{"abuse":["9.2 Abuse In a study of recreational users (N=15) of sedative/hypnotic drugs, including alcohol, pregabalin (450 mg, single dose) received subjective ratings of \"good drug effect\", \"high\" and \"liking\" to a degree that was similar to diazepam (30 mg, single dose). In controlled clinical studies in over 5500 patients, 4 % of pregabalin-treated patients and 1 % of placebo-treated patients overall reported euphoria as an adverse reaction, though in some patient populations studied, this reporting rate was higher and ranged from 1 to 12%."],"adverse_reactions":["6 ADVERSE REACTIONS Most common adverse reactions (≥ 5% and twice placebo) are dizziness, somnolence, dry mouth, edema, blurred vision, weight gain and thinking abnormal (primarily difficulty with concentration/attention). ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Watson Laboratories Inc. at 1-800-272-5525 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. In all controlled and uncontrolled trials across various patient populations during the premarketing development of pregabalin, more than 10,000 patients have received pregabalin. Approximately 5000 patients were treated for 6 months or more, over 3100 patients were treated for 1 year or longer, and over 1400 patients were treated for at least 2 years. Adverse Reactions Most Commonly Leading to Discontinuation in All Premarketing Controlled Clinical Studies In premarketing controlled trials of all populations combined, 14% of patients treated with pregabalin and 7% of patients treated with placebo discontinued prematurely due to adverse reactions. In the pregabalin treatment group, the adverse reactions most frequently leading to discontinuation were dizziness (4%) and somnolence (4%). In the placebo group, 1% of patients withdrew due to dizziness and <1% withdrew due to somnolence. Other adverse reactions that led to discontinuation from controlled trials more frequently in the pregabalin group compared to the placebo group were ataxia, confusion, asthenia, thinking abnormal, blurred vision, incoordination, and peripheral edema (1% each). Most Common Adverse Reactions in All Premarketing Controlled Clinical Studies In premarketing controlled trials of all patient populations combined, dizziness, somnolence, dry mouth, edema, blurred vision, weight gain, and \"thinking abnormal\" (primarily difficulty with concentration/attention) were more commonly reported by subjects treated with pregabalin than by subjects treated with placebo (≥5% and twice the rate of that seen in placebo). Controlled Add-On Studies in Adjunctive Therapy for Adult Patients with Partial Onset Seizures Adverse Reactions Leading to Discontinuation Approximately 15% of patients receiving pregabalin and 6% of patients receiving placebo in add-on epilepsy trials discontinued prematurely due to adverse reactions. In the pregabalin treatment group, the adverse reactions most frequently leading to discontinuation were dizziness (6%), ataxia (4%), and somnolence (3%). In comparison, <1% of patients in the placebo group withdrew due to each of these events. Other adverse reactions that led to discontinuation of at least 1% of patients in the pregabalin group and at least twice as frequently compared to the placebo group were asthenia, diplopia, blurred vision, thinking abnormal, nausea, tremor, vertigo, headache, and confusion (which each led to withdrawal in 2% or less of patients). Most Common Adverse Reactions Table 3 lists all dose-related adverse reactions occurring in at least 2% of all pregabalin-treated patients. Dose-relatedness was defined as the incidence of the adverse event in the 600 mg/day group was at least 2% greater than the rate in both the placebo and 150 mg/day groups. In these studies, 758 patients received pregabalin and 294 patients received placebo for up to 12 weeks. Because patients were also treated with 1 to 3 other AEDs, it is not possible to determine whether the following adverse reactions can be ascribed to pregabalin alone, or the combination of pregabalin and other AEDs. A majority of pregabalin-treated patients in clinical studies had adverse reactions with a maximum intensity of \"mild\" or \"moderate\". Table 3. Dose-related treatment-emergent adverse reaction incidence in controlled trials in adjunctive therapy for adult patients with partial onset seizures (events in at least 2% of all pregabalin-treated patients and the adverse reaction in the 600 mg/day group was ≥2% the rate in both the placebo and 150 mg/day groups) Body System 150 mg/day 300 mg/day 600 mg/day All PGB * Placebo Preferred Term [N = 185] [N = 90] [N = 395] [N = 670] † [N = 294] % % % % % Body as a Whole Accidental Injury 7 11 10 9 5 Pain 3 2 5 4 3 Digestive System Increased Appetite 2 3 6 5 1 Dry Mouth 1 2 6 4 1 Constipation 1 1 7 4 2 Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders Weight Gain 5 7 16 12 1 Peripheral Edema 3 3 6 5 2 Nervous System Dizziness 18 31 38 32 11 Somnolence 11 18 28 22 11 Ataxia 6 10 20 15 4 Tremor 3 7 11 8 4 Thinking Abnormal ‡ 4 8 9 8 2 Amnesia 3 2 6 5 2 Speech Disorder 1 2 7 5 1 Incoordination 1 3 6 4 1 Abnormal Gait 1 3 5 4 0 Twitching 0 4 5 4 1 Confusion 1 2 5 4 2 Myoclonus 1 0 4 2 0 Special Senses Blurred Vision § 5 8 12 10 4 Diplopia 5 7 12 9 4 Abnormal Vision 3 1 5 4 1 Other Adverse Reactions Observed During the Clinical Studies of Pregabalin Following is a list of treatment-emergent adverse reactions reported by patients treated with pregabalin during all clinical trials. The listing does not include those events already listed in the previous tables or elsewhere in labeling, those events for which a drug cause was remote, those events which were so general as to be uninformative, and those events reported only once which did not have a substantial probability of being acutely life-threatening. Events are categorized by body system and listed in order of decreasing frequency according to the following definitions: frequent adverse reactions are those occurring on one or more occasions in at least 1/100 patients; infrequent adverse reactions are those occurring in 1/100 to 1/1000 patients; rare reactions are those occurring in fewer than 1/1000 patients. Events of major clinical importance are described in the Warnings and Precautions section (5) . Body as a Whole – Frequent: Abdominal pain, Allergic reaction, Fever, Infrequent: Abscess, Cellulitis, Chills, Malaise, Neck rigidity, Overdose, Pelvic pain, Photosensitivity reaction, Rare: Anaphylactoid reaction, Ascites, Granuloma, Hangover effect, Intentional Injury, Retroperitoneal Fibrosis, Shock Cardiovascular System – Infrequent: Deep thrombophlebitis, Heart failure, Hypotension, Postural hypotension, Retinal vascular disorder, Syncope; Rare: ST Depressed, Ventricular Fibrillation Digestive System – Frequent: Gastroenteritis, Increased appetite; Infrequent: Cholecystitis, Cholelithiasis, Colitis, Dysphagia, Esophagitis, Gastritis, Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, Melena, Mouth ulceration, Pancreatitis, Rectal hemorrhage, Tongue edema; Rare: Aphthous stomatitis, Esophageal Ulcer, Periodontal abscess Hemic and Lymphatic System – Frequent: Ecchymosis; Infrequent: Anemia, Eosinophilia, Hypochromic anemia, Leukocytosis, Leukopenia, Lymphadenopathy, Thrombocytopenia; Rare: Myelofibrosis, Polycythemia, Prothrombin decreased, Purpura, Thrombocythemia Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders – Rare: Glucose Tolerance Decreased, Urate Crystalluria Musculoskeletal System – Frequent: Arthralgia, Leg cramps, Myalgia, Myasthenia; Infrequent: Arthrosis; Rare: Chondrodystrophy, Generalized Spasm Nervous System – Frequent: Anxiety, Depersonalization, Hypertonia, Hypesthesia, Libido decreased, Nystagmus, Paresthesia, Sedation, Stupor, Twitching; Infrequent: Abnormal dreams, Agitation, Apathy, Aphasia, Circumoral paresthesia, Dysarthria, Hallucinations, Hostility, Hyperalgesia, Hyperesthesia, Hyperkinesia, Hypokinesia, Hypotonia, Libido increased, Myoclonus, Neuralgia, Rare: Addiction, Cerebellar syndrome, Cogwheel rigidity, Coma, Delirium, Delusions, Dysautonomia, Dyskinesia, Dystonia, Encephalopathy, Extrapyramidal syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Hypalgesia, Intracranial hypertension, Manic reaction, Paranoid reaction, Peripheral neuritis, Personality disorder, Psychotic depression, Schizophrenic reaction, Sleep disorder, Torticollis, Trismus Respiratory System – Rare: Apnea, Atelectasis, Bronchiolitis, Hiccup, Laryngismus, Lung edema, Lung fibrosis, Yawn Skin and Appendages – Frequent: Pruritus, Infrequent: Alopecia, Dry skin, Eczema, Hirsutism, Skin ulcer, Urticaria, Vesiculobullous rash; Rare: Angioedema, Exfoliative dermatitis, Lichenoid dermatitis, Melanosis, Nail Disorder, Petechial rash, Purpuric rash, Pustular rash, Skin atrophy, Skin necrosis, Skin nodule, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Subcutaneous nodule Special senses – Frequent: Conjunctivitis, Diplopia, Otitis media, Tinnitus; Infrequent: Abnormality of accommodation, Blepharitis, Dry eyes, Eye hemorrhage, Hyperacusis, Photophobia, Retinal edema, Taste loss, Taste perversion; Rare: Anisocoria, Blindness, Corneal ulcer, Exophthalmos, Extraocular palsy, Iritis, Keratitis, Keratoconjunctivitis, Miosis, Mydriasis, Night blindness, Ophthalmoplegia, Optic atrophy, Papilledema, Parosmia, Ptosis, Uveitis Urogenital System – Frequent: Anorgasmia, Impotence, Urinary frequency, Urinary incontinence; Infrequent: Abnormal ejaculation, Albuminuria, Amenorrhea, Dysmenorrhea, Dysuria, Hematuria, Kidney calculus, Leukorrhea, Menorrhagia, Metrorrhagia, Nephritis, Oliguria, Urinary retention, Urine abnormality; Rare: Acute kidney failure, Balanitis, Bladder Neoplasm, Cervicitis, Dyspareunia, Epididymitis, Female lactation, Glomerulitis, Ovarian disorder, Pyelonephritis Comparison of Gender and Race The overall adverse event profile of pregabalin was similar between women and men. There are insufficient data to support a statement regarding the distribution of adverse experience reports by race. 6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of pregabalin. