazoprevir concentrations can result in alanine transaminase (ALT) elevations.
glecaprevir/pibrentasvirAvoid concomitant use of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir with PAXLOVID.
ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvirRefer to the ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir label for further information.
sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevirRefer to the sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir product label for further information. Patients on ritonavir-containing HCV regimens should continue their treatment as indicated. Monitor for increased PAXLOVID or HCV drug adverse events with concomitant use.
Herbal productsSt. John's Wort (hypericum perforatum)↓ nirmatrelvir/ritonavirCo-administration contraindicated due to potential loss of virologic response and possible resistance [see Contraindications (4)].
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitorslovastatin, simvastatin↑ lovastatin ↑ simvastatinCo-administration contraindicated due to potential for myopathy including rhabdomyolysis [see Contraindications (4)]. If treatment with PAXLOVID is considered medically necessary, discontinue use of lovastatin and simvastatin at least 12 hours prior to initiation of PAXLOVID, during the 5 days of PAXLOVID treatment and for 5 days after completing PAXLOVID.
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitorsatorvastatin, rosuvastatin↑ atorvastatin ↑ rosuvastatinConsider temporary discontinuation of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin during treatment with PAXLOVID. Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin do not need to be withheld prior to or after completing PAXLOVID.
Hormonal contraceptiveethinyl estradiol↓ ethinyl estradiolAn additional, non-hormonal method of contraception should be considered during the 5 days of PAXLOVID treatment and until one menstrual cycle after stopping PAXLOVID.
Immunosuppressantsvoclosporin↑ voclosporinCo-administration contraindicated due to potential for acute and/or chronic nephrotoxicity [see Contraindications (4)].
Immunosuppressantscalcineurin inhibitors: cyclosporine, tacrolimus ↑ cyclosporine ↑ tacrolimusAvoid concomitant use of calcineurin inhibitors with PAXLOVID when close monitoring of immunosuppressant concentrations is not feasible. If co-administered, dose adjustment of the immunosuppressant and close and regular monitoring for immunosuppressant concentrations and adverse reactions are recommended during and after treatment with PAXLOVID. Obtain expert consultation to appropriately manage the complexity of this co-administration [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
mTOR inhibitors: everolimus, sirolimus ↑ everolimus ↑ sirolimus Avoid concomitant use of everolimus and sirolimus and PAXLOVID. Refer to the individual immunosuppressant product label and latest guidelines for further information.
Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitorstofacitinib, upadacitinib↑ tofacitinibDosage adjustment of tofacitinib is recommended. Refer to the tofacitinib product label for more information.
↑ upadacitinibDosing recommendations for co-administration of upadacitinib with PAXLOVID depends on the upadacitinib indication. Refer to the upadacitinib product label for more information.
Long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonistsalmeterol↑ salmeterolAvoid concomitant use with PAXLOVID. The combination may result in increased risk of cardiovascular adverse events associated with salmeterol, including QT prolongation, palpitations, and sinus tachycardia.
Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) inhibitorlomitapide↑ lomitapideCo-administration contraindicated due to potential for hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal adverse reactions [see Contraindications (4)].
Migraine medicationseletriptan↑ eletriptanCo-administration of eletriptan within at least 72 hours of PAXLOVID is contraindicated due to potential for serious adverse reactions including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events [see Contraindications (4)].
ubrogepant↑ ubrogepantCo-administration of ubrogepant with PAXLOVID is contraindicated due to potential for serious adverse reactions [see Contraindications (4)].
Migraine medicationsrimegepant↑ rimegepantAvoid concomitant use with PAXLOVID.
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonistsfinerenone↑ finerenoneCo-administration contraindicated due to potential for serious adverse reactions including hyperkalemia, hypotension, and hyponatremia [see Contraindications (4)].
Muscarinic receptor antagonistsdarifenacin↑ darifenacinThe darifenacin daily dose should not exceed 7.5 mg when co-administered with PAXLOVID. Refer to the darifenacin product label for more information.
Narcotic analgesicsfentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine↑ fentanyl ↑ hydrocodone ↑ oxycodone ↑ meperidineCareful monitoring of therapeutic and adverse effects (including potentially fatal respiratory depression) is recommended when fentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, or meperidine is concomitantly administered with PAXLOVID. If concomitant use with PAXLOVID is necessary, consider a dosage reduction of the narcotic analgesic and monitor patients closely at frequent intervals. Refer to the individual product label for more information.
methadone↓ methadoneMonitor methadone-maintained patients closely for evidence of withdrawal effects and adjust the methadone dose accordingly.
Neuropsychiatric agentssuvorexant↑ suvorexantAvoid concomitant use of suvorexant with PAXLOVID.
aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, iloperidone, lumateperone, pimavanserin↑ aripiprazole ↑ brexpiprazole ↑ cariprazine ↑ iloperidone ↑ lumateperone ↑ pimavanserinDosage adjustment of aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, iloperidone, lumateperone, and pimavanserin is recommended. Refer to individual product label for more information.
Opioid antagonistsnaloxegol↑ naloxegolCo-administration contraindicated due to the potential for opioid withdrawal symptoms [see Contraindications (4)].
Pulmonary hypertension agents (PDE5 inhibitors)sildenafil (Revatio®)↑ sildenafilCo-administration of sildenafil with PAXLOVID is contraindicated for use in pulmonary hypertension due to the potential for sildenafil associated adverse events, including visual abnormalities, hypotension, prolonged erection, and syncope [see Contraindications (4)].
Pulmonary hypertension agents (PDE5 inhibitors)tadalafil (Adcirca®) ↑ tadalafilAvoid concomitant use of tadalafil with PAXLOVID for pulmonary hypertension.
Pulmonary hypertension agents (sGC stimulators)riociguat↑ riociguatDosage adjustment is recommended for riociguat when used for pulmonary hypertension. Refer to the riociguat product label for more information.
Erectile dysfunction agents (PDE5 inhibitors)avanafil↑ avanafilDo not use PAXLOVID with avanafil because a safe and effective avanafil dosage regimen has not been established.
sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil↑ sildenafil ↑ tadalafil ↑ vardenafilDosage adjustment is recommended for use of sildenafil, tadalafil or vardenafil with PAXLOVID when used for erectile dysfunction. Refer to individual product label for more information.
Sedative/hypnotics triazolam, oral midazolam↑ triazolam ↑ midazolamCo-administration contraindicated due to potential for extreme sedation and respiratory depression [see Contraindications (4)].
Sedative/hypnoticsbuspirone, clorazepate, diazepam, estazolam, flurazepam, zolpidem↑ sedative/hypnoticA dose decrease may be needed for these drugs when co-administered with PAXLOVID and monitoring for adverse events.
midazolam (administered parenterally)↑ midazolamCo-administration of midazolam (parenteral) should be done in a setting which ensures close clinical monitoring and appropriate medical management in case of respiratory depression and/or prolonged sedation. Dosage reduction for midazolam should be considered, especially if more than a single dose of midazolam is administered. Refer to the midazolam product label for further information.
Serotonin receptor 1A agonist/ serotonin receptor 2A antagonistflibanserin↑ flibanserinCo-administration contraindicated due to potential for hypotension, syncope, and CNS depression [see Contraindications (4)].
Vasopressin receptor antagoniststolvaptan↑ tolvaptanCo-administration contraindicated due to potential for dehydration, hypovolemia and hyperkalemia [see Contraindications (4)].
"],"effective_time":"20240417","how_supplied":["16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING How Supplied PAXLOVID is nirmatrelvir tablets co-packaged with ritonavir tablets. It is supplied in single‑dose blister cards. Nirmatrelvir tablets and ritonavir tablets are supplied in separate blister cavities within the same child-resistant blister card. Single-dose Blister Card Presentation Dose Pack Content NDC Description 300 mg nirmatrelvir; 100 mg ritonavir Each Carton Contains: 30 tablets divided in 10 blister cards 0069-5001-30 Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with \"PFE\" on one side and \"3CL\" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with the “a” logo and the code NK. Or 0069-5045-30 Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with \"PFE\" on one side and \"3CL\" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White to off-white, capsule‑shaped, film‑coated tablets debossed with “H” on one side and “R9” on the other side. Or 0069-5321-30 Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with \"PFE\" on one side and \"3CL\" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with “NK” on one side. Each Blister Card Contains: 2 nirmatrelvir tablets (150 mg each) and 1 ritonavir tablet (100 mg) 0069-5001-06 Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with \"PFE\" on one side and \"3CL\" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with the “a” logo and the code NK. Or 0069-5045-06 Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with \"PFE\" on one side and \"3CL\" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White to off-white, capsule‑shaped, film‑coated tablets debossed with “H” on one side and “R9” on the other side. Or 0069-5321-03 Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with \"PFE\" on one side and \"3CL\" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with “NK” on one side. 150 mg nirmatrelvir; 100 mg ritonavir Each Carton Contains: 20 tablets divided in 10 blister cards 0069-5017-20 Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with \"PFE\" on one side and \"3CL\" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with the “a” logo and the code NK. Or 0069-5317-20 Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with \"PFE\" on one side and \"3CL\" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with “NK” on one side. Each Blister Card Contains: 1 nirmatrelvir tablet (150 mg) and 1 ritonavir tablet (100 mg) 0069-5017-04 Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with \"PFE\" on one side and \"3CL\" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with the “a” logo and the code NK. Or 0069-5317-02 Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with \"PFE\" on one side and \"3CL\" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with “NK” on one side. Storage and Handling Store at USP controlled room temperature 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F)."],"how_supplied_table":["
Single-dose Blister Card Presentation
Dose PackContentNDCDescription
300 mg nirmatrelvir; 100 mg ritonavirEach Carton Contains: 30 tablets divided in 10 blister cards0069-5001-30Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with "PFE" on one side and "3CL" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with the “a” logo and the code NK.
Or
0069-5045-30Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with "PFE" on one side and "3CL" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White to off-white, capsule‑shaped, film‑coated tablets debossed with “H” on one side and “R9” on the other side.
Or
0069-5321-30Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with "PFE" on one side and "3CL" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with “NK” on one side.
Each Blister Card Contains: 2 nirmatrelvir tablets (150 mg each) and 1 ritonavir tablet (100 mg)0069-5001-06Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with "PFE" on one side and "3CL" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with the “a” logo and the code NK.
Or
0069-5045-06Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with "PFE" on one side and "3CL" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White to off-white, capsule‑shaped, film‑coated tablets debossed with “H” on one side and “R9” on the other side.
Or
0069-5321-03Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with "PFE" on one side and "3CL" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with “NK” on one side.
150 mg nirmatrelvir; 100 mg ritonavirEach Carton Contains: 20 tablets divided in 10 blister cards0069-5017-20Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with "PFE" on one side and "3CL" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with the “a” logo and the code NK.
Or
0069-5317-20Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with "PFE" on one side and "3CL" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with “NK” on one side.
Each Blister Card Contains: 1 nirmatrelvir tablet (150 mg) and 1 ritonavir tablet (100 mg)0069-5017-04Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with "PFE" on one side and "3CL" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with the “a” logo and the code NK.
Or
0069-5317-02Nirmatrelvir tablets: Oval, pink immediate‑release, film‑coated tablets debossed with "PFE" on one side and "3CL" on the other side. Ritonavir tablets: White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with “NK” on one side.
"],"id":"102e7caf-68bf-4de5-9368-6c36aee8e47b","indications_and_usage":["1 EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the emergency use of PAXLOVID for the treatment of pediatric patients 12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and who are at high risk Determining whether a patient is at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death, is based on the provider’s assessment of the individual patient being considered for treatment of COVID-19 and that patient’s medical history. For information on medical conditions and factors associated with increased risk for progression to severe COVID-19, see the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/underlyingconditions.html. for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death. LIMITATIONS OF AUTHORIZED USE PAXLOVID is not authorized for use as pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis for prevention of COVID-19 [see Clinical Studies (14.3) ] . PAXLOVID may be prescribed for an individual patient by physicians, advanced practice registered nurses, and physician assistants that are licensed or authorized under state law to prescribe drugs. PAXLOVID may also be prescribed for an individual patient by a state-licensed pharmacist for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg) who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death, in accordance with the FDA-approved Prescribing Information or authorized labeling, as applicable, under the following conditions: • Sufficient information is available, such as through access to health records less than 12 months old or consultation with a health care provider in an established provider-patient relationship with the individual patient, to assess renal and hepatic function; and • Sufficient information is available, such as through access to health records, patient reporting of medical history, or consultation with a health care provider in an established provider-patient relationship with the individual patient, to obtain a comprehensive list of medications (prescribed and non-prescribed) that the patient is taking to assess for potential drug interaction. The state-licensed pharmacist should refer an individual patient for clinical evaluation (e.g., telehealth, in-person visit) with a physician, advanced practice registered nurse, or physician assistant licensed or authorized under state law to prescribe drugs, if any of the following apply: • Sufficient information is not available to assess renal and hepatic function. • Sufficient information is not available to assess for a potential drug interaction. • Modification of other medications is needed due to a potential drug interaction. • PAXLOVID is not an appropriate therapeutic option based on the authorized Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers or due to potential drug interactions for which recommended monitoring would not be feasible. PAXLOVID is authorized only for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of the emergency use of PAXLOVID under section 564(b)(1) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-3(b)(1), unless the authorization is terminated or revoked sooner. Justification for Emergency Use of Drugs During the COVID-19 Pandemic There is currently an outbreak of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus. The Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) has: • Determined that there is a public health emergency, or significant potential for a public health emergency. See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Determination of a Public Health Emergency and Declaration that Circumstances Exist Justifying Authorizations Pursuant to Section 564(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-3. February 4, 2020; https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/02/07/2020-02496/determination-of-public-health-emergency. See also U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Amended Determination of a Public Health Emergency or Significant Potential for a Public Health Emergency Pursuant to Section 564(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-3(b). March 15, 2023 (“Amended Determination”); https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/03/20/2023-05609/covid-19-emergency-use-authorization-declaration. • Declared that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of drugs and biological products for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19. See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Declaration that Circumstances Exist Justifying Authorizations Pursuant to Section 564(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-3, 85 FR 18250 (April 1, 2020); https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/04/01/2020-06905/emergency-use-authorization-declaration. See also Amended Determination (“The declarations issued pursuant to section 564(b)(1) of the FD&C Act that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of emergency use of certain in vitro diagnostics, personal respiratory protective devices, other medical devices and drugs and biological products, as set forth in those declarations, and that are based on the February 4, 2020 determination, remain in effect until those declarations are terminated in accordance with section 564 of the FD&C Act.”). An EUA is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration authorization for the emergency use of an unapproved product or unapproved use of an approved product (i.e., drug, biological product, or device) in the United States under certain circumstances including, but not limited to, when the Secretary of HHS declares that there is a public health emergency that affects the national security or the health and security of United States citizens living abroad, and that involves biological agent(s) or a disease or condition that may be attributable to such agent(s). Criteria for issuing an EUA include: • The biological agent(s) can cause a serious or life-threatening disease or condition; • Based on the totality of the available scientific evidence (including data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials, if available), it is reasonable to believe that o the product may be effective in diagnosing, treating, or preventing the serious or life-threatening disease or condition; and o the known and potential benefits of the product—when used to diagnose, prevent, or treat such disease or condition—outweigh the known and potential risks of the product, taking into consideration the material threat posed by the biological agent(s); • There is no adequate, approved, and available alternative to the product for diagnosing, preventing, or treating the serious or life-threatening disease or condition. Information Regarding Approved Alternatives for the EUA Authorized Use This section only describes the uses for which an FDA-approved drug is considered to be an alternative to PAXLOVID. For additional information, including the full indications for the FDA-approved drugs referenced within this section, please refer to the relevant Prescribing Information at: Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs. As stated in the Letter of Authorization, the emergency use of PAXLOVID must be consistent with the terms and conditions of its authorization. , See the Letter of Authorization and section 16 (HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING) in this Fact Sheet for the specific presentations of PAXLOVID authorized under this EUA. Veklury (remdesivir) is an FDA-approved alternative to PAXLOVID when used for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg) who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death. Veklury is administered via intravenous infusion for a total treatment duration of 3 days. Although Veklury is an FDA-approved alternative to PAXLOVID as described above, FDA does not consider Veklury to be an adequate alternative to PAXLOVID for this authorized use because it may not be feasible or practical for certain patients (e.g., it requires an intravenous infusion daily for 3 days). Other therapeutics are currently authorized for the same use as PAXLOVID. For additional information on all products authorized for treatment or prevention of COVID-19, please see https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/emergency-use-authorization . For information on clinical studies that are testing the use of PAXLOVID in COVID-19, please see www.clinicaltrials.gov ."],"information_for_patients":["17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION As a healthcare practitioner, you must communicate to the patient and/or caregiver information consistent with the \"FACT SHEET FOR PATIENTS, PARENTS, AND CAREGIVERS\" and provide them with a copy of this Fact Sheet prior to administration of PAXLOVID. Drug Interactions Inform patients that PAXLOVID may interact with certain drugs and is contraindicated for use with certain drugs; therefore, advise patients to report to their healthcare provider the use of any prescription, non-prescription medication, or herbal products [see Boxed Warning, Contraindications (4) , Warnings and Precautions (5.1) , and Drug Interactions (7) ]. Hypersensitivity Reactions Inform patients that anaphylaxis, serious skin reactions, and other hypersensitivity reactions have been reported, even following a single dose of PAXLOVID. Advise them to immediately discontinue the drug and to inform their healthcare provider at the first sign of a skin rash, hives or other skin reactions, difficulty in swallowing or breathing, any swelling suggesting angioedema (for example, swelling of the lips, tongue, face, tightness of the throat, hoarseness), or other symptoms of an allergic reaction [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] . Dosage Modification in Patients with Moderate Renal Impairment To ensure appropriate dosing in patients with moderate renal impairment, instruct such patients that they will be taking one 150 mg nirmatrelvir tablet with one 100 mg ritonavir tablet together twice daily for 5 days [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ] . Administration Instructions Inform patients to take PAXLOVID with or without food as instructed. Advise patients to swallow all tablets for PAXLOVID whole and not to chew, break, or crush the tablets. Alert the patient of the importance of completing the full 5-day treatment course and to continuing isolation in accordance with public health recommendations to maximize viral clearance and minimize transmission of SARS-CoV-2. If the patient misses a dose of PAXLOVID within 8 hours of the time it is usually taken, the patient should take it as soon as possible and resume the normal dosing schedule. If the patient misses a dose by more than 8 hours, the patient should not take the missed dose and instead take the next dose at the regularly scheduled time. The patient should not double the dose to make up for a missed dose [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) ] .","FACT SHEET FOR PATIENTS, PARENTS, AND CAREGIVERS EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION (EUA) OF PAXLOVID FOR CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) You are being given this Fact Sheet because your healthcare provider believes it is necessary to provide you with PAXLOVID for the treatment of mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This Fact Sheet contains information to help you understand the risks and benefits of taking the PAXLOVID you may receive. This Fact Sheet also contains information about how to take PAXLOVID and how to report side effects or problems with the appearance or packaging of PAXLOVID. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) to make PAXLOVID available for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in children 12 years of age and older weighing at least 88 pounds (40 kg) who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death (for more details about an EUA please see \" What is an Emergency Use Authorization? \" at the end of this document). Read this Fact Sheet for information about PAXLOVID. Talk to your healthcare provider about your options or if you have any questions. It is your choice to take PAXLOVID. What is COVID-19? COVID-19 is caused by a virus called a coronavirus. You can get COVID-19 through close contact with another person who has the virus. COVID-19 illnesses have ranged from very mild to severe, including illness resulting in death. While information so far suggests that most COVID-19 illness is mild, serious illness can happen and may cause some of your other medical conditions to become worse. Older people and people of all ages with severe, long lasting (chronic) medical conditions like heart disease, lung disease, and diabetes, for example seem to be at higher risk of being hospitalized for COVID-19. What is PAXLOVID? PAXLOVID is a medicine that is available under EUA for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in children 12 years of age and older weighing at least 88 pounds (40 kg) who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death. PAXLOVID is FDA-approved for the treatment of COVID-19 in certain adults (see section What other treatment choices are there? ). PAXLOVID is not FDA-approved or available under EUA for use in children younger than 12 years of age or weighing less than 88 pounds (40 kg). There is limited information about the safety and effectiveness of using PAXLOVID to treat children younger than 12 years of age or weighing less than 88 pounds (40 kg) with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. What is the most important information I should know about PAXLOVID? PAXLOVID can interact with other medicines causing severe or life-threatening side effects or death. It is important to know the medicines that should not be taken with PAXLOVID. Do not take PAXLOVID if: • you are taking any of the following medicines: o alfuzosin o amiodarone o apalutamide o carbamazepine o colchicine o dihydroergotamine o dronedarone o eletriptan o eplerenone o ergotamine o finerenone o flecainide o flibanserin o ivabradine o lomitapide o lovastatin o lumacaftor/ivacaftor o lurasidone o methylergonovine o midazolam (oral) o naloxegol o phenobarbital o phenytoin o pimozide o primidone o propafenone o quinidine o ranolazine o rifampin o rifapentine o St. John’s Wort ( hypericum perforatum ) o sildenafil (Revatio ® ) for pulmonary arterial hypertension o silodosin o simvastatin o tolvaptan o triazolam o ubrogepant o voclosporin These are not the only medicines that may cause serious or life-threatening side effects if taken with PAXLOVID. PAXLOVID may increase or decrease the levels of multiple other medicines. It is very important to tell your healthcare provider about all of the medicines you are taking because additional laboratory tests or changes in the dose of your other medicines may be necessary during treatment with PAXLOVID. Your healthcare provider may also tell you about specific symptoms to watch out for that may indicate that you need to stop or decrease the dose of some of your other medicines. • you are allergic to nirmatrelvir, ritonavir, or any of the ingredients in PAXLOVID. See the end of this leaflet for a complete list of ingredients in PAXLOVID. See “ What are the important possible side effects of PAXLOVID? ” for signs and symptoms of allergic reactions. What should I tell my healthcare provider before I take PAXLOVID? Tell your healthcare provider if you: • have kidney problems. You may need a different dose of PAXLOVID. • have liver problems, including hepatitis. • have Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) infection. PAXLOVID may lead to some HIV-1 medicines not working as well in the future. • are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if PAXLOVID can harm your unborn baby. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you are or if you become pregnant. • are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if PAXLOVID can pass into your breast milk. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby during treatment with PAXLOVID. Some medicines may interact with PAXLOVID and may cause serious side effects. • Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take , including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. • Your healthcare provider can tell you if it is safe to take PAXLOVID with other medicines. • You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for a list of medicines that interact with PAXLOVID. • Do not start taking a new medicine without telling your healthcare provider. Tell your healthcare provider if you are taking combined birth control (hormonal contraceptive). PAXLOVID may affect how your hormonal contraceptives work. Females who are able to become pregnant should use another effective alternative form of contraception or an additional barrier method of contraception during treatment with PAXLOVID. Talk to your healthcare provider if you have any questions about contraceptive methods that might be right for you. How do I take PAXLOVID? • Take PAXLOVID exactly as your healthcare provider tells you to take it. • PAXLOVID consists of 2 medicines: nirmatrelvir tablets and ritonavir tablets. The 2 medicines are taken together 2 times each day for 5 days. o Nirmatrelvir is an oval, pink tablet. o Ritonavir is a white or off-white tablet. • You will receive a Dose Pack containing single‑dose blister cards (containing 10 blister cards). • See Figure A below on how to take the PAXLOVID Dose Pack you receive and follow the instructions on how to take it correctly. • If you have kidney disease, your healthcare provider may prescribe a lower dose (see Figure A ). Talk to your healthcare provider to make sure you receive the correct Dose Pack. Figure A (Single-dose Blister Card) If you are prescribed PAXLOVID 300 mg; 100 mg Dose Pack: each dose contains 3 tablets. How to take PAXLOVID 300 mg; 100 mg Dose Pack Morning Dose: Take the 2 pink nirmatrelvir tablets and 1 white to off-white ritonavir tablet together. Bedtime Dose: Take the 2 pink nirmatrelvir tablets and 1 white to off-white ritonavir tablet together. Figure A (Single-dose Blister Card) If you are prescribed PAXLOVID 150 mg; 100 mg Dose Pack: each dose contains 2 tablets. How to take PAXLOVID 150 mg; 100 mg Dose Pack Morning Dose: Take the 1 pink nirmatrelvir tablet and 1 white to off-white ritonavir tablet together. Bedtime Dose: Take the 1 pink nirmatrelvir tablet and 1 white to off-white ritonavir tablet together. • Do not remove your PAXLOVID tablets from the blister card before you are ready to take your dose. o Take your first dose of PAXLOVID in the morning or evening, depending on when you pick up your prescription, or as your healthcare provider tells you to. • Swallow the tablets whole. Do not chew, break, or crush the tablets. • Take PAXLOVID with or without food. • Do not stop taking PAXLOVID without talking to your healthcare provider, even if you feel better. • If you miss a dose of PAXLOVID within 8 hours of the time it is usually taken, take it as soon as you remember. If you miss a dose by more than 8 hours, skip the missed dose and take the next dose at your regular time. Do not take 2 doses of PAXLOVID at the same time. • If you take too much PAXLOVID, call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away. • If you are taking a ritonavir- or cobicistat-containing medicine to treat hepatitis C or HIV-1 infection, you should continue to take your medicine as prescribed by your healthcare provider. Talk to your healthcare provider if you do not feel better or if you feel worse after 5 days. What are the important possible side effects of PAXLOVID? PAXLOVID may cause serious side effects, including: • Allergic reactions, including severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) have happened during treatment with PAXLOVID. Stop taking PAXLOVID and get medical help right away if you get any of the following symptoms of an allergic reaction: o skin rash, hives, blisters or peeling skin o painful sores or ulcers in the mouth, nose, throat or genital area o swelling of the mouth, lips, tongue or face o trouble swallowing or breathing o throat tightness o hoarseness • Liver Problems. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you get any of the following signs and symptoms of liver problems during treatment with PAXLOVID: o loss of appetite o yellowing of your skin and the white of eyes o dark-colored urine o pale colored stools o itchy skin o stomach-area (abdominal) pain The most common side effects of PAXLOVID include: altered sense of taste and diarrhea. Other possible side effects include: • headache • vomiting • abdominal pain • nausea • high blood pressure • feeling generally unwell These are not all of the possible side effects of PAXLOVID. For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist. What other treatment choices are there? PAXLOVID is FDA-approved for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in certain adults. VEKLURY (remdesivir) is FDA-approved for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in certain adults and children. Talk with your healthcare provider to see if VEKLURY is appropriate for you. For information on the emergency use of other medicines that are authorized by FDA to treat people with COVID-19, please go to https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/emergency-use-authorization . Your healthcare provider may talk with you about clinical trials for which you may be eligible. It is your choice to be treated or not to be treated with PAXLOVID. Should you decide not to receive it or for your child not to receive it, it will not change your standard medical care. What if I am pregnant or breastfeeding? There is limited experience treating pregnant women or breastfeeding mothers with PAXLOVID. For a mother and unborn baby, the benefit of taking PAXLOVID may be greater than the risk from the treatment. If you are pregnant, discuss your options and specific situation with your healthcare provider. If you are breastfeeding, discuss your options and specific situation with your healthcare provider. How do I report side effects or problems with the appearance or packaging of PAXLOVID? Contact your healthcare provider if you have any side effects that bother you or do not go away. Report side effects or problems with the appearance or packaging of PAXLOVID (see Figure A above for examples of PAXLOVID Dose Packs) to FDA MedWatch at www.fda.gov/medwatch or call 1-800-FDA-1088 or you can report side effects to Pfizer Inc. at the contact information provided below. Website Fax number Telephone number www.pfizersafetyreporting.com 1-866-635-8337 1-800-438-1985 How should I store PAXLOVID? Store PAXLOVID tablets at room temperature, between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C). Keep PAXLOVID and all medicines out of the reach of children. How can I learn more about COVID-19? • Ask your healthcare provider. • Visit https://www.cdc.gov/COVID19 . • Contact your local or state public health department. What is an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA)? The United States FDA has made PAXLOVID available under an emergency access mechanism called an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). The EUA is supported by a Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) declaration that circumstances exist to justify the emergency use of drugs and biological products during the COVID-19 pandemic. In issuing an EUA, the FDA has determined, among other things, that based on the total amount of scientific evidence available including data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials, if available, it is reasonable to believe that the product may be effective for diagnosing, treating, or preventing COVID-19, or a serious or life-threatening disease or condition caused by COVID-19; that the known and potential benefits of the product, when used to diagnose, treat, or prevent such disease or condition, outweigh the known and potential risks of such product; and that there are no adequate, approved, and available alternatives. All of these criteria must be met to allow for the product to be available under an EUA. The EUA for PAXLOVID is in effect for the duration of the COVID-19 declaration justifying emergency use of this product, unless the relevant EUA declaration is terminated or the EUA revoked (after which the products may no longer be used under the EUA). What are the ingredients in PAXLOVID? Active ingredient: nirmatrelvir and ritonavir Nirmatrelvir inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium stearyl fumarate. Film-coating contains: hydroxy propyl methylcellulose, iron oxide red, polyethylene glycol, and titanium dioxide. Ritonavir inactive ingredients: anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate, colloidal silicon dioxide, copovidone, sodium stearyl fumarate, and sorbitan monolaurate. The film coating may contain: colloidal anhydrous silica, colloidal silicon dioxide, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, talc, and titanium dioxide. Additional Information For general questions, visit the website or call the telephone number provided below. Website Telephone number www.COVID19oralRx.com 1-877-219-7225 (1-877-C19-PACK) LAB-1494-12.0 Revised: 03/2024 Paxlovid Paxlovid Paxlovid Paxlovid Paxlovid Paxlovid Paxlovid Paxlovid QR Code Logo"],"information_for_patients_table":["alfuzosinamiodaroneapalutamidecarbamazepinecolchicinedihydroergotaminedronedaroneeletriptaneplerenoneergotaminefinerenoneflecainideflibanserinivabradine lomitapidelovastatinlumacaftor/ivacaftorlurasidonemethylergonovinemidazolam (oral)naloxegolphenobarbitalphenytoinpimozideprimidonepropafenonequinidineranolazinerifampin rifapentineSt. John’s Wort (hypericum perforatum)sildenafil (Revatio®) for pulmonary arterial hypertensionsilodosinsimvastatintolvaptantriazolamubrogepantvoclosporin
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Figure A (Single-dose Blister Card)
If you are prescribed PAXLOVID 300 mg; 100 mg Dose Pack: each dose contains 3 tablets.
How to take PAXLOVID 300 mg; 100 mg Dose Pack
Morning Dose:Take the 2 pink nirmatrelvir tablets and 1 white to off-white ritonavir tablet together.
Bedtime Dose:Take the 2 pink nirmatrelvir tablets and 1 white to off-white ritonavir tablet together.
","
Figure A (Single-dose Blister Card)
If you are prescribed PAXLOVID 150 mg; 100 mg Dose Pack: each dose contains 2 tablets.
How to take PAXLOVID 150 mg; 100 mg Dose Pack
Morning Dose:Take the 1 pink nirmatrelvir tablet and 1 white to off-white ritonavir tablet together.
Bedtime Dose:Take the 1 pink nirmatrelvir tablet and 1 white to off-white ritonavir tablet together.
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WebsiteFax numberTelephone number
www.pfizersafetyreporting.com1-866-635-83371-800-438-1985
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WebsiteTelephone number
www.COVID19oralRx.com 1-877-219-7225 (1-877-C19-PACK)
"],"mechanism_of_action":["12.1 Mechanism of Action Nirmatrelvir is a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antiviral drug [see Microbiology (12.4) ]. Ritonavir is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor but is not active against SARS-CoV-2 M pro . Ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of nirmatrelvir, resulting in increased plasma concentrations of nirmatrelvir."],"microbiology":["12.4 Microbiology Mechanism of Action Nirmatrelvir is a peptidomimetic inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro ), also referred to as 3C-like protease (3CL pro ) or nonstructural protein 5 (nsp5) protease. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 M pro renders it incapable of processing the viral polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab, preventing viral replication. Nirmatrelvir inhibited the activity of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 M pro in a biochemical assay with a K i value of 3.1 nM and an IC 50 value of 19.2 nM. Nirmatrelvir was found to bind directly to the SARS-CoV-2 M pro active site by X-ray crystallography. Antiviral Activity Cell Culture Antiviral Activity Nirmatrelvir exhibited antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 (USA-WA1/2020 isolate) infection of differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (dNHBE) cells with EC 50 and EC 90 values of 62 nM (31 ng/mL) and 181 nM (90 ng/mL), respectively, after 3 days of drug exposure. The antiviral activity of nirmatrelvir against the Omicron sub-variants BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.4, BA.4.6, BA.5, BF.7, BQ.1, BQ.1.11, and XBB.1.5 was assessed in Vero E6-TMPRSS2 cells in the presence of a P-gp inhibitor. Nirmatrelvir had a median EC 50 value of 83 nM (range: 39-146 nM) against the Omicron sub-variants, reflecting EC 50 value fold-changes ≤1.5 relative to the USA-WA1/2020 isolate. In addition, the antiviral activity of nirmatrelvir against the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Lambda, Mu, and Omicron BA.1 variants was assessed in Vero E6 P-gp knockout cells. Nirmatrelvir had a median EC 50 value of 25 nM (range: 16-141 nM). The Beta variant was the least susceptible variant tested, with an EC 50 value fold-change of 3.7 relative to USA-WA1/2020. The other variants had EC 50 value fold-changes ≤1.1 relative to USA-WA1/2020. Clinical Antiviral Activity In clinical trial EPIC-HR, which enrolled subjects who were primarily infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, PAXLOVID treatment was associated with a 0.83 log 10 copies/mL greater median decline in viral RNA shedding levels in nasopharyngeal samples through Day 5 (mITT1 analysis set, all treated subjects with onset of symptoms ≤5 days who at baseline did not receive nor were expected to receive COVID-19 therapeutic mAb treatment); similar results were observed in the mITT2 analysis set (all treated subjects with onset of symptoms ≤5 days). In the EPIC-SR trial, which included subjects who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta (79%) or Omicron (19%) variants, PAXLOVID treatment was associated with a 1.05 log 10 copies/mL greater median decline in viral RNA shedding levels in nasopharyngeal samples through Day 5, with similar declines observed in subjects infected with Delta or Omicron variants. The degree of reduction in viral RNA levels relative to placebo following 5 days of PAXLOVID treatment was similar between unvaccinated high-risk subjects in EPIC-HR and vaccinated high-risk subjects in EPIC-SR. Antiviral Resistance In Cell Culture and Biochemical Assays SARS-CoV-2 M pro residues potentially associated with nirmatrelvir resistance have been identified using a variety of methods, including SARS-CoV-2 resistance selection, testing of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 viruses with M pro substitutions, and biochemical assays with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 M pro containing amino acid substitutions. Table 7 indicates M pro substitutions and combinations of M pro substitutions that have been observed in nirmatrelvir-selected SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture. Individual M pro substitutions are listed regardless of whether they occurred alone or in combination with other M pro substitutions. Note that the M pro S301P and T304I substitutions overlap the P6 and P3 positions of the nsp5/nsp6 cleavage site located at the C-terminus of M pro . Substitutions at other M pro cleavage sites have not been associated with nirmatrelvir resistance in cell culture. The clinical significance of these substitutions is unknown. Table 7: SARS-CoV-2 M pro Amino Acid Substitutions Selected by Nirmatrelvir in Cell Culture Single Substitutions (EC 50 value fold-change) T21I (1.1-4.6), L50F (1.5-4.2), P108S (ND), T135I (ND), F140L (4.1), S144A (2.2-5.3), C160F (ND), E166A (3.3), E166V (25‑288), L167F (ND), T169I (ND), H172Y (ND), A173V (0.9-1.7), V186A (ND), R188G (ND), A191V (ND), A193P (ND), P252L (5.9), S301P (ND), and T304I (1.4-5.5). ≥2 Substitutions (EC 50 value fold-change) T21I+S144A (9.4), T21I+E166V (83), T21I+A173V (3.1), T21I+T304I (3.0-7.9), L50F+E166V (34-175), L50F+T304I (5.9), T135I+T304I (3.8), F140L+A173V (10.1), H172Y+P252L (ND), A173V+T304I (20.2), T21I+L50F+A193P+S301P (28.8), T21I+S144A+T304I (27.8), T21I+C160F+A173V+V186A+T304I (28.5), T21I+A173V+T304I (15), and L50F+F140L+L167F+T304I (54.7). Abbreviation: ND=no data. In a biochemical assay using recombinant SARS-CoV-2 M pro containing amino acid substitutions, the following SARS-CoV-2 M pro substitutions led to ≥3-fold reduced nirmatrelvir activity (fold-change based on K i values): Y54A (25), F140A (21), F140L (7.6), F140S (260), G143S (3.6), S144A (46), S144E (480), S144T (170), H164N (6.7), E166A (35), E166G (6.2), E166V (7,700), H172Y (250), A173S (4.1), A173V (16), R188G (38), Q192L (29), Q192P (7.8), and V297A (3.0). In addition, the following combinations of M pro substitutions led to ≥3-fold reduced nirmatrelvir activity: T21I+S144A (20), T21I+E166V (11,000), T21I+A173V (15), L50F+E166V (4,500), T135I+T304I (5.1), F140L+A173V (95), H172Y+P252L (180), A173V+T304I (28), T21I+S144A+T304I (51), T21I+A173V+T304I (55), L50F+E166A+L167F (210), T21I+L50F+A193P+S301P (7.3), L50F+F140L+L167F+T304I (190), and T21I+C160F+A173V+V186A+T304I (28). The following substitutions and substitution combinations emerged in cell culture but conferred <3-fold reduced nirmatrelvir activity in biochemical assays: T21I (1.6), L50F (0.2), P108S (2.9), T135I (2.2), C160F (0.6), L167F (0.9), T169I (1.4), V186A (0.8), A191V (0.8), A193P (0.9), P252L (0.9), S301P (0.2), T304I (1.0), T21I+T304I (1.8), and L50F+T304I (1.3). The clinical significance of these substitutions is unknown. In Clinical Trials Treatment-emergent substitutions were evaluated among subjects in clinical trials EPIC-HR/SR with sequence data available at both baseline and a post-baseline visit (n=907 PAXLOVID-treated subjects, n=946 placebo‑treated subjects). SARS-CoV-2 M pro amino acid changes were classified as PAXLOVID treatment-emergent substitutions if they occurred at the same amino acid position in 3 or more PAXLOVID‑treated subjects and were ≥2.5-fold more common in PAXLOVID-treated subjects than placebo-treated subjects. The following PAXLOVID treatment-emergent M pro substitutions were observed: T98I/R/del(n=4), E166V (n=3), and W207L/R/del (n=4). Within the M pro cleavage sites, the following PAXLOVID treatment-emergent substitutions were observed: A5328S/V(n=7) and S6799A/P/Y (n=4). These cleavage site substitutions were not associated with the co-occurrence of any specific M pro substitutions. None of the treatment-emergent substitutions listed above in M pro or M pro cleavage sites occurred in PAXLOVID-treated subjects who experienced hospitalization. Thus, the clinical significance of these substitutions is unknown. Viral RNA Rebound (With and Without COVID-19 Symptoms) and Treatment-Emergent Substitutions EPIC-HR and EPIC-SR were not designed to evaluate COVID-19 rebound; exploratory analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between PAXLOVID use and rebound in viral RNA shedding levels or self-reported COVID-19 symptoms. Post-treatment increases in SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding levels in nasopharyngeal samples were observed on Day 10 and/or Day 14 in a subset of PAXLOVID and placebo recipients in EPIC-HR and EPIC-SR, irrespective of COVID-19 symptoms. The frequency of detection of post-treatment viral RNA rebound varied according to analysis parameters, but was generally similar among PAXLOVID and placebo recipients. A similar or smaller percentage of placebo recipients compared to PAXLOVID recipients had nasopharyngeal viral RNA results Table 7: SARS-CoV-2 Mpro Amino Acid Substitutions Selected by Nirmatrelvir in Cell CultureSingle Substitutions(EC50 value fold-change)T21I (1.1-4.6), L50F (1.5-4.2), P108S (ND), T135I (ND), F140L (4.1), S144A (2.2-5.3), C160F (ND), E166A (3.3), E166V (25‑288), L167F (ND), T169I (ND), H172Y (ND), A173V (0.9-1.7), V186A (ND), R188G (ND), A191V (ND), A193P (ND), P252L (5.9), S301P (ND), and T304I (1.4-5.5).≥2 Substitutions(EC50 value fold-change)T21I+S144A (9.4), T21I+E166V (83), T21I+A173V (3.1), T21I+T304I (3.0-7.9), L50F+E166V (34-175), L50F+T304I (5.9), T135I+T304I (3.8), F140L+A173V (10.1), H172Y+P252L (ND), A173V+T304I (20.2), T21I+L50F+A193P+S301P (28.8), T21I+S144A+T304I (27.8), T21I+C160F+A173V+V186A+T304I (28.5), T21I+A173V+T304I (15), and L50F+F140L+L167F+T304I (54.7)."],"nonclinical_toxicology":["13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Nirmatrelvir Carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted with nirmatrelvir. Nirmatrelvir was negative for mutagenic or clastogenic activity in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays including the Ames bacterial reverse mutation assay using S. typhimurium and E. coli , the in vitro micronucleus assay using human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells, and the in vivo rat micronucleus assays. In a fertility and early embryonic development study, nirmatrelvir was administered orally to male and female rats at doses of 60, 200, or 1,000 mg/kg/day once daily beginning 14 days prior to mating, throughout the mating phase, and continued through GD 6 for females and for a total of 32 doses for males. There were no effects on fertility, reproductive performance, or early embryonic development at doses up to 1,000 mg/kg/day, resulting in systemic exposure (AUC 24 ) approximately 5 times higher than exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. Ritonavir Carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats have been conducted on ritonavir. In male mice, at levels of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day, there was a dose dependent increase in the incidence of both adenomas and combined adenomas and carcinomas in the liver. Based on AUC measurements, the exposure at the high dose was approximately 25 times higher than the exposure in humans at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. No carcinogenic effects were observed in females at up to the highest dose tested, resulting in systemic exposure (AUC 24 ) approximately 25 times higher than the exposure in humans at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. In rats dosed at levels of 7, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day, there were no carcinogenic effects. In this study, the exposure at the high dose was approximately 5 times higher than the exposure in humans at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. Ritonavir was found to be negative for mutagenic or clastogenic activity in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays including the Ames bacterial reverse mutation assay using S. typhimurium and E. coli , the mouse lymphoma assay, the mouse micronucleus test and chromosomal aberration assays in human lymphocytes. Ritonavir produced no effects on fertility in rats at drug exposures approximately 18 (male) and 27 (female) times higher than the exposure in humans at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID."],"openfda":{},"overdosage":["10 OVERDOSAGE Treatment of overdose with PAXLOVID should consist of general supportive measures including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the clinical status of the patient. There is no specific antidote for overdose with PAXLOVID."],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 6 Tablet Blister Pack - 0069-1085 NDC 0069-1085-06 PAXLOVID™ (nirmatrelvir tablets; ritonavir tablets), co-packaged for oral use 300 mg nirmatrelvir; 100 mg ritonavir nirmatrelvir tablet (150 mg) Morning Dose Take 3 tablets at the same time. ritonavir tablet (100 mg) nirmatrelvir tablet (150 mg) For use under Emergency Use Authorization. PAA188252 NDC 0069-1085-06 PAXLOVID™ (nirmatrelvir tablets; ritonavir tablets), co-packaged for oral use 300 mg nirmatrelvir; 100 mg ritonavir nirmatrelvir tablet (150 mg) Evening Dose Take 3 tablets at the same time. ritonavir tablet (100 mg) nirmatrelvir tablet (150 mg) Rx only Dist. by Pfizer Labs, Div. of Pfizer Inc., NY, NY 10017 LOT: EXP: PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 6 Tablet Blister Pack - 0069-1085","PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - Kit Carton - 0069-1085 Pfizer NDC 0069-1085-30 PAXLOVID™ (nirmatrelvir tablets; ritonavir tablets), co-packaged for oral use Each carton contains 30 tablets in 5 blister cards Each blister card contains 6 tablets: • 4 nirmatrelvir tablets (150 mg each) • 2 ritonavir tablets (100 mg each) 300 mg; 100 mg Dose Pack Morning Dose - Take all 3 tablets at the same time from the morning dose portion of the blister card (yellow side). Evening Dose - Take all 3 tablets at the same time from the evening dose portion of the blister card (blue side). For use under Emergency Use Authorization. Rx only PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - Kit Carton - 0069-1085","PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 4 Tablet Blister Pack - 0069-1101 NDC 0069-1101-04 PAXLOVID™ (nirmatrelvir tablets; ritonavir tablets), co-packaged for oral use 150 mg nirmatrelvir; 100 mg ritonavir nirmatrelvir tablet (150 mg) Morning Dose Take both tablets at the same time. ritonavir tablet (100 mg) Tablet cavity intentionally left empty For use under Emergency Use Authorization. PAA188070 NDC 0069-1101-04 PAXLOVID™ (nirmatrelvir tablets; ritonavir tablets), co-packaged for oral use 150 mg nirmatrelvir; 100 mg ritonavir Tablet cavity intentionally left empty Evening Dose Take both tablets at the same time. ritonavir tablet (100 mg) nirmatrelvir tablet (150 mg) Rx only Dist. by Pfizer Labs, Div. of Pfizer Inc., NY, NY 10017 LOT: EXP: PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 4 Tablet Blister Pack - 0069-1101","PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - Kit Carton - 0069-1101 Pfizer NDC 0069-1101-20 PAXLOVID™ (nirmatrelvir tablets; ritonavir tablets), co-packaged for oral use Each carton contains 20 tablets in 5 blister cards Each blister card contains 4 tablets: • 2 nirmatrelvir tablets (150 mg each) • 2 ritonavir tablets (100 mg each) 150 mg; 100 mg Dose Pack Morning Dose - Take both tablets at the same time from the morning dose portion of the blister card (white side). Evening Dose - Take both tablets at the same time from the evening dose portion of the blister card (pink side). For use under Emergency Use Authorization. Rx only PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - Kit Carton - 0069-1101","PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 6 Tablet Blister Pack - 0069-0345 NDC 0069-0345-06 PAXLOVID™ (nirmatrelvir tablets; ritonavir tablets), co-packaged for oral use 300 mg nirmatrelvir; 100 mg ritonavir nirmatrelvir tablet (150 mg) Morning Dose Take 3 tablets at the same time. ritonavir tablet (100 mg) nirmatrelvir tablet (150 mg) For use under Emergency Use Authorization. PAA189057 NDC 0069-0345-06 PAXLOVID™ (nirmatrelvir tablets; ritonavir tablets), co-packaged for oral use 300 mg nirmatrelvir; 100 mg ritonavir nirmatrelvir tablet (150 mg) Evening Dose Take 3 tablets at the same time. ritonavir tablet (100 mg) nirmatrelvir tablet (150 mg) Rx only Dist. by Pfizer Labs, Div. of Pfizer Inc., NY, NY 10017 LOT: EXP: PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 6 Tablet Blister Pack - 0069-0345","PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - Kit Carton - 0069-0345 Pfizer NDC 0069-0345-30 PAXLOVID™ (nirmatrelvir tablets; ritonavir tablets), co-packaged for oral use Each carton contains 30 tablets in 5 blister cards Each blister card contains 6 tablets: • 4 nirmatrelvir tablets (150 mg each) • 2 ritonavir tablets (100 mg each) 300 mg; 100 mg Dose Pack Morning Dose - Take all 3 tablets at the same time from the morning dose portion of the blister card (yellow side). Evening Dose - Take all 3 tablets at the same time from the evening dose portion of the blister card (blue side). For use under Emergency Use Authorization. Rx only PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - Kit Carton - 0069-0345"],"pediatric_use":["8.4 