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Nervous System Disorders – Headache Gastrointestinal Disorders – Nausea, Diarrhea Reproductive System and Breast Disorders – Gynecomastia, Breast Enlargement In addition, there are postmarketing reports of events related to reduced lower gastrointestinal tract function (e.g., intestinal obstruction, paralytic ileus, constipation) when pregabalin was coadministered with medications that have the potential to produce constipation, such as opioid analgesics. There are also postmarketing reports of respiratory failure and coma in patients taking pregabalin and other CNS depressant medications."],"adverse_reactions_table":["
Table 3. Dose-related treatment-emergent adverse reaction incidence in controlled trials in adjunctive therapy for adult patients with partial onset seizures (events in at least 2% of all pregabalin-treated patients and the adverse reaction in the 600 mg/day group was ≥2% the rate in both the placebo and 150 mg/day groups)
Body System 150 mg/day 300 mg/day 600 mg/day All PGB* Placebo
Preferred Term [N = 185] [N = 90] [N = 395] [N = 670]† [N = 294]
% % % % %
Body as a Whole
Accidental Injury 7 11 10 9 5
Pain 3 2 5 4 3
Digestive System
Increased Appetite 2 3 6 5 1
Dry Mouth 1 2 6 4 1
Constipation 1 1 7 4 2
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders
Weight Gain 5 7 16 12 1
Peripheral Edema 3 3 6 5 2
Nervous System
Dizziness 18 31 38 32 11
Somnolence 11 18 28 22 11
Ataxia 6 10 20 15 4
Tremor 3 7 11 8 4
Thinking Abnormal‡ 4 8 9 8 2
Amnesia 3 2 6 5 2
Speech Disorder 1 2 7 5 1
Incoordination 1 3 6 4 1
Abnormal Gait 1 3 5 4 0
Twitching 0 4 5 4 1
Confusion 1 2 5 4 2
Myoclonus 1 0 4 2 0
Special Senses
Blurred Vision§ 5 8 12 10 4
Diplopia 5 7 12 9 4
Abnormal Vision 3 1 5 4 1
"],"animal_pharmacology_and_or_toxicology":["13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology Dermatopathy Skin lesions ranging from erythema to necrosis were seen in repeated-dose toxicology studies in both rats and monkeys. The etiology of these skin lesions is unknown. At the maximum recommended human dose (MRD) of 600 mg/day, there is a 2-fold safety margin for the dermatological lesions. The more severe dermatopathies involving necrosis were associated with pregabalin exposures (as expressed by plasma AUCs) of approximately 3 to 8 times those achieved in humans given the MRD. No increase in incidence of skin lesions was observed in clinical studies. Ocular Lesions Ocular lesions (characterized by retinal atrophy [including loss of photoreceptor cells] and/or corneal inflammation/mineralization) were observed in two lifetime carcinogenicity studies in Wistar rats. These findings were observed at plasma pregabalin exposures (AUC) ≥2 times those achieved in humans given the maximum recommended dose of 600 mg/day. A no-effect dose for ocular lesions was not established. Similar lesions were not observed in lifetime carcinogenicity studies in two strains of mice or in monkeys treated for 1 year."],"carcinogenesis_and_mutagenesis_and_impairment_of_fertility":["13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Carcinogenesis A dose-dependent increase in the incidence of malignant vascular tumors (hemangiosarcomas) was observed in two strains of mice (B6C3F1 and CD-1) given pregabalin (200, 1000, or 5000 mg/kg) in the diet for two years. Plasma pregabalin exposure (AUC) in mice receiving the lowest dose that increased hemangiosarcomas was approximately equal to the human exposure at the maximum recommended dose (MRD) of 600 mg/day. A no-effect dose for induction of hemangiosarcomas in mice was not established. No evidence of carcinogenicity was seen in two studies in Wistar rats following dietary administration of pregabalin for two years at doses (50, 150, or 450 mg/kg in males and 100, 300, or 900 mg/kg in females) that were associated with plasma exposures in males and females up to approximately 14 and 24 times, respectively, human exposure at the MRD. Mutagenesis Pregabalin was not mutagenic in bacteria or in mammalian cells in vitro , was not clastogenic in mammalian systems in vitro and in vivo , and did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in mouse or rat hepatocytes. Impairment of Fertility In fertility studies in which male rats were orally administered pregabalin (50 to 2500 mg/kg) prior to and during mating with untreated females, a number of adverse reproductive and developmental effects were observed. These included decreased sperm counts and sperm motility, increased sperm abnormalities, reduced fertility, increased preimplantation embryo loss, decreased litter size, decreased fetal body weights, and an increased incidence of fetal abnormalities. Effects on sperm and fertility parameters were reversible in studies of this duration (3–4 months). The no-effect dose for male reproductive toxicity in these studies (100 mg/kg) was associated with a plasma pregabalin exposure (AUC) approximately 3 times human exposure at the maximum recommended dose (MRD) of 600 mg/day. In addition, adverse reactions on reproductive organ (testes, epididymides) histopathology were observed in male rats exposed to pregabalin (500 to 1250 mg/kg) in general toxicology studies of four weeks or greater duration. The no-effect dose for male reproductive organ histopathology in rats (250 mg/kg) was associated with a plasma exposure approximately 8 times human exposure at the MRD. In a fertility study in which female rats were given pregabalin (500, 1250, or 2500 mg/kg) orally prior to and during mating and early gestation, disrupted estrous cyclicity and an increased number of days to mating were seen at all doses, and embryolethality occurred at the highest dose. The low dose in this study produced a plasma exposure approximately 9 times that in humans receiving the MRD. A no-effect dose for female reproductive toxicity in rats was not established. Human Data In a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess the effect of pregabalin on sperm motility, 30 healthy male subjects were exposed to pregabalin at a dose of 600 mg/day. After 3 months of treatment (one complete sperm cycle), the difference between placebo- and pregabalin-treated subjects in mean percent sperm with normal motility was <4% and neither group had a mean change from baseline of more than 2%. Effects on other male reproductive parameters in humans have not been adequately studied."],"clinical_pharmacology":["12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Pregabalin binds with high affinity to the alpha 2 -delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues. Although the mechanism of action of pregabalin has not been fully elucidated, results with genetically modified mice and with compounds structurally related to pregabalin (such as gabapentin) suggest that binding to the alpha 2 -delta subunit may be involved in pregabalin's anti-nociceptive and antiseizure effects in animals. In animal models of nerve damage, pregabalin has been shown to reduce calcium-dependent release of pro-nociceptive neurotransmitters in the spinal cord, possibly by disrupting alpha 2 -delta containing-calcium channel trafficking and/or reducing calcium currents. Evidence from other animal models of nerve damage and persistent pain suggest the anti-nociceptive activities of pregabalin may also be mediated through interactions with descending noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways originating from the brainstem that modulate pain transmission in the spinal cord. While pregabalin is a structural derivative of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), it does not bind directly to GABA A , GABA B , or benzodiazepine receptors, does not augment GABA A responses in cultured neurons, does not alter rat brain GABA concentration or have acute effects on GABA uptake or degradation. However, in cultured neurons prolonged application of pregabalin increases the density of GABA transporter protein and increases the rate of functional GABA transport. Pregabalin does not block sodium channels, is not active at opiate receptors, and does not alter cyclooxygenase enzyme activity. It is inactive at serotonin and dopamine receptors and does not inhibit dopamine, serotonin, or noradrenaline reuptake. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Pregabalin is well absorbed after oral administration, is eliminated largely by renal excretion, and has an elimination half-life of about 6 hours. Absorption and Distribution Following oral administration of pregabalin capsules under fasting conditions, peak plasma concentrations occur within 1.5 hours. Pregabalin oral bioavailability is ≥90% and is independent of dose. Following single- (25 to 300 mg) and multiple- dose (75 to 900 mg/day) administration, maximum plasma concentrations (C max ) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) values increase linearly. Following repeated administration, steady state is achieved within 24 to 48 hours. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics can be predicted from single-dose data. The rate of pregabalin absorption is decreased when given with food, resulting in a decrease in C max of approximately 25% to 30% and an increase in T max to approximately 3 hours. However, administration of pregabalin with food has no clinically relevant effect on the total absorption of pregabalin. Therefore, pregabalin can be taken with or without food. Pregabalin does not bind to plasma proteins. The apparent volume of distribution of pregabalin following oral administration is approximately 0.5 L/kg. Pregabalin is a substrate for system L transporter which is responsible for the transport of large amino acids across the blood brain barrier. Although there are no data in humans, pregabalin has been shown to cross the blood brain barrier in mice, rats, and monkeys. In addition, pregabalin has been shown to cross the placenta in rats and is present in the milk of lactating rats. Metabolism and Elimination Pregabalin undergoes negligible metabolism in humans. Following a dose of radiolabeled pregabalin, approximately 90% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine as unchanged pregabalin. The N-methylated derivative of pregabalin, the major metabolite of pregabalin found in urine, accounted for 0.9% of the dose. In preclinical studies, pregabalin (S-enantiomer) did not undergo racemization to the R-enantiomer in mice, rats, rabbits, or monkeys. Pregabalin is eliminated from the systemic circulation primarily by renal excretion as unchanged drug with a mean elimination half-life of 6.3 hours in subjects with normal renal function. Mean renal clearance was estimated to be 67.0 to 80.9 mL/min in young healthy subjects. Because pregabalin is not bound to plasma proteins this clearance rate indicates that renal tubular reabsorption is involved. Pregabalin elimination is nearly proportional to creatinine clearance (CLcr) [see Dosage and Administration, (2.6) ] . Pharmacokinetics in Special Populations Race In population pharmacokinetic analyses of the clinical studies in various populations, the pharmacokinetics of pregabalin were not significantly affected by race (Caucasians, Blacks, and Hispanics). Gender Population pharmacokinetic analyses of the clinical studies showed that the relationship between daily dose and pregabalin drug exposure is similar between genders. Renal Impairment and Hemodialysis Pregabalin clearance is nearly proportional to creatinine clearance (CLcr). Dosage reduction in patients with renal dysfunction is necessary. Pregabalin is effectively removed from plasma by hemodialysis. Following a 4-hour hemodialysis treatment, plasma pregabalin concentrations are reduced by approximately 50%. For patients on hemodialysis, dosing must be modified [ see Dosage and Administration (2.6) ]. Elderly Pregabalin oral clearance tended to decrease with increasing age. This decrease in pregabalin oral clearance is consistent with age-related decreases in CLcr. Reduction of pregabalin dose may be required in patients who have age-related compromised renal function [ see Dosage and Administration, (2.6) ]. Pediatric Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics of pregabalin have not been adequately studied in pediatric patients. Drug Interactions In Vitro Studies Pregabalin, at concentrations that were, in general, 10-times those attained in clinical trials, does not inhibit human CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 enzyme systems. In vitro drug interaction studies demonstrate that pregabalin does not induce CYP1A2 or CYP3A4 activity. Therefore, an increase in the metabolism of coadministered CYP1A2 substrates (e.g. theophylline, caffeine) or CYP 3A4 substrates (e.g. midazolam, testosterone) is not anticipated. In Vivo Studies The drug interaction studies described in this section were conducted in healthy adults, and across various patient populations. Gabapentin The pharmacokinetic interactions of pregabalin and gabapentin were investigated in 12 healthy subjects following concomitant single-dose administration of 100-mg pregabalin and 300-mg gabapentin and in 18 healthy subjects following concomitant multiple-dose administration of 200-mg pregabalin every 8 hours and 400-mg gabapentin every 8 hours. Gabapentin pharmacokinetics following single- and multiple-dose administration were unaltered by pregabalin coadministration. The extent of pregabalin absorption was unaffected by gabapentin coadministration, although there was a small reduction in rate of absorption. Oral Contraceptive Pregabalin coadministration (200 mg three times a day) had no effect on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol (1 mg/35 µg, respectively) in healthy subjects. Lorazepam Multiple-dose administration of pregabalin (300 mg twice a day) in healthy subjects had no effect on the rate and extent of lorazepam single-dose pharmacokinetics and single-dose administration of lorazepam (1 mg) had no effect on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of pregabalin. Oxycodone Multiple-dose administration of pregabalin (300 mg twice a day) in healthy subjects had no effect on the rate and extent of oxycodone single-dose pharmacokinetics. Single-dose administration of oxycodone (10 mg) had no effect on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of pregabalin. Ethanol Multiple-dose administration of pregabalin (300 mg twice a day) in healthy subjects had no effect on the rate and extent of ethanol single-dose pharmacokinetics and single-dose administration of ethanol (0.7 g/kg) had no effect on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of pregabalin. Phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and lamotrigine Steady-state trough plasma concentrations of phenytoin, carbamazepine and carbamazepine 10,11 epoxide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine were not affected by concomitant pregabalin (200 mg three times a day) administration. Population pharmacokinetic analyses in patients treated with pregabalin and various concomitant medications suggest the following: Therapeutic class Specific concomitant drug studied Concomitant drug has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of pregabalin Hypoglycemics Glyburide, insulin, metformin Diuretics Furosemide Antiepileptic Drugs Tiagabine Concomitant drug has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of pregabalin and pregabalin has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of concomitant drug Antiepileptic Drugs Carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, topiramate, valproic acid"],"clinical_pharmacology_table":["
Therapeutic class Specific concomitant drug studied
Concomitant drug has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of pregabalin
Hypoglycemics Glyburide, insulin, metformin
Diuretics Furosemide
Antiepileptic Drugs Tiagabine
Concomitant drug has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of pregabalin and pregabalin has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of concomitant drug
Antiepileptic Drugs Carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital,
phenytoin, topiramate, valproic acid