Pediatric Use PAXLOVID is not authorized for use in pediatric patients younger than 12 years of age or weighing less than 40 kg. The safety and effectiveness of PAXLOVID have not been established in pediatric patients. The approved adult dosing regimen is expected to result in comparable serum exposures of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir in patients 12 years of age and older and weighing at least 40 kg as observed in adults, and adults with similar body weight were included in the trial EPIC-HR [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) , Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) , and Clinical Studies (14) ] ."],"pharmacodynamics":["12.2 Pharmacodynamics Cardiac Electrophysiology At 3 times the steady state peak plasma concentration (C max ) at the recommended dose, nirmatrelvir does not prolong the QTc interval to any clinically relevant extent."],"pharmacokinetics":["12.3 Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir were similar in healthy subjects and in subjects with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Nirmatrelvir AUC increased in a less than dose proportional manner over a single dose range from 250 mg to 750 mg (0.83 to 2.5 times the authorized recommended dose) and multiple dose range from 75 mg to 500 mg (0.25 to 1.67 times the authorized recommended dose), when administered in combination with 100 mg ritonavir. Nirmatrelvir steady state was achieved on Day 2 following administration of the authorized recommended dosage and the mean accumulation ratio was approximately 2-fold. The pharmacokinetic properties of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir are displayed in Table 2. Table 2: Pharmacokinetic Properties of Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir in Healthy Subjects Nirmatrelvir (When Given With Ritonavir) Ritonavir Abbreviations: CL/F=apparent clearance; hr=hour; L/hr=liters per hour; T ½ =terminal elimination half-life; T max =the time to reach C max ; V z /F=apparent volume of distribution. Absorption T max (hr), median 3.00 Represents data after a single dose of 300 mg nirmatrelvir (2 × 150 mg tablet formulation) administered together with 100 mg ritonavir tablet in healthy subjects. 3.98 Food effect Test/reference (fed/fasted) ratios of adjusted geometric means (90% CI) AUC inf and C max for nirmatrelvir were 119.67 (108.75, 131.68) and 161.01 (139.05, 186.44), respectively. Following a single oral dose of nirmatrelvir 300 mg boosted ritonavir 100 mg at -12 hours, 0 hours and 12 hours, administered under fed (high fat and high calorie meal) or fasted conditions. Distribution % bound to human plasma proteins 69% 98–99% Blood-to-plasma ratio 0.60 0.14 Red blood cell to plasma ratio. V z /F (L), mean 104.7 300 mg nirmatrelvir (oral suspension formulation) co-administered with 100 mg ritonavir (tablet formulation) twice daily for 3 days. 112.4 Elimination Major route of elimination Renal elimination Hepatic metabolism Half-life (T ½ ) (hr), mean 6.05 6.15 Oral clearance (CL/F) (L/hr), mean 8.99 13.92 Metabolism Metabolic pathways Nirmatrelvir is a CYP3A substrate but when dosed with ritonavir, metabolic clearance is minimal. Major CYP3A, Minor CYP2D6 Excretion % drug-related material in feces 35.3% Determined by 19 F-NMR analysis following 300 mg nirmatrelvir oral suspension administered at 0 hr enhanced with 100 mg ritonavir at -12 hours, 0 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours. 86.4% Determined by 14 C analysis following 600 mg 14 C-ritonavir oral solution (6 times the authorized ritonavir dose). % of dose excreted as total (unchanged drug) in feces 27.5% 33.8% % drug-related material in urine 49.6% 11.3% % of dose excreted as total (unchanged drug) in urine 55.0% 3.5% The predicted Day 5 nirmatrelvir exposure parameters in adult subjects with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 who were treated with PAXLOVID in EPIC-HR are presented in Table 3. Table 3: Predicted Day 5 Nirmatrelvir Exposure Parameters Following Administration of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir 300 mg/100 mg Twice Daily in Subjects with Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Pharmacokinetic Parameter (units) Data presented as geometric mean (10 th and 90 th percentile). Nirmatrelvir Based on 1,016 subjects with their post hoc PK parameters. Abbreviations: C max =predicted maximal concentration; C min =predicted minimal concentration (C trough ). C max (µg/mL) 3.43 (2.59, 4.52) AUC tau (µg*hr/mL) AUC tau =predicted area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time 0 to 12 hours for twice-daily dosing. 30.4 (22.9, 39.8) C min (µg/mL) 1.57 (1.16, 2.10) Effect of Food No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir were observed following administration of a high fat meal (800-1000 calories; 50% fat) to healthy subjects. Specific Populations There were no clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir based on age (18 to 86 years), sex, or race/ethnicity. Pediatric Patients The pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in patients less than 18 years of age have not been established. Patients with Renal Impairment The pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir in patients with renal impairment following administration of a single oral dose of nirmatrelvir 100 mg (0.33 times the authorized recommended dose) co-administered with ritonavir 100 mg are presented in Table 4. Compared to healthy controls with no renal impairment, the C max and AUC of nirmatrelvir in patients with mild renal impairment was 30% and 24% higher, in patients with moderate renal impairment was 38% and 87% higher, and in patients with severe renal impairment was 48% and 204% higher, respectively. Table 4: Impact of Renal Impairment on Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Pharmacokinetics Abbreviations: AUC inf =area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero extrapolated to infinite time; C max =the observed maximum concentration; CV=coefficient of variation; SD=standard deviation; T ½ =terminal elimination half-life; T max =the time to reach C max . Values are presented as geometric mean (geometric % CV) except median (range) for T max and arithmetic mean ± SD for T 1/2 . Normal Renal Function (n=8) Mild Renal Impairment (n=8) Moderate Renal Impairment (n=8) Severe Renal Impairment (n=8) C max (µg/mL) 1.60 (31) 2.08 (29) 2.21 (17) 2.37 (38) AUC inf (µg*hr/mL) 14.46 (20) 17.91 (30) 27.11 (27) 44.04 (33) T max (hr) 2.0 (1.0 – 4.0) 2.0 (1.0 – 3.0) 2.50 (1.0 – 6.0) 3.0 (1.0 – 6.1) T 1/2 (hr) 7.73 ± 1.82 6.60 ± 1.53 9.95 ± 3.42 13.37 ± 3.32 Patients with Hepatic Impairment The pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir were similar in patients with moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) hepatic impairment compared to healthy subjects following administration of a single oral dose of nirmatrelvir 100 mg (0.33 times the authorized recommended dose) co-administered with ritonavir 100 mg. The impact of severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) on the pharmacokinetics of nirmatrelvir or ritonavir has not been studied. Clinical Drug Interaction Studies Table 5 describes the effect of other drugs on the C max and AUC of nirmatrelvir. Table 5: The Effect of Other Drugs on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Nirmatrelvir Abbreviations: AUC=area under the plasma concentration-time curve; AUC inf =area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero extrapolated to infinite time; AUC tau =area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero to time tau (τ), the dosing interval. CI=confidence interval; C max =observed maximum plasma concentrations. Co-administered Drug Dose (Schedule) N Percent Ratio (in combination with co-administered drug/alone) of Nirmatrelvir Pharmacokinetic Parameters (90% CI); No Effect=100 Co-administered Drug Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir C max AUC For carbamazepine, AUC=AUC inf ; for itraconazole, AUC=AUC tau . Carbamazepine Carbamazepine titrated up to 300 mg twice daily on Day 8 through Day 15 (e.g., 100 mg twice daily on Day 1 through Day 3 and 200 mg twice daily on Day 4 through Day 7). 300 mg twice daily (16 doses) 300 mg/100 mg once daily (2 doses) 10 56.82 (47.04, 68.62) 44.50 (33.77, 58.65) Itraconazole 200 mg once daily (8 doses) 300 mg/100 mg twice daily (5 doses) 11 118.57 (112.50, 124.97) 138.82 (129.25, 149.11) Table 6 describes the effect of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir on the C max and AUC of other drugs. Table 6: Effect of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir on Pharmacokinetics of Other Drugs Abbreviations: AUC=area under the plasma concentration-time curve; CI=confidence interval; C max =observed maximum plasma concentrations; P-gp=p-glycoprotein. Co-administered Drug Dose (Schedule) N Percent Ratio of Test/Reference of Geometric Means (90% CI); No Effect=100 Co-administered Drug Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir C max AUC AUC=AUC inf for both midazolam and dabigatran. Midazolam For midazolam, Test=nirmatrelvir/ritonavir plus midazolam, Reference=Midazolam. Midazolam is an index substrate for CYP3A. For dabigatran, Test=nirmatrelvir/ritonavir plus dabigatran, Reference=Dabigatran. Dabigatran is an index substrate for P-gp. 2 mg (1 dose) 300 mg/100 mg twice daily (9 doses) 10 368.33 (318.91, 425.41) 1430.02 (1204.54, 1697.71) Dabigatran 75 mg (1 dose) 300 mg/100 mg twice daily (4 doses) 24 233.06 (172.14, 315.54) 194.47 (155.29, 243.55) In Vitro Studies Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Enzymes: • Nirmatrelvir is a reversible and time-dependent inhibitor of CYP3A, but not an inhibitor CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or CYP2D6. Nirmatrelvir is an inducer of CYP2B6, 2C8, 2C9, and 3A4, but there is minimal risk for pharmacokinetic interactions arising from induction of these CYP enzymes at the proposed therapeutic dose. • Ritonavir is a substrate of CYP2D6 and CYP3A. Ritonavir is an inducer of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2B6, and CYP3A. Transporter Systems: Nirmatrelvir is an inhibitor of P-gp and OATP1B1. Nirmatrelvir is a substrate for P-gp, but not BCRP, MATE1, MATE2K, NTCP, OAT1, OAT2, OAT3, OCT1, OCT2, PEPT1, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, or OATP4C1."],"pharmacokinetics_table":["
Table 2: Pharmacokinetic Properties of Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir in Healthy Subjects
Nirmatrelvir (When Given With Ritonavir)Ritonavir
Abbreviations: CL/F=apparent clearance; hr=hour; L/hr=liters per hour; T½=terminal elimination half-life; Tmax=the time to reach Cmax; Vz/F=apparent volume of distribution.
Absorption
Tmax (hr), median3.00Represents data after a single dose of 300 mg nirmatrelvir (2 × 150 mg tablet formulation) administered together with 100 mg ritonavir tablet in healthy subjects.3.98
Food effectTest/reference (fed/fasted) ratios of adjusted geometric means (90% CI) AUCinf and Cmax for nirmatrelvir were 119.67 (108.75, 131.68) and 161.01 (139.05, 186.44), respectively.Following a single oral dose of nirmatrelvir 300 mg boosted ritonavir 100 mg at -12 hours, 0 hours and 12 hours, administered under fed (high fat and high calorie meal) or fasted conditions.
Distribution
% bound to human plasma proteins69%98–99%
Blood-to-plasma ratio0.600.14Red blood cell to plasma ratio.
Vz/F (L), mean104.7300 mg nirmatrelvir (oral suspension formulation) co-administered with 100 mg ritonavir (tablet formulation) twice daily for 3 days.112.4
Elimination
Major route of eliminationRenal eliminationHepatic metabolism
Half-life (T½) (hr), mean6.056.15
Oral clearance (CL/F) (L/hr), mean8.9913.92
Metabolism
Metabolic pathwaysNirmatrelvir is a CYP3A substrate but when dosed with ritonavir, metabolic clearance is minimal.Major CYP3A, Minor CYP2D6
Excretion
% drug-related material in feces35.3%Determined by 19F-NMR analysis following 300 mg nirmatrelvir oral suspension administered at 0 hr enhanced with 100 mg ritonavir at -12 hours, 0 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours. 86.4%Determined by 14C analysis following 600 mg 14C-ritonavir oral solution (6 times the authorized ritonavir dose).
% of dose excreted as total (unchanged drug) in feces27.5%33.8%
% drug-related material in urine49.6%11.3%
% of dose excreted as total (unchanged drug) in urine55.0%3.5%
","
Table 3: Predicted Day 5 Nirmatrelvir Exposure Parameters Following Administration of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir 300 mg/100 mg Twice Daily in Subjects with Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19
Pharmacokinetic Parameter (units)Data presented as geometric mean (10th and 90th percentile).NirmatrelvirBased on 1,016 subjects with their post hoc PK parameters.
Abbreviations: Cmax=predicted maximal concentration; Cmin=predicted minimal concentration (Ctrough).
Cmax (µg/mL)3.43 (2.59, 4.52)
AUCtau (µg*hr/mL)AUCtau=predicted area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time 0 to 12 hours for twice-daily dosing.30.4 (22.9, 39.8)
Cmin (µg/mL)1.57 (1.16, 2.10)
","
Table 4: Impact of Renal Impairment on Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Pharmacokinetics
Abbreviations: AUCinf=area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero extrapolated to infinite time; Cmax=the observed maximum concentration; CV=coefficient of variation; SD=standard deviation; T½=terminal elimination half-life; Tmax=the time to reach Cmax. Values are presented as geometric mean (geometric % CV) except median (range) for Tmax and arithmetic mean ± SD for T1/2.
Normal Renal Function (n=8)Mild Renal Impairment (n=8)Moderate Renal Impairment (n=8)Severe Renal Impairment (n=8)
Cmax (µg/mL)1.60 (31)2.08 (29)2.21 (17)2.37 (38)
AUCinf (µg*hr/mL)14.46 (20)17.91 (30)27.11 (27)44.04 (33)
Tmax (hr)2.0 (1.0 – 4.0)2.0 (1.0 – 3.0)2.50 (1.0 – 6.0)3.0 (1.0 – 6.1)
T1/2 (hr)7.73 ± 1.826.60 ± 1.539.95 ± 3.4213.37 ± 3.32
","
Table 5: The Effect of Other Drugs on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Nirmatrelvir
Abbreviations: AUC=area under the plasma concentration-time curve; AUCinf=area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero extrapolated to infinite time; AUCtau=area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero to time tau (τ), the dosing interval. CI=confidence interval; Cmax=observed maximum plasma concentrations.
Co-administered DrugDose (Schedule)NPercent Ratio (in combination with co-administered drug/alone) of Nirmatrelvir Pharmacokinetic Parameters (90% CI); No Effect=100
Co-administered Drug Nirmatrelvir/RitonavirCmaxAUCFor carbamazepine, AUC=AUCinf; for itraconazole, AUC=AUCtau.