"],"clinical_studies":["14 CLINICAL STUDIES 14.3 Adjunctive Therapy for Adult Patients with Partial Onset Seizures The efficacy of pregabalin as adjunctive therapy in partial onset seizures was established in three 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter studies in adult patients. Patients were enrolled who had partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalization and were not adequately controlled with 1 to 3 concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Patients taking gabapentin were required to discontinue gabapentin treatment 1 week prior to entering baseline. During an 8-week baseline period, patients had to experience at least 6 partial onset seizures with no seizure-free period exceeding 4 weeks. The mean duration of epilepsy was 25 years in these 3 studies and the mean and median baseline seizure frequencies were 22.5 and 10 seizures per month, respectively. Approximately half of the patients were taking 2 concurrent AEDs at baseline. Among the pregabalin-treated patients, 80% completed the double-blind phase of the studies. Table 4 shows median baseline seizure rates and median percent reduction in seizure frequency by dose. Table 4: Seizure Response in Controlled, Add-On Epilepsy Studies Daily Dose of Pregabalin Dosing Regimen N Baseline Seizure Frequency/mo Median % Change from Baseline p-value, vs. placebo Study E1 Placebo BID 100 9.5 0 50 mg/day BID 88 10.3 -9 0.4230 150 mg/day BID 86 8.8 -35 0.0001 300 mg/day BID 90 9.8 -37 0.0001 600 mg/day BID 89 9.0 -51 0.0001 Study E2 Placebo TID 96 9.3 1 150 mg/day TID 99 11.5 -17 0.0007 600 mg/day TID 92 12.3 -43 0.0001 Study E3 Placebo BID/TID 98 11 -1 600 mg/day BID 103 9.5 -36 0.0001 600 mg/day TID 111 10 -48 0.0001 In the first study (E1), there was evidence of a dose-response relationship for total daily doses of pregabalin between 150 and 600 mg/day; a dose of 50 mg/day was not effective. In the first study (E1), each daily dose was divided into two equal doses (twice a day dosing). In the second study (E2), each daily dose was divided into three equal doses (three times a day dosing). In the third study (E3), the same total daily dose was divided into two equal doses for one group (twice a day dosing) and three equal doses for another group (three times a day dosing). While the three times a day dosing group in Study E3 performed numerically better than the twice a day dosing group, this difference was small and not statistically significant. A secondary outcome measure included the responder rate (proportion of patients with ≥50% reduction from baseline in partial seizure frequency). The following figure displays responder rate by dose for two of the studies. Figure 1 Responder rate by add-on epilepsy study Figure 2 Seizure Reduction by Dose (All Partial Onset Seizures) for Studies E1, E2, and E3 Subset evaluations of the antiseizure efficacy of pregabalin showed no clinically important differences as a function of age, gender, or race. Figure Figure"],"clinical_studies_table":["
Table 4: Seizure Response in Controlled, Add-On Epilepsy Studies
Daily Dose of Pregabalin Dosing Regimen N Baseline Seizure Frequency/mo Median % Change from Baseline p-value, vs. placebo
Study E1
Placebo BID 100 9.5 0
50 mg/day BID 88 10.3 -9 0.4230
150 mg/day BID 86 8.8 -35 0.0001
300 mg/day BID 90 9.8 -37 0.0001
600 mg/day BID 89 9.0 -51 0.0001
Study E2
Placebo TID 96 9.3 1
150 mg/day TID 99 11.5 -17 0.0007
600 mg/day TID 92 12.3 -43 0.0001
Study E3
Placebo BID/TID 98 11 -1
600 mg/day BID 103 9.5 -36 0.0001
600 mg/day TID 111 10 -48 0.0001
"],"contraindications":["4 CONTRAINDICATIONS Pregabalin capsules are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to pregabalin or any of its components. Angioedema and hypersensitivity reactions have occurred in patients receiving pregabalin therapy. Known hypersensitivity to pregabalin or any of its components. ( 4 )"],"controlled_substance":["9.1 Controlled Substance Pregabalin is a Schedule V controlled substance. Pregabalin is not known to be active at receptor sites associated with drugs of abuse. As with any CNS active drug, carefully evaluate patients for history of drug abuse and observe them for signs of pregabalin misuse or abuse (e.g., development of tolerance, dose escalation, drug-seeking behavior)."],"dependence":["9.3 Dependence In clinical studies, following abrupt or rapid discontinuation of pregabalin, some patients reported symptoms including insomnia, nausea, headache or diarrhea [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] , consistent with physical dependence. In the postmarketing experience, in addition to these reported symptoms there have also been reported cases of anxiety and hyperhidrosis."],"description":["11 DESCRIPTION Pregabalin is described chemically as ( S )-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid. The molecular formula is C 8 H 17 NO 2 and the molecular weight is 159.23. The chemical structure of pregabalin is: Pregabalin is a white to off-white, crystalline solid with a pK a1 of 4.2 and a pK a2 of 10.6. It is freely soluble in water and both basic and acidic aqueous solutions. The log of the partition coefficient (n-octanol/0.05M phosphate buffer) at pH 7.4 is – 1.35. Pregabalin Capsules are administered orally and are supplied as imprinted hard-shell capsules containing 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 225, and 300 mg of pregabalin, along with microcrystalline cellulose, maize starch, and talc as inactive ingredients. The capsule shells contain gelatin and titanium dioxide. In addition, the caramel and chocolate brown capsule shells contain FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Red No. 40 and FD&C Yellow No. 6. The imprinting ink contains shellac, dehydrated alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, strong ammonia solution, potassium hydroxide, and black iron oxide. Chemical Structure"],"dosage_and_administration":["2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Pregabalin capsules are given orally with or without food. When discontinuing pregabalin capsules, taper gradually over a minimum of 1 week. Begin dosing at 150 mg/day ( 2.3 ) Dosing recommendations: INDICATION Dosing Regimen Maximum Dose Adjunctive Therapy for Adult Patients with Partial Onset Seizures ( 2.3 ) 2 or 3 divided doses per day Maximum dose of 600 mg/day Dose should be adjusted in patients with reduced renal function. ( 2.6 ) 2.3 Adjunctive Therapy for Adult Patients with Partial Onset Seizures Pregabalin capsules at doses of 150 to 600 mg/day have been shown to be effective as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial onset seizures in adults. Both the efficacy and adverse event profiles of pregabalin capsules have been shown to be dose-related. Administer the total daily dose in two or three divided doses. In general, it is recommended that patients be started on a total daily dose no greater than 150 mg/day (75 mg two times a day, or 50 mg three times a day). Based on individual patient response and tolerability, the dose may be increased to a maximum dose of 600 mg/day. Because pregabalin is eliminated primarily by renal excretion, adjust the dose in patients with reduced renal function [see Dosage and Administration (2.6) ] . The effect of dose escalation rate on the tolerability of pregabalin capsules has not been formally studied. The efficacy of add-on pregabalin capsules in patients taking gabapentin has not been evaluated in controlled trials. Consequently, dosing recommendations for the use of pregabalin capsules with gabapentin cannot be offered. 2.6 Patients with Renal Impairment In view of dose-dependent adverse reactions and since pregabalin is eliminated primarily by renal excretion, adjust the dose in patients with reduced renal function. Base the dose adjustment in patients with renal impairment on creatinine clearance (CLcr), as indicated in Table 1. To use this dosing table, an estimate of the patient's CLcr in mL/min is needed. CLcr in mL/min may be estimated from serum creatinine (mg/dL) determination using the Cockcroft and Gault equation: Next, refer to the Dosage and Administration section to determine the recommended total daily dose based on indication, for a patient with normal renal function (CLcr ≥60 mL/min). Then refer to Table 1 to determine the corresponding renal adjusted dose. (For example: A patient initiating pregabalin therapy for postherpetic neuralgia with normal renal function (CLcr ≥60 mL/min), receives a total daily dose of 150 mg/day pregabalin. Therefore, a renal impaired patient with a CLcr of 50 mL/min would receive a total daily dose of 75 mg/day pregabalin administered in two or three divided doses.) For patients undergoing hemodialysis, adjust the pregabalin daily dose based on renal function. In addition to the daily dose adjustment, administer a supplemental dose immediately following every 4-hour hemodialysis treatment (see Table 1). Table 1. Pregabalin Dosage Adjustment Based on Renal Function Creatinine Clearance (CLcr) (mL/min) Total Pregabalin Daily Dose (mg/day) * Dose Regimen TID= Three divided doses; BID = Two divided doses; QD = Single daily dose. ≥60 150 300 450 600 BID or TID 30–60 75 150 225 300 BID or TID 15–30 25–50 75 100–150 150 QD or BID <15 25 25–50 50–75 75 QD Supplementary dosage following hemodialysis (mg) † Patients on the 25 mg QD regimen: take one supplemental dose of 25 mg or 50 mg Patients on the 25–50 mg QD regimen: take one supplemental dose of 50 mg or 75 mg Patients on the 50–75 mg QD regimen: take one supplemental dose of 75 mg or 100 mg Patients on the 75 mg QD regimen: take one supplemental dose of 100 mg or 150 mg Figure"],"dosage_and_administration_table":["