CarbamazepineCarbamazepine titrated up to 300 mg twice daily on Day 8 through Day 15 (e.g., 100 mg twice daily on Day 1 through Day 3 and 200 mg twice daily on Day 4 through Day 7).300 mg twice daily (16 doses)300 mg/100 mg once daily (2 doses)1056.82 (47.04, 68.62)44.50 (33.77, 58.65)
Itraconazole200 mg once daily (8 doses)300 mg/100 mg twice daily (5 doses)11118.57 (112.50, 124.97)138.82 (129.25, 149.11)
","
Table 6: Effect of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir on Pharmacokinetics of Other Drugs
Abbreviations: AUC=area under the plasma concentration-time curve; CI=confidence interval; Cmax=observed maximum plasma concentrations; P-gp=p-glycoprotein.
Co-administered DrugDose (Schedule)NPercent Ratio of Test/Reference of Geometric Means (90% CI); No Effect=100
Co-administered Drug Nirmatrelvir/RitonavirCmaxAUCAUC=AUCinf for both midazolam and dabigatran.
MidazolamFor midazolam, Test=nirmatrelvir/ritonavir plus midazolam, Reference=Midazolam. Midazolam is an index substrate for CYP3A. For dabigatran, Test=nirmatrelvir/ritonavir plus dabigatran, Reference=Dabigatran. Dabigatran is an index substrate for P-gp.2 mg (1 dose)300 mg/100 mg twice daily (9 doses)10368.33 (318.91, 425.41)1430.02 (1204.54, 1697.71)
Dabigatran75 mg (1 dose)300 mg/100 mg twice daily (4 doses)24233.06 (172.14, 315.54)194.47 (155.29, 243.55)
"],"pregnancy":["8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Available data on the use of nirmatrelvir during pregnancy are insufficient to evaluate for a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Published observational studies on ritonavir use in pregnant women have not identified an increase in the risk of major birth defects. Published studies with ritonavir are insufficient to identify a drug-associated risk of miscarriage (see Data ). There are maternal and fetal risks associated with untreated COVID-19 in pregnancy (see Clinical Considerations ). In an embryo-fetal development study with nirmatrelvir, reduced fetal body weights following oral administration of nirmatrelvir to pregnant rabbits were observed at systemic exposures (AUC) approximately 11 times higher than clinical exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. No other adverse developmental outcomes were observed in animal reproduction studies with nirmatrelvir at systemic exposures (AUC) greater than or equal to 3 times higher than clinical exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID (see Data ) . In embryo-fetal developmental studies with ritonavir, no evidence of adverse developmental outcomes was observed following oral administration of ritonavir to pregnant rats and rabbits at systemic exposures (AUC) 5 (rat) or 8 (rabbits) times higher than clinical exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID (see Data ) . The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the authorized population is unknown. All pregnancies have a risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-associated Maternal and/or Embryo-fetal Risk COVID-19 in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, including preeclampsia, eclampsia, preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, venous thromboembolic disease, and fetal death. Data Human Data Ritonavir Based on prospective reports to the antiretroviral pregnancy registry of live births following exposure to ritonavir-containing regimens (including over 3,500 live births exposed in the first-trimester and over 3,500 live births exposed in the second and third trimesters), there was no difference in the rate of overall birth defects for ritonavir compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP). The prevalence of birth defects in live births was 2.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9%–2.9%] following first-trimester exposure to ritonavir-containing regimens and 2.9% (95% CI: 2.4%–3.5%) following second and third trimester exposure to ritonavir-containing regimens. While placental transfer of ritonavir and fetal ritonavir concentrations are generally low, detectable levels have been observed in cord blood samples and neonate hair. Animal Data Nirmatrelvir Embryo-fetal developmental (EFD) toxicity studies were conducted in pregnant rats and rabbits administered oral nirmatrelvir doses of up to 1,000 mg/kg/day during organogenesis [on Gestation Days (GD) 6 through 17 in rats and GD 7 through 19 in rabbits]. No biologically significant developmental effects were observed in the rat EFD study. At the highest dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day, the systemic nirmatrelvir exposure (AUC 24 ) in rats was approximately 9 times higher than clinical exposures at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. In the rabbit EFD study, lower fetal body weights (9% decrease) were observed at 1,000 mg/kg/day in the absence of significant maternal toxicity findings. At 1,000 mg/kg/day, the systemic exposure (AUC 24 ) in rabbits was approximately 11 times higher than clinical exposures at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. No other significant developmental toxicities (malformations and embryo-fetal lethality) were observed up to the highest dose tested, 1,000 mg/kg/day. No developmental effects were observed in rabbits at 300 mg/kg/day resulting in systemic exposure (AUC 24 ) approximately 3 times higher than clinical exposures at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. A pre- and postnatal developmental (PPND) study in pregnant rats administered oral nirmatrelvir doses of up to 1,000 mg/kg/day from GD 6 through Lactation Day (LD) 20 showed no adverse findings. Although no difference in body weight was noted at birth when comparing offspring born to nirmatrelvir‑treated versus control animals, a decrease in the body weight of offspring was observed on Postnatal Day (PND) 17 (8% decrease) and PND 21 (up to 7% decrease) in the absence of maternal toxicity. No significant differences in offspring body weight were observed from PND 28 to PND 56. The maternal systemic exposure (AUC 24 ) at 1,000 mg/kg/day was approximately 9 times higher than clinical exposures at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. No body weight changes in the offspring were noted at 300 mg/kg/day, where maternal systemic exposure (AUC 24 ) was approximately 6 times higher than clinical exposures at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. Ritonavir Ritonavir was administered orally to pregnant rats (at 0, 15, 35, and 75 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (at 0, 25, 50, and 110 mg/kg/day) during organogenesis (on GD 6 through 17 in rats and GD 6 through 19 in rabbits). No evidence of teratogenicity due to ritonavir was observed in rats and rabbits at systemic exposures (AUC) 5 (rats) or 8 (rabbits) times higher than exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. Increased incidences of early resorptions, ossification delays, and developmental variations, as well as decreased fetal body weights were observed in rats in the presence of maternal toxicity, at systemic exposures (AUC) approximately 10 times higher than exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. In rabbits, resorptions, decreased litter size, and decreased fetal weights were observed at maternally toxic doses, at systemic exposures greater than 8 times higher than exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. In a PPND study in rats, administration of 0, 15, 35, and 60 mg/kg/day ritonavir from GD 6 through PND 20 resulted in no developmental toxicity, at ritonavir systemic exposures greater than 10 times the exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID."],"set_id":"7bdddfba-bd31-44cb-ba9e-23a4e17a4691","spl_product_data_elements":["Paxlovid nirmatrelvir and ritonavir Nirmatrelvir nirmatrelvir NIRMATRELVIR NIRMATRELVIR MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM SILICON DIOXIDE SODIUM STEARYL FUMARATE HYPROMELLOSE 2910 (10000 MPA.S) TITANIUM DIOXIDE POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, UNSPECIFIED FERRIC OXIDE RED PFE;3CL Ritonavir ritonavir RITONAVIR RITONAVIR COPOVIDONE K25-31 ANHYDROUS DIBASIC CALCIUM PHOSPHATE SORBITAN MONOLAURATE SILICON DIOXIDE SODIUM STEARYL FUMARATE HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED TITANIUM DIOXIDE POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 400 HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE (1600000 WAMW) TALC POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 3350 POLYSORBATE 80 ovaloid a;NK Paxlovid nirmatrelvir and ritonavir Nirmatrelvir nirmatrelvir NIRMATRELVIR NIRMATRELVIR MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM SILICON DIOXIDE SODIUM STEARYL FUMARATE HYPROMELLOSE 2910 (10000 MPA.S) TITANIUM DIOXIDE POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, UNSPECIFIED FERRIC OXIDE RED PFE;3CL Ritonavir ritonavir RITONAVIR RITONAVIR COPOVIDONE K25-31 ANHYDROUS DIBASIC CALCIUM PHOSPHATE SORBITAN MONOLAURATE SILICON DIOXIDE SODIUM STEARYL FUMARATE HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED TITANIUM DIOXIDE POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 400 HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE (1600000 WAMW) TALC POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 3350 POLYSORBATE 80 ovaloid a;NK Paxlovid nirmatrelvir and ritonavir Nirmatrelvir nirmatrelvir NIRMATRELVIR NIRMATRELVIR MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM SILICON DIOXIDE SODIUM STEARYL FUMARATE HYPROMELLOSE 2910 (10000 MPA.S) TITANIUM DIOXIDE POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, UNSPECIFIED FERRIC OXIDE RED PFE;3CL Ritonavir ritonavir RITONAVIR RITONAVIR COPOVIDONE K25-31 ANHYDROUS DIBASIC CALCIUM PHOSPHATE SORBITAN MONOLAURATE HYPROMELLOSE 2910 (6 MPA.S) SODIUM STEARYL FUMARATE TITANIUM DIOXIDE POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 400 HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE (1600000 WAMW) TALC POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 3350 POLYSORBATE 80 SILICON DIOXIDE white to off-white Capsule H;R9"],"spl_unclassified_section":["FACT SHEET FOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS: EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION FOR PAXLOVID™ HIGHLIGHTS OF EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION (EUA) These highlights of the EUA do not include all the information needed to use PAXLOVID TM under the EUA. See the FULL FACT SHEET FOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS for PAXLOVID. PAXLOVID (nirmatrelvir tablets; ritonavir tablets), co-packaged for oral use Original EUA Authorized Date: 12/2021 Revised EUA Authorized Date: 03/2024 PAXLOVID is authorized only for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of the emergency use of PAXLOVID under section 564(b)(1) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-3(b)(1), unless the authorization is terminated or revoked sooner. See Full Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers for the justification for emergency use of drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic, information on available alternatives, and additional information on COVID-19. WARNING: SIGNIFICANT DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH PAXLOVID See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. --------DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION-------- • PAXLOVID includes ritonavir, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, which may lead to greater exposure of certain concomitant medications, resulting in potentially severe, life-threatening, or fatal events. ( 4 , 5.1 , 7 ) • Prior to prescribing PAXLOVID: 1) Review all medications taken by the patient to assess potential drug-drug interactions with a strong CYP3A inhibitor like PAXLOVID and 2) Determine if concomitant medications require a dose adjustment, interruption, and/or additional monitoring. ( 7 ) • Consider the benefit of PAXLOVID treatment in reducing hospitalization and death, and whether the risk of potential drug-drug interactions for an individual patient can be appropriately managed. ( 5.1 , 7 , 14 ) PAXLOVID is nirmatrelvir tablets co-packaged with ritonavir tablets. ( 2.1 ) Nirmatrelvir must be co-administered with ritonavir. ( 2.1 ) • Initiate PAXLOVID treatment as soon as possible after diagnosis of COVID-19 and within 5 days of symptom onset. ( 2.1 ) • Administer orally with or without food. ( 2.1 ) • Dosage: 300 mg nirmatrelvir (two 150 mg tablets) with 100 mg ritonavir (one 100 mg tablet), with all three tablets taken together twice daily for 5 days. ( 2.1 , 2.2 ) • Dose reduction for moderate renal impairment (eGFR ≥30 to <60 mL/min) : 150 mg nirmatrelvir (one 150 mg tablet) with 100 mg ritonavir (one 100 mg tablet), with both tablets taken together twice daily for 5 days. ( 2.3 ) • PAXLOVID is not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR <30 mL/min). ( 2.3 , 8.6 ) • PAXLOVID is not recommend in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C). ( 2.4 , 8.7 ) --------DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS-------- • Tablets: nirmatrelvir 150 mg ( 3 ) • Tablets: ritonavir 100 mg ( 3 ) --------CONTRAINDICATIONS-------- • History of clinically significant hypersensitivity reactions to the active ingredients (nirmatrelvir or ritonavir) or any other components. ( 4 ) • Co-administration with drugs highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance and for which elevated concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening reactions. ( 4 , 7.3 ) • Co-administration with potent CYP3A inducers where significantly reduced nirmatrelvir or ritonavir plasma concentrations may be associated with the potential for loss of virologic response and possible resistance. ( 4 ) --------WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS-------- • The concomitant use of PAXLOVID and certain other drugs may result in potentially significant drug interactions. Consult the full prescribing information prior to and during treatment for potential drug interactions. ( 5.1 , 7 ) • Hypersensitivity Reactions: Anaphylaxis, serious skin reactions (including toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome), and other hypersensitivity reactions have been reported with PAXLOVID. If signs and symptoms of a clinically significant hypersensitivity reaction or anaphylaxis occur, immediately discontinue PAXLOVID and initiate appropriate medications and/or supportive care. ( 5.2 ) • Hepatotoxicity: Hepatic transaminase elevations, clinical hepatitis, and jaundice have occurred in patients receiving ritonavir. ( 5.3 ) • HIV-1 Drug Resistance: PAXLOVID use may lead to a risk of HIV-1 developing resistance to HIV protease inhibitors in individuals with uncontrolled or undiagnosed HIV-1 infection. ( 5.4 ) --------ADVERSE REACTIONS-------- Adverse events (incidence ≥1% and greater incidence than in the placebo group) were dysgeusia and diarrhea. ( 6.1 ) You or your designee must report all SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS or MEDICATION ERRORS potentially related to the use of PAXLOVID in the authorized pediatric population (1) by submitting FDA Form 3500 online , (2) by downloading this form and then submitting by mail or fax, or (3) contacting the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 to request this form. Please also provide a copy of this form to Pfizer Inc. at fax number: 1-866-635-8337. ( 6.4 ) --------DRUG INTERACTIONS-------- Co-administration of PAXLOVID can alter the plasma concentrations of other drugs and other drugs may alter the plasma concentrations of PAXLOVID. Consider the potential for drug interactions prior to and during PAXLOVID therapy and review concomitant medications during PAXLOVID therapy. ( 4 , 5.1 , 7 , 12.3 ) See FACT SHEET FOR PATIENTS, PARENTS, AND CAREGIVERS . --------RECENT MAJOR CHANGES-------- Emergency Use Authorization (1): removed adult authorization 03/2024 Use in Specific Populations (8.5): removed 03/2024 Limitations of Authorized Use ( 1 ): updated 11/2023 How Supplied ( 16 ): updated 11/2023 Patient Counseling Information ( 17 ): updated 11/2023 Boxed Warning: added 05/2023 Limitations of Authorized Use ( 1 ): updated 05/2023 Contraindications ( 4 ): add rifapentine 05/2023 Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 , 5.2 ): updated 05/2023 Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 , 6.2 ): updated 05/2023 Drug Interactions ( 7.1 , 7.3 ): updated 05/2023 Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1 , 8.2 , 8.6 ): updated 05/2023 Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.1 , 12.2 , 12.3 , 12.4 ): updated 05/2023 Nonclinical Toxicology ( 13.1 , 13.2): updated 05/2023 Clinical Studies ( 14.1 , 14.2 , 14.3 ): updated 05/2023 --------EUA FOR PAXLOVID-------- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has issued an EUA for the emergency use of PAXLOVID which includes nirmatrelvir, a SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro : also referred to as 3CLpro or nsp5 protease) inhibitor, and ritonavir, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor and CYP3A inhibitor, for the treatment of pediatric patients 12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death. LIMITATIONS OF AUTHORIZED USE PAXLOVID is not authorized for pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis for prevention of COVID-19. PAXLOVID may be prescribed for an individual patient by physicians, advanced practice registered nurses, and physician assistants that are licensed or authorized under state law to prescribe drugs. PAXLOVID may also be prescribed for an individual patient by a state-licensed pharmacist for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg) who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death, in accordance with the FDA-approved Prescribing Information or authorized labeling, as applicable, under the following conditions: • Sufficient information is available, such as through access to health records less than 12 months old or consultation with a health care provider in an established provider-patient relationship with the individual patient, to assess renal and hepatic function; and • Sufficient information is available, such as through access to health records, patient reporting of medical history, or consultation with a health care provider in an established provider-patient relationship with the individual patient, to obtain a comprehensive list of medications (prescribed and non-prescribed) that the patient is taking to assess for potential drug interaction. The state-licensed pharmacist should refer an individual patient for clinical evaluation (e.g., telehealth, in-person visit) with a physician, advanced practice registered nurse, or physician assistant licensed or authorized under state law to prescribe drugs, if any of the following apply: • Sufficient information is not available to assess renal and hepatic function. • Sufficient information is not available to assess for a potential drug interaction. • Modification of other medications is needed due to a potential drug interaction. • PAXLOVID is not an appropriate therapeutic option based on the authorized Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers or due to potential drug interactions for which recommended monitoring would not be feasible.","TABLE OF CONTENTS* WARNING: SIGNIFICANT DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH PAXLOVID 1 EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 2.1 Important Dosage and Administration Information for Emergency Use of PAXLOVID 2.2 Recommended Dosage 2.3 Dosage in Patients with Renal Impairment 2.4 Use in Patients with Hepatic Impairment 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS 4 CONTRAINDICATIONS 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS 5.1 Risk of Serious Adverse Reactions Due to Drug Interactions 5.2 Hypersensitivity Reactions 5.3 Hepatotoxicity 5.4 Risk of HIV-1 Resistance Development 6 ADVERSE REACTIONS 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience 6.2 Post-Authorization Experience 6.4 Required Reporting for Serious Adverse Events and Medication Errors 7 DRUG INTERACTIONS 7.1 Potential for PAXLOVID to Affect Other Drugs 7.2 Potential for Other Drugs to Affect PAXLOVID 7.3 Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS 8.1 Pregnancy 8.2 Lactation 8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential 8.4 Pediatric Use 8.6 Renal Impairment 8.7 Hepatic Impairment 10 OVERDOSAGE 11 DESCRIPTION 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action 12.2 Pharmacodynamics 12.3 Pharmacokinetics 12.4 Microbiology 13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility 14 CLINICAL STUDIES 14.1 Efficacy in Subjects at High Risk of Progression to Severe COVID-19 (EPIC-HR) 14.2 Trial in Unvaccinated Subjects Without a Risk Factor for Progression to Severe COVID-19 or Subjects Fully Vaccinated Against COVID-19 With at Least One Factor for Progression to Severe COVID-19 (EPIC-SR) 14.3 Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Trial 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION 18 MANUFACTURER INFORMATION * Sections or subsections omitted from the EUA are not listed.","FULL FACT SHEET FOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS","18 MANUFACTURER INFORMATION For general questions, visit the website or call the telephone number provided below. Website Telephone number www.COVID19oralRx.com 1-877-219-7225 (1-877-C19-PACK) For Medical Information about PAXLOVID, please visit www.pfizermedinfo.com or call 1-800-438-1985. LAB-1492-15.0 Revised: 03/2024 QR code Logo"],"spl_unclassified_section_table":["
FACT SHEET FOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS: EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION FOR PAXLOVID™
","PAXLOVID includes ritonavir, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, which may lead to greater exposure of certain concomitant medications, resulting in potentially severe, life-threatening, or fatal events. (4, 5.1, 7)Prior to prescribing PAXLOVID: 1) Review all medications taken by the patient to assess potential drug-drug interactions with a strong CYP3A inhibitor like PAXLOVID and 2) Determine if concomitant medications require a dose adjustment, interruption, and/or additional monitoring. (7)Consider the benefit of PAXLOVID treatment in reducing hospitalization and death, and whether the risk of potential drug-drug interactions for an individual patient can be appropriately managed. (5.1, 7, 14)Initiate PAXLOVID treatment as soon as possible after diagnosis of COVID-19 and within 5 days of symptom onset. (2.1)Administer orally with or without food. (2.1)Dosage: 300 mg nirmatrelvir (two 150 mg tablets) with 100 mg ritonavir (one 100 mg tablet), with all three tablets taken together twice daily for 5 days. (2.1, 2.2)Dose reduction for moderate renal impairment (eGFR ≥30 to <60 mL/min): 150 mg nirmatrelvir (one 150 mg tablet) with 100 mg ritonavir (one 100 mg tablet), with both tablets taken together twice daily for 5 days. (2.3)PAXLOVID is not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR <30 mL/min). (2.3, 8.6)PAXLOVID is not recommend in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C). (2.4, 8.7) --------DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS--------Tablets: nirmatrelvir 150 mg (3)Tablets: ritonavir 100 mg (3) --------CONTRAINDICATIONS--------History of clinically significant hypersensitivity reactions to the active ingredients (nirmatrelvir or ritonavir) or any other components. (4)Co-administration with drugs highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance and for which elevated concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening reactions. (4, 7.3)Co-administration with potent CYP3A inducers where significantly reduced nirmatrelvir or ritonavir plasma concentrations may be associated with the potential for loss of virologic response and possible resistance. (4)--------WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS--------The concomitant use of PAXLOVID and certain other drugs may result in potentially significant drug interactions. Consult the full prescribing information prior to and during treatment for potential drug interactions. (5.1, 7)Hypersensitivity Reactions: Anaphylaxis, serious skin reactions (including toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome), and other hypersensitivity reactions have been reported with PAXLOVID. If signs and symptoms of a clinically significant hypersensitivity reaction or anaphylaxis occur, immediately discontinue PAXLOVID and initiate appropriate medications and/or supportive care. (5.2)Hepatotoxicity: Hepatic transaminase elevations, clinical hepatitis, and jaundice have occurred in patients receiving ritonavir. (5.3)HIV-1 Drug Resistance: PAXLOVID use may lead to a risk of HIV-1 developing resistance to HIV protease inhibitors in individuals with uncontrolled or undiagnosed HIV-1 infection. (5.4)--------ADVERSE REACTIONS--------Adverse events (incidence ≥1% and greater incidence than in the placebo group) were dysgeusia and diarrhea. (6.1) You or your designee must report all SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS or MEDICATION ERRORS potentially related to the use of PAXLOVID in the authorized pediatric population (1) by submitting FDA Form 3500 online, (2) by downloading this form and then submitting by mail or fax, or (3) contacting the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 to request this form. Please also provide a copy of this form to Pfizer Inc. at fax number: 1-866-635-8337. (6.4) --------DRUG INTERACTIONS--------Co-administration of PAXLOVID can alter the plasma concentrations of other drugs and other drugs may alter the plasma concentrations of PAXLOVID. Consider the potential for drug interactions prior to and during PAXLOVID therapy and review concomitant medications during PAXLOVID therapy. (4, 5.1, 7, 12.3) See FACT SHEET FOR PATIENTS, PARENTS, AND CAREGIVERS.Sufficient information is available, such as through access to health records less than 12 months old or consultation with a health care provider in an established provider-patient relationship with the individual patient, to assess renal and hepatic function; and Sufficient information is available, such as through access to health records, patient reporting of medical history, or consultation with a health care provider in an established provider-patient relationship with the individual patient, to obtain a comprehensive list of medications (prescribed and non-prescribed) that the patient is taking to assess for potential drug interaction.The state-licensed pharmacist should refer an individual patient for clinical evaluation (e.g., telehealth, in-person visit) with a physician, advanced practice registered nurse, or physician assistant licensed or authorized under state law to prescribe drugs, if any of the following apply:Sufficient information is not available to assess renal and hepatic function.Sufficient information is not available to assess for a potential drug interaction.Modification of other medications is needed due to a potential drug interaction.PAXLOVID is not an appropriate therapeutic option based on the authorized Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers or due to potential drug interactions for which recommended monitoring would not be feasible.
HIGHLIGHTS OF EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION (EUA)These highlights of the EUA do not include all the information needed to use PAXLOVIDTM under the EUA. See the FULL FACT SHEET FOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS for PAXLOVID. PAXLOVID (nirmatrelvir tablets; ritonavir tablets), co-packaged for oral useOriginal EUA Authorized Date: 12/2021Revised EUA Authorized Date: 03/2024PAXLOVID is authorized only for the duration of the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of the emergency use of PAXLOVID under section 564(b)(1) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-3(b)(1), unless the authorization is terminated or revoked sooner. See Full Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers for the justification for emergency use of drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic, information on available alternatives, and additional information on COVID-19.