INDICATION Dosing Regimen Maximum Dose
Adjunctive Therapy for Adult Patients with Partial Onset Seizures (2.3) 2 or 3 divided doses per day Maximum dose of 600 mg/day
","
Table 1. Pregabalin Dosage Adjustment Based on Renal Function
Creatinine Clearance (CLcr) (mL/min) Total Pregabalin Daily Dose (mg/day)* Dose Regimen
TID= Three divided doses; BID = Two divided doses; QD = Single daily dose.
≥60 150 300 450 600 BID or TID
30–60 75 150 225 300 BID or TID
15–30 25–50 75 100–150 150 QD or BID
<15 25 25–50 50–75 75 QD
Supplementary dosage following hemodialysis (mg)†
Patients on the 25 mg QD regimen: take one supplemental dose of 25 mg or 50 mg
Patients on the 25–50 mg QD regimen: take one supplemental dose of 50 mg or 75 mg
Patients on the 50–75 mg QD regimen: take one supplemental dose of 75 mg or 100 mg
Patients on the 75 mg QD regimen: take one supplemental dose of 100 mg or 150 mg
"],"dosage_forms_and_strengths":["3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Capsules: 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, 225 mg, and 300 mg [see Description (11) and How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16) ] . Capsules: 25mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, 225 mg, and 300 mg. ( 3 )"],"drug_abuse_and_dependence":["9 DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE 9.1 Controlled Substance Pregabalin is a Schedule V controlled substance. Pregabalin is not known to be active at receptor sites associated with drugs of abuse. As with any CNS active drug, carefully evaluate patients for history of drug abuse and observe them for signs of pregabalin misuse or abuse (e.g., development of tolerance, dose escalation, drug-seeking behavior). 9.2 Abuse In a study of recreational users (N=15) of sedative/hypnotic drugs, including alcohol, pregabalin (450 mg, single dose) received subjective ratings of \"good drug effect\", \"high\" and \"liking\" to a degree that was similar to diazepam (30 mg, single dose). In controlled clinical studies in over 5500 patients, 4 % of pregabalin-treated patients and 1 % of placebo-treated patients overall reported euphoria as an adverse reaction, though in some patient populations studied, this reporting rate was higher and ranged from 1 to 12%. 9.3 Dependence In clinical studies, following abrupt or rapid discontinuation of pregabalin, some patients reported symptoms including insomnia, nausea, headache or diarrhea [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] , consistent with physical dependence. In the postmarketing experience, in addition to these reported symptoms there have also been reported cases of anxiety and hyperhidrosis."],"drug_interactions":["7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Since pregabalin is predominantly excreted unchanged in the urine, undergoes negligible metabolism in humans (<2% of a dose recovered in urine as metabolites), and does not bind to plasma proteins, its pharmacokinetics are unlikely to be affected by other agents through metabolic interactions or protein binding displacement. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that pregabalin is unlikely to be involved in significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Specifically, there are no pharmacokinetic interactions between pregabalin and the following antiepileptic drugs: carbamazepine, valproic acid, lamotrigine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and topiramate. Important pharmacokinetic interactions would also not be expected to occur between pregabalin and commonly used antiepileptic drugs [see Clinical Pharmacology (12) ] . Pharmacodynamics Multiple oral doses of pregabalin were coadministered with oxycodone, lorazepam, or ethanol. Although no pharmacokinetic interactions were seen, additive effects on cognitive and gross motor functioning were seen when pregabalin was coadministered with these drugs. No clinically important effects on respiration were seen."],"effective_time":"20120712","geriatric_use":["8.5 Geriatric Use In controlled clinical studies of pregabalin in epilepsy, there were only 10 patients 65 to 74 years of age, and 2 patients who were 75 years of age or older. No overall differences in safety and efficacy were observed between these patients and younger patients. Pregabalin is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to pregabalin may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because pregabalin is eliminated primarily by renal excretion, adjust the dose for elderly patients with renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.6) ] ."],"how_supplied":["16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 25 mg capsules: White opaque/white opaque hard gelatin capsule with ‘>’ over ‘PG’ on the cap and ‘25’ on the body, available in: Bottles of 90 NDC 0591-2565-19 Bottles of 500 NDC 0591-2565-05 50 mg capsules: White opaque/white opaque hard gelatin capsule with ‘>’ over ‘PG’ on the cap and ‘50’ on the body, available in: Bottles of 90 NDC 0591-2566-19 Bottles of 500 NDC 0591-2566-05 75 mg capsules: Chocolate brown opaque/white opaque hard gelatin capsule with ‘>’ over ‘PG’ on the cap and ‘75’ on the body, available in: Bottles of 90 NDC 0591-2567-19 Bottles of 500 NDC 0591-2567-05 1 00 mg capsules: Chocolate brown opaque/chocolate brown opaque hard gelatin capsule with ‘>’ over ‘PG’ on the cap and ‘100’ on the body, available in: Bottles of 90 NDC 0591-2568-19 Bottles of 500 NDC 0591-2568-05 1 50 mg capsules: White opaque/white opaque hard gelatin capsule with ‘>’ over ‘PG’ on the cap and ‘150’ on the body, available in: Bottles of 90 NDC 0591-2569-19 Bottles of 500 NDC 0591-2569-05 200 mg capsules: Caramel opaque/caramel opaque hard gelatin capsule with ‘>’ over ‘PG’ on the cap and ‘200’ on the body, available in: Bottles of 90 NDC 0591-2570-19 225 mg capsules: Caramel opaque/white opaque hard gelatin capsule with ‘>’ over ‘PG’ on the cap and ‘225’ on the body, available in: Bottles of 90 NDC 0591-2571-19 30 0 mg capsules: Chocolate brown opaque/white opaque hard gelatin capsule with ‘>’ over ‘PG’ on the cap and ‘300’ on the body, available in: Bottles of 90 NDC 0591-2572-19 Storage Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. See FDA-Approved Medication Guide ."],"id":"1dee089f-0f29-4bd0-9c6d-e058de9158c3","indications_and_usage":["1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Pregabalin capsules are indicated for: Adjunctive therapy for adult patients with partial onset seizures Pregabalin capsules are indicated for: Adjunctive therapy for adult patients with partial onset seizures ( 1 )"],"information_for_patients":["17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION 17.1 Medication Guide Inform patients of the availability of a Medication Guide, and instruct them to read the Medication Guide prior to taking pregabalin. Instruct patients to take pregabalin only as prescribed. 17.2 Angioedema Advise patients that pregabalin may cause angioedema, with swelling of the face, mouth (lip, gum, tongue) and neck (larynx and pharynx) that can lead to life-threatening respiratory compromise. Instruct patients to discontinue pregabalin and immediately seek medical care if they experience these symptoms [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. 17.3 Hypersensitivity Advise patients that pregabalin has been associated with hypersensitivity reactions such as wheezing, dyspnea, rash, hives, and blisters. Instruct patients to discontinue pregabalin and immediately seek medical care if they experience these symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ]. 17.4 Suicidal Thinking and Behavior Patients, their caregivers, and families should be counseled that AEDs, including pregabalin, may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thoughts about self-harm. Report behaviors of concern immediately to healthcare providers [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ]. 17.5 Dizziness and Somnolence Counsel patients that pregabalin may cause dizziness, somnolence, blurred vision and other CNS signs and symptoms. Accordingly, advise patients not to drive, operate complex machinery, or engage in other hazardous activities until they have gained sufficient experience on pregabalin to gauge whether or not it affects their mental, visual, and/or motor performance adversely [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ]. 