WARNING: SIGNIFICANT DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH PAXLOVIDSee full prescribing information for complete boxed warning.--------DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION--------
•••
PAXLOVID is nirmatrelvir tablets co-packaged with ritonavir tablets. (2.1)Nirmatrelvir must be co-administered with ritonavir. (2.1)
•••••••••••••••
--------RECENT MAJOR CHANGES--------
Emergency Use Authorization (1): removed adult authorization03/2024
Use in Specific Populations (8.5): removed03/2024
Limitations of Authorized Use (1): updated11/2023
How Supplied (16): updated11/2023
Patient Counseling Information (17): updated11/2023
Boxed Warning: added05/2023
Limitations of Authorized Use (1): updated05/2023
Contraindications (4): add rifapentine05/2023
Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2): updated05/2023
Adverse Reactions (6.1, 6.2): updated05/2023
Drug Interactions (7.1, 7.3): updated05/2023
Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.2, 8.6): updated05/2023
Clinical Pharmacology (12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4): updated05/2023
Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1, 13.2): updated05/2023
Clinical Studies (14.1, 14.2, 14.3): updated05/2023
--------EUA FOR PAXLOVID--------The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has issued an EUA for the emergency use of PAXLOVID which includes nirmatrelvir, a SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro: also referred to as 3CLpro or nsp5 protease) inhibitor, and ritonavir, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor and CYP3A inhibitor, for the treatment of pediatric patients 12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death. LIMITATIONS OF AUTHORIZED USEPAXLOVID is not authorized for pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis for prevention of COVID-19.PAXLOVID may be prescribed for an individual patient by physicians, advanced practice registered nurses, and physician assistants that are licensed or authorized under state law to prescribe drugs.PAXLOVID may also be prescribed for an individual patient by a state-licensed pharmacist for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg) who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death, in accordance with the FDA-approved Prescribing Information or authorized labeling, as applicable, under the following conditions:
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","2.1 Important Dosage and Administration Information for Emergency Use of PAXLOVID2.2 Recommended Dosage2.3 Dosage in Patients with Renal Impairment2.4 Use in Patients with Hepatic Impairment3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS4 CONTRAINDICATIONS5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS5.1 Risk of Serious Adverse Reactions Due to Drug Interactions5.2 Hypersensitivity Reactions5.3 Hepatotoxicity5.4 Risk of HIV-1 Resistance Development6 ADVERSE REACTIONS6.1 Clinical Trials Experience6.2 Post-Authorization Experience6.4 Required Reporting for Serious Adverse Events and Medication Errors7 DRUG INTERACTIONS7.1 Potential for PAXLOVID to Affect Other Drugs7.2 Potential for Other Drugs to Affect PAXLOVID7.3 Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS8.1 Pregnancy8.2 Lactation8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential8.4 Pediatric Use8.6 Renal Impairment8.7 Hepatic Impairment10 OVERDOSAGE11 DESCRIPTION12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY12.1 Mechanism of Action12.2 Pharmacodynamics12.3 Pharmacokinetics12.4 Microbiology13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility14 CLINICAL STUDIES14.1 Efficacy in Subjects at High Risk of Progression to Severe COVID-19 (EPIC-HR)14.2 Trial in Unvaccinated Subjects Without a Risk Factor for Progression to Severe COVID-19 or Subjects Fully Vaccinated Against COVID-19 With at Least One Factor for Progression to Severe COVID-19 (EPIC-SR)14.3 Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Trial16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION18 MANUFACTURER INFORMATION* Sections or subsections omitted from the EUA are not listed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS*
WARNING: SIGNIFICANT DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH PAXLOVID1 EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
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WebsiteTelephone number
www.COVID19oralRx.com 1-877-219-7225 (1-877-C19-PACK)
"],"storage_and_handling":["Storage and Handling Store at USP controlled room temperature 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F)."],"use_in_specific_populations":["8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Available data on the use of nirmatrelvir during pregnancy are insufficient to evaluate for a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Published observational studies on ritonavir use in pregnant women have not identified an increase in the risk of major birth defects. Published studies with ritonavir are insufficient to identify a drug-associated risk of miscarriage (see Data ). There are maternal and fetal risks associated with untreated COVID-19 in pregnancy (see Clinical Considerations ). In an embryo-fetal development study with nirmatrelvir, reduced fetal body weights following oral administration of nirmatrelvir to pregnant rabbits were observed at systemic exposures (AUC) approximately 11 times higher than clinical exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. No other adverse developmental outcomes were observed in animal reproduction studies with nirmatrelvir at systemic exposures (AUC) greater than or equal to 3 times higher than clinical exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID (see Data ) . In embryo-fetal developmental studies with ritonavir, no evidence of adverse developmental outcomes was observed following oral administration of ritonavir to pregnant rats and rabbits at systemic exposures (AUC) 5 (rat) or 8 (rabbits) times higher than clinical exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID (see Data ) . The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the authorized population is unknown. All pregnancies have a risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-associated Maternal and/or Embryo-fetal Risk COVID-19 in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, including preeclampsia, eclampsia, preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, venous thromboembolic disease, and fetal death. Data Human Data Ritonavir Based on prospective reports to the antiretroviral pregnancy registry of live births following exposure to ritonavir-containing regimens (including over 3,500 live births exposed in the first-trimester and over 3,500 live births exposed in the second and third trimesters), there was no difference in the rate of overall birth defects for ritonavir compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP). The prevalence of birth defects in live births was 2.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9%–2.9%] following first-trimester exposure to ritonavir-containing regimens and 2.9% (95% CI: 2.4%–3.5%) following second and third trimester exposure to ritonavir-containing regimens. While placental transfer of ritonavir and fetal ritonavir concentrations are generally low, detectable levels have been observed in cord blood samples and neonate hair. Animal Data Nirmatrelvir Embryo-fetal developmental (EFD) toxicity studies were conducted in pregnant rats and rabbits administered oral nirmatrelvir doses of up to 1,000 mg/kg/day during organogenesis [on Gestation Days (GD) 6 through 17 in rats and GD 7 through 19 in rabbits]. No biologically significant developmental effects were observed in the rat EFD study. At the highest dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day, the systemic nirmatrelvir exposure (AUC 24 ) in rats was approximately 9 times higher than clinical exposures at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. In the rabbit EFD study, lower fetal body weights (9% decrease) were observed at 1,000 mg/kg/day in the absence of significant maternal toxicity findings. At 1,000 mg/kg/day, the systemic exposure (AUC 24 ) in rabbits was approximately 11 times higher than clinical exposures at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. No other significant developmental toxicities (malformations and embryo-fetal lethality) were observed up to the highest dose tested, 1,000 mg/kg/day. No developmental effects were observed in rabbits at 300 mg/kg/day resulting in systemic exposure (AUC 24 ) approximately 3 times higher than clinical exposures at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. A pre- and postnatal developmental (PPND) study in pregnant rats administered oral nirmatrelvir doses of up to 1,000 mg/kg/day from GD 6 through Lactation Day (LD) 20 showed no adverse findings. Although no difference in body weight was noted at birth when comparing offspring born to nirmatrelvir‑treated versus control animals, a decrease in the body weight of offspring was observed on Postnatal Day (PND) 17 (8% decrease) and PND 21 (up to 7% decrease) in the absence of maternal toxicity. No significant differences in offspring body weight were observed from PND 28 to PND 56. The maternal systemic exposure (AUC 24 ) at 1,000 mg/kg/day was approximately 9 times higher than clinical exposures at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. No body weight changes in the offspring were noted at 300 mg/kg/day, where maternal systemic exposure (AUC 24 ) was approximately 6 times higher than clinical exposures at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. Ritonavir Ritonavir was administered orally to pregnant rats (at 0, 15, 35, and 75 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (at 0, 25, 50, and 110 mg/kg/day) during organogenesis (on GD 6 through 17 in rats and GD 6 through 19 in rabbits). No evidence of teratogenicity due to ritonavir was observed in rats and rabbits at systemic exposures (AUC) 5 (rats) or 8 (rabbits) times higher than exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. Increased incidences of early resorptions, ossification delays, and developmental variations, as well as decreased fetal body weights were observed in rats in the presence of maternal toxicity, at systemic exposures (AUC) approximately 10 times higher than exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. In rabbits, resorptions, decreased litter size, and decreased fetal weights were observed at maternally toxic doses, at systemic exposures greater than 8 times higher than exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. In a PPND study in rats, administration of 0, 15, 35, and 60 mg/kg/day ritonavir from GD 6 through PND 20 resulted in no developmental toxicity, at ritonavir systemic exposures greater than 10 times the exposure at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary There are no available data on the presence of nirmatrelvir in human or animal milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. A transient decrease in body weight was observed in the nursing offspring of rats administered nirmatrelvir (see Data ) . Limited published data reports that ritonavir is present in human milk. There is no information on the effects of ritonavir on the breastfed infant or the effects of the drug on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for PAXLOVID and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from PAXLOVID or from the underlying maternal condition. Breastfeeding individuals with COVID-19 should follow practices according to clinical guidelines to avoid exposing the infant to COVID-19. Data In the PPND study, transiently lower body weight (up to 8%) was observed in the offspring of pregnant rats administered nirmatrelvir at maternal systemic exposure (AUC 24 ) approximately 9 times higher than clinical exposures at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. No body weight changes in the offspring were noted at maternal systemic exposure (AUC 24 ) approximately 6 times higher than clinical exposures at the authorized human dose of PAXLOVID. 8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential Contraception Use of ritonavir may reduce the efficacy of combined hormonal contraceptives. Advise patients using combined hormonal contraceptives to use an effective alternative contraceptive method or an additional barrier method of contraception [see Drug Interactions (7.3) ] . 8.4 Pediatric Use PAXLOVID is not authorized for use in pediatric patients younger than 12 years of age or weighing less than 40 kg. The safety and effectiveness of PAXLOVID have not been established in pediatric patients. The approved adult dosing regimen is expected to result in comparable serum exposures of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir in patients 12 years of age and older and weighing at least 40 kg as observed in adults, and adults with similar body weight were included in the trial EPIC-HR [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) , Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) , and Clinical Studies (14) ] . 8.6 Renal Impairment Renal impairment increases nirmatrelvir exposure, which may increase the risk of PAXLOVID adverse reactions. No dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with mild renal impairment (eGFR ≥60 to <90 mL/min). Reduce the PAXLOVID dosage in patients with moderate renal impairment (eGFR ≥30 to <60 mL/min). PAXLOVID is not recommended for use in patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR <30 mL/min) or patients with end stage renal disease (eGFR <15 mL/min) receiving dialysis until more data are available. The appropriate dosage for patients with severe renal impairment has not been determined [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . Prescriptions should specify the numeric dose of each active ingredient within PAXLOVID. Providers should counsel patients about renal dosing instructions [see Patient Counseling Information (17) ]. 8.7 Hepatic Impairment No dosage adjustment of PAXLOVID is recommended for patients with mild (Child-Pugh Class A) or moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) hepatic impairment. No pharmacokinetic or safety data are available regarding the use of nirmatrelvir or ritonavir in subjects with severe (Child-Pugh Class C) hepatic impairment, therefore, PAXLOVID is not recommended for use in patients with severe (Child-Pugh Class C) hepatic impairment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] ."],"version":"20","warnings_and_cautions":["5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS 5.1 Risk of Serious Adverse Reactions Due to Drug Interactions Initiation of PAXLOVID, which contains ritonavir, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, in patients receiving medications metabolized by CYP3A or initiation of medications metabolized by CYP3A in patients already receiving PAXLOVID, may increase plasma concentrations of medications metabolized by CYP3A. Medications that induce CYP3A may decrease concentrations of PAXLOVID. These interactions may lead to: • Clinically significant adverse reactions, potentially leading to severe, life-threatening, or fatal events from greater exposures of concomitant medications. • Loss of therapeutic effect of PAXLOVID and possible development of viral resistance. Severe, life-threatening, and/or fatal adverse reactions due to drug interactions have been reported in patients treated with PAXLOVID. The most commonly reported concomitant medications resulting in serious adverse reactions were calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus, cyclosporine), followed by calcium channel blockers. Prior to prescribing PAXLOVID, review all medications taken by the patient to assess potential drug-drug interactions and determine if concomitant medications require a dose adjustment, interruption, and/or additional monitoring (e.g., calcineurin inhibitors) [see Contraindications (4) and Drug Interactions (7) ] . See Table 1 for clinically significant drug interactions, including contraindicated drugs. Drugs listed in Table 1 are a guide and not considered a comprehensive list of all possible drugs that may interact with PAXLOVID. Consider the benefit of PAXLOVID treatment in reducing hospitalization and death, and whether the risk of potential drug-drug interactions for an individual patient can be appropriately managed [see Drug Interactions (7) and Clinical Studies (14) ] . 5.2 Hypersensitivity Reactions Anaphylaxis, serious skin reactions (including toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome), and other hypersensitivity reactions have been reported with PAXLOVID [see Adverse Reactions (6.2) ] . If signs and symptoms of a clinically significant hypersensitivity reaction or anaphylaxis occur, immediately discontinue PAXLOVID and initiate appropriate medications and/or supportive care. 5.3 Hepatotoxicity Hepatic transaminase elevations, clinical hepatitis, and jaundice have occurred in patients receiving ritonavir. Therefore, caution should be exercised when administering PAXLOVID to patients with pre-existing liver diseases, liver enzyme abnormalities, or hepatitis. 5.4 Risk of HIV-1 Resistance Development Because nirmatrelvir is co-administered with ritonavir, there may be a risk of HIV-1 developing resistance to HIV protease inhibitors in individuals with uncontrolled or undiagnosed HIV-1 infection [see Contraindications (4) , and Drug Interactions (7) ] ."]}