17.6 Weight Gain and Edema Counsel patients that pregabalin may cause edema and weight gain. Advise patients that concomitant treatment with pregabalin and a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agent may lead to an additive effect on edema and weight gain. For patients with preexisting cardiac conditions, this may increase the risk of heart failure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5 and 5.7) ]. 17.7 Abrupt or Rapid Discontinuation Advise patients to take pregabalin as prescribed. Abrupt or rapid discontinuation may result in insomnia, nausea, headache, anxiety, hyperhidrosis, or diarrhea [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ]. 17.8 Ophthalmological Effects Counsel patients that pregabalin may cause visual disturbances. Inform patients that if changes in vision occur, they should notify their physician [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10) ] . 17.9 Creatine Kinase Elevations Instruct patients to promptly report unexplained muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness, particularly if accompanied by malaise or fever [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11) ] . 17.10 CNS Depressants Inform patients who require concomitant treatment with central nervous system depressants such as opiates or benzodiazepines that they may experience additive CNS side effects, such as somnolence [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) and Drug Interactions (7) ] . 17.11 Alcohol Tell patients to avoid consuming alcohol while taking pregabalin, as pregabalin may potentiate the impairment of motor skills and sedating effects of alcohol. 17.12 Use in Pregnancy Instruct patients to notify their physician if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during therapy, and to notify their physician if they are breast feeding or intend to breast feed during therapy [see Use In Specific Populations (8.1) and (8.3) ] . Encourage patients to enroll in the NAAED Pregnancy Registry if they become pregnant. This registry is collecting information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. To enroll, patients can call the toll free number 1-888-233-2334 [see Use In Specific Populations (8.1) ] . 17.13 Male Fertility Inform men being treated with pregabalin who plan to father a child of the potential risk of male-mediated teratogenicity. In preclinical studies in rats, pregabalin was associated with an increased risk of male-mediated teratogenicity. The clinical significance of this finding is uncertain [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ] . 17.14 Dermatopathy Instruct diabetic patients to pay particular attention to skin integrity while being treated with pregabalin. Some animals treated with pregabalin developed skin ulcerations, although no increased incidence of skin lesions associated with pregabalin was observed in clinical trials [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.2) ] . Manufactured by: Arrow Pharm (Malta) Ltd. Birzebbugia, BBG06, Malta Distributed by: Watson Pharma, Inc. Parsippany, NJ 07054 USA Revised: June 2012"],"labor_and_delivery":["8.2 Labor and Delivery The effects of pregabalin on labor and delivery in pregnant women are unknown. In the prenatal-postnatal study in rats, pregabalin prolonged gestation and induced dystocia at exposures ≥50 times the mean human exposure (AUC (0–24) of 123 µg∙hr/mL) at the maximum recommended clinical dose of 600 mg/day."],"mechanism_of_action":["12.1 Mechanism of Action Pregabalin binds with high affinity to the alpha 2 -delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues. Although the mechanism of action of pregabalin has not been fully elucidated, results with genetically modified mice and with compounds structurally related to pregabalin (such as gabapentin) suggest that binding to the alpha 2 -delta subunit may be involved in pregabalin's anti-nociceptive and antiseizure effects in animals. In animal models of nerve damage, pregabalin has been shown to reduce calcium-dependent release of pro-nociceptive neurotransmitters in the spinal cord, possibly by disrupting alpha 2 -delta containing-calcium channel trafficking and/or reducing calcium currents. Evidence from other animal models of nerve damage and persistent pain suggest the anti-nociceptive activities of pregabalin may also be mediated through interactions with descending noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways originating from the brainstem that modulate pain transmission in the spinal cord. While pregabalin is a structural derivative of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), it does not bind directly to GABA A , GABA B , or benzodiazepine receptors, does not augment GABA A responses in cultured neurons, does not alter rat brain GABA concentration or have acute effects on GABA uptake or degradation. However, in cultured neurons prolonged application of pregabalin increases the density of GABA transporter protein and increases the rate of functional GABA transport. Pregabalin does not block sodium channels, is not active at opiate receptors, and does not alter cyclooxygenase enzyme activity. It is inactive at serotonin and dopamine receptors and does not inhibit dopamine, serotonin, or noradrenaline reuptake."],"nonclinical_toxicology":["13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Carcinogenesis A dose-dependent increase in the incidence of malignant vascular tumors (hemangiosarcomas) was observed in two strains of mice (B6C3F1 and CD-1) given pregabalin (200, 1000, or 5000 mg/kg) in the diet for two years. Plasma pregabalin exposure (AUC) in mice receiving the lowest dose that increased hemangiosarcomas was approximately equal to the human exposure at the maximum recommended dose (MRD) of 600 mg/day. A no-effect dose for induction of hemangiosarcomas in mice was not established. No evidence of carcinogenicity was seen in two studies in Wistar rats following dietary administration of pregabalin for two years at doses (50, 150, or 450 mg/kg in males and 100, 300, or 900 mg/kg in females) that were associated with plasma exposures in males and females up to approximately 14 and 24 times, respectively, human exposure at the MRD. Mutagenesis Pregabalin was not mutagenic in bacteria or in mammalian cells in vitro , was not clastogenic in mammalian systems in vitro and in vivo , and did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in mouse or rat hepatocytes. Impairment of Fertility In fertility studies in which male rats were orally administered pregabalin (50 to 2500 mg/kg) prior to and during mating with untreated females, a number of adverse reproductive and developmental effects were observed. These included decreased sperm counts and sperm motility, increased sperm abnormalities, reduced fertility, increased preimplantation embryo loss, decreased litter size, decreased fetal body weights, and an increased incidence of fetal abnormalities. Effects on sperm and fertility parameters were reversible in studies of this duration (3–4 months). The no-effect dose for male reproductive toxicity in these studies (100 mg/kg) was associated with a plasma pregabalin exposure (AUC) approximately 3 times human exposure at the maximum recommended dose (MRD) of 600 mg/day. In addition, adverse reactions on reproductive organ (testes, epididymides) histopathology were observed in male rats exposed to pregabalin (500 to 1250 mg/kg) in general toxicology studies of four weeks or greater duration. The no-effect dose for male reproductive organ histopathology in rats (250 mg/kg) was associated with a plasma exposure approximately 8 times human exposure at the MRD. In a fertility study in which female rats were given pregabalin (500, 1250, or 2500 mg/kg) orally prior to and during mating and early gestation, disrupted estrous cyclicity and an increased number of days to mating were seen at all doses, and embryolethality occurred at the highest dose. The low dose in this study produced a plasma exposure approximately 9 times that in humans receiving the MRD. A no-effect dose for female reproductive toxicity in rats was not established. Human Data In a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess the effect of pregabalin on sperm motility, 30 healthy male subjects were exposed to pregabalin at a dose of 600 mg/day. After 3 months of treatment (one complete sperm cycle), the difference between placebo- and pregabalin-treated subjects in mean percent sperm with normal motility was <4% and neither group had a mean change from baseline of more than 2%. Effects on other male reproductive parameters in humans have not been adequately studied. 13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology Dermatopathy Skin lesions ranging from erythema to necrosis were seen in repeated-dose toxicology studies in both rats and monkeys. The etiology of these skin lesions is unknown. At the maximum recommended human dose (MRD) of 600 mg/day, there is a 2-fold safety margin for the dermatological lesions. The more severe dermatopathies involving necrosis were associated with pregabalin exposures (as expressed by plasma AUCs) of approximately 3 to 8 times those achieved in humans given the MRD. No increase in incidence of skin lesions was observed in clinical studies. Ocular Lesions Ocular lesions (characterized by retinal atrophy [including loss of photoreceptor cells] and/or corneal inflammation/mineralization) were observed in two lifetime carcinogenicity studies in Wistar rats. These findings were observed at plasma pregabalin exposures (AUC) ≥2 times those achieved in humans given the maximum recommended dose of 600 mg/day. A no-effect dose for ocular lesions was not established. Similar lesions were not observed in lifetime carcinogenicity studies in two strains of mice or in monkeys treated for 1 year."],"nursing_mothers":["8.3 Nursing Mothers It is not known if pregabalin is excreted in human milk; it is, however, present in the milk of rats. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, and because of the potential for tumorigenicity shown for pregabalin in animal studies, decide whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother."],"openfda":{},"overdosage":["10 OVERDOSAGE Signs, Symptoms and Laboratory Findings of Acute Overdosage in Humans There is limited experience with overdose of pregabalin. The highest reported accidental overdose of pregabalin during the clinical development program was 8000 mg, and there were no notable clinical consequences. Treatment or Management of Overdose There is no specific antidote for overdose with pregabalin. If indicated, elimination of unabsorbed drug may be attempted by emesis or gastric lavage; observe usual precautions to maintain the airway. General supportive care of the patient is indicated including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the clinical status of the patient. Contact a Certified Poison Control Center for up-to-date information on the management of overdose with pregabalin. Although hemodialysis has not been performed in the few known cases of overdose, it may be indicated by the patient's clinical state or in patients with significant renal impairment. Standard hemodialysis procedures result in significant clearance of pregabalin (approximately 50% in 4 hours)."],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["PACKAGE LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL SECTION NDC 0591-2565-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 25 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only NDC 0591-2565-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 25 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only","PACKAGE LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL SECTION NDC 0591-2566-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 50 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only NDC 0591-2566-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 50 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only","PACKAGE LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL SECTION NDC 0591-2567-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 75 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only NDC 0591-2567-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 75 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only","PACKAGE LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL SECTION NDC 0591-2568-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 100 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only NDC 0591-2568-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 100 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only","PACKAGE LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL SECTION NDC 0591-2569-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 150 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only NDC 0591-2569-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 150 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only","PACKAGE LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL SECTION NDC 0591-2570-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 200 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only NDC 0591-2570-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 200 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only","PRINCIPAL LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL SECTION NDC 0591-2571-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 225 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only NDC 0591-2571-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 225 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only","PACKAGE LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL SECTION NDC 0591-2572-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 300 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only NDC 0591-2572-19 Pregabalin Capsules CV 300 mg PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient. Watson 90 Capsules Rx only"],"pediatric_use":["8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and efficacy of pregabalin in pediatric patients have not been established. In studies in which pregabalin (50 to 500 mg/kg) was orally administered to young rats from early in the postnatal period (Postnatal Day 7) through sexual maturity, neurobehavioral abnormalities (deficits in learning and memory, altered locomotor activity, decreased auditory startle responding and habituation) and reproductive impairment (delayed sexual maturation and decreased fertility in males and females) were observed at doses ≥50 mg/kg. The neurobehavioral changes of acoustic startle persisted at ≥250 mg/kg and locomotor activity and water maze performance at ≥500 mg/kg in animals tested after cessation of dosing and, thus, were considered to represent long-term effects. The low effect dose for developmental neurotoxicity and reproductive impairment in juvenile rats (50 mg/kg) was associated with a plasma pregabalin exposure (AUC) approximately equal to human exposure at the maximum recommended dose of 600 mg/day. A no-effect dose was not established."],"pharmacokinetics":["12.3 Pharmacokinetics Pregabalin is well absorbed after oral administration, is eliminated largely by renal excretion, and has an elimination half-life of about 6 hours. Absorption and Distribution Following oral administration of pregabalin capsules under fasting conditions, peak plasma concentrations occur within 1.5 hours. Pregabalin oral bioavailability is ≥90% and is independent of dose. Following single- (25 to 300 mg) and multiple- dose (75 to 900 mg/day) administration, maximum plasma concentrations (C max ) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) values increase linearly. Following repeated administration, steady state is achieved within 24 to 48 hours. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics can be predicted from single-dose data. The rate of pregabalin absorption is decreased when given with food, resulting in a decrease in C max of approximately 25% to 30% and an increase in T max to approximately 3 hours. However, administration of pregabalin with food has no clinically relevant effect on the total absorption of pregabalin. Therefore, pregabalin can be taken with or without food. Pregabalin does not bind to plasma proteins. The apparent volume of distribution of pregabalin following oral administration is approximately 0.5 L/kg. Pregabalin is a substrate for system L transporter which is responsible for the transport of large amino acids across the blood brain barrier. Although there are no data in humans, pregabalin has been shown to cross the blood brain barrier in mice, rats, and monkeys. In addition, pregabalin has been shown to cross the placenta in rats and is present in the milk of lactating rats. Metabolism and Elimination Pregabalin undergoes negligible metabolism in humans. Following a dose of radiolabeled pregabalin, approximately 90% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine as unchanged pregabalin. The N-methylated derivative of pregabalin, the major metabolite of pregabalin found in urine, accounted for 0.9% of the dose. In preclinical studies, pregabalin (S-enantiomer) did not undergo racemization to the R-enantiomer in mice, rats, rabbits, or monkeys. Pregabalin is eliminated from the systemic circulation primarily by renal excretion as unchanged drug with a mean elimination half-life of 6.3 hours in subjects with normal renal function. Mean renal clearance was estimated to be 67.0 to 80.9 mL/min in young healthy subjects. Because pregabalin is not bound to plasma proteins this clearance rate indicates that renal tubular reabsorption is involved. Pregabalin elimination is nearly proportional to creatinine clearance (CLcr) [see Dosage and Administration, (2.6) ] ."],"pregnancy":["8.1 Pregnancy Pregnancy Category C. Increased incidences of fetal structural abnormalities and other manifestations of developmental toxicity, including lethality, growth retardation, and nervous and reproductive system functional impairment, were observed in the offspring of rats and rabbits given pregabalin during pregnancy, at doses that produced plasma pregabalin exposures (AUC) ≥5 times human exposure at the maximum recommended dose (MRD) of 600 mg/day. When pregnant rats were given pregabalin (500, 1250, or 2500 mg/kg) orally throughout the period of organogenesis, incidences of specific skull alterations attributed to abnormally advanced ossification (premature fusion of the jugal and nasal sutures) were increased at ≥1250 mg/kg, and incidences of skeletal variations and retarded ossification were increased at all doses. Fetal body weights were decreased at the highest dose. The low dose in this study was associated with a plasma exposure (AUC) approximately 17 times human exposure at the MRD of 600 mg/day. A no-effect dose for rat embryo-fetal developmental toxicity was not established. When pregnant rabbits were given pregabalin (250, 500, or 1250 mg/kg) orally throughout the period of organogenesis, decreased fetal body weight and increased incidences of skeletal malformations, visceral variations, and retarded ossification were observed at the highest dose. The no-effect dose for developmental toxicity in rabbits (500 mg/kg) was associated with a plasma exposure approximately 16 times human exposure at the MRD. In a study in which female rats were dosed with pregabalin (50, 100, 250, 1250, or 2500 mg/kg) throughout gestation and lactation, offspring growth was reduced at ≥ 100 mg/kg and offspring survival was decreased at ≥250 mg/kg. The effect on offspring survival was pronounced at doses ≥1250 mg/kg, with 100% mortality in high-dose litters. When offspring were tested as adults, neurobehavioral abnormalities (decreased auditory startle responding) were observed at ≥250 mg/kg and reproductive impairment (decreased fertility and litter size) was seen at 1250 mg/kg. The no-effect dose for pre- and postnatal developmental toxicity in rats (50 mg/kg) produced a plasma exposure approximately 2 times human exposure at the MRD. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Use pregabalin during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. To provide information regarding the effects of in utero exposure to pregabalin, physicians are advised to recommend that pregnant patients taking pregabalin enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry. This can be done by calling the toll free number 1-888-233-2334, and must be done by patients themselves. Information on the registry can also be found at the website http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/."],"recent_major_changes":["RECENT MAJOR CHANGES SECTION Indications and Usage ( 1 ) 6/2012 Dosage and Administration ( 2.5 ) 6/2012 Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 ) 6/2012 Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 ) 6/2012"],"set_id":"903e2802-79c7-34d7-6535-1a2704c81a22","spl_medguide":["MEDICATION GUIDE PREGABALIN CAPSULES CV Read this Medication Guide before you start taking pregabalin capsules and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking to your healthcare provider about your medical condition or treatment. If you have any questions about pregabalin capsules, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist. What is the most important information I should know about pregabalin capsules? P regabalin capsules may cause serious side effects including: Serious, even life-threatening, allergic reactions Suicidal thoughts or actions Swelling of your hands, legs and feet Dizziness and sleepiness These serious side effects are described below: 1. Serious, even life-threatening, allergic reactions. Stop taking pregabalin capsules and call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of these signs of a serious allergic reaction: swelling of your face, mouth, lips, gums, tongue, throat or neck trouble breathing rash, hives (raised bumps) or blisters. 2. Like other antiepileptic drugs, pregabalin capsules may cause suicidal thoughts or actions in a very small number of people, about 1 in 500 Call a healthcare provider right away if you have any of these symptoms, especially if they are new, worse, or worry you: thoughts about suicide or dying attempts to commit suicide new or worse depression new or worse anxiety feeling agitated or restless panic attacks trouble sleeping (insomnia) new or worse irritability acting aggressive, being angry, or violent acting on dangerous impulses an extreme increase in activity and talking (mania) other unusual changes in behavior or mood If you have suicidal thoughts or actions, do not stop pregabalin capsules without first talking to a healthcare provider. Stopping pregabalin capsules suddenly can cause serious problems. Suicidal thoughts or actions can be caused by things other than medicines. If you have suicidal thoughts or actions, your healthcare provider may check for other causes. How can I watch for early symptoms of suicidal thoughts and actions? Pay attention to any changes, especially sudden changes, in mood, behaviors, thoughts, or feelings. Keep all follow-up visits with your healthcare provider as scheduled. Call your healthcare provider between visits as needed, especially if you are worried about symptoms. 3. Swelling of your hands, legs and feet . This swelling can be a serious problem for people with heart problems. 4. Dizziness and sleepiness. Do not drive a car, work with machines, or do other dangerous activities until you know how pregabalin capsules affect you. Ask your healthcare provider about when it will be okay to do these activities. What are pregabalin capsules? Pregabalin capsules are a prescription medicine used in adults, 18 years and older, to treat: partial seizures when taken together with other seizure medicines Pregabalin capsules have not been studied in children under 18 years of age. Who Should Not Take Pregabalin Capsules? Do not take pregabalin capsules if you are allergic to pregabalin or any of the ingredients in pregabalin capsules. See \"What is the most important information I should know about pregabalin capsules?\" for the signs of an allergic reaction. See the end of this leaflet for a complete list of ingredients in pregabalin capsules. What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking pregabalin capsules? Before taking pregabalin capsules, tell your healthcare provider about all your medical conditions, including if you: have or have had depression, mood problems or suicidal thoughts or behavior have kidney problems or get kidney dialysis have heart problems including heart failure have a bleeding problem or a low blood platelet count have abused prescription medicines, street drugs, or alcohol in the past have ever had swelling of your face, mouth, tongue, lips, gums, neck, or throat (angioedema) plan to father a child. Animal studies have shown that pregabalin, the active ingredient in pregabalin capsules, made male animals less fertile and caused sperm to change. Also, in animal studies, birth defects were seen in the offspring (babies) of male animals treated with pregabalin. It is not known if these problems can happen in people who take pregabalin capsules. are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if pregabalin capsules will harm your unborn baby. You and your healthcare provider will have to decide if you should take pregabalin capsules while you are pregnant. If you become pregnant while taking pregabalin capsules, talk to your healthcare provider about registering with the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry. You can enroll in this registry by calling 1-888-233-2334. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. are breastfeeding. It is not known if pregabalin passes into breast milk and if it can harm your baby. You and your healthcare provider should discuss whether you should take pregabalin capsules or breast-feed, but you should not do both. Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins or herbal supplements. Pregabalin capsules and other medicines may affect each other causing side effects. Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take: angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which are used to treat many conditions, including high blood pressure. You may have a higher chance for swelling and hives if these medicines are taken with pregabalin capsules. See \"What is the most important information I should know about pregabalin capsules?\" Avandia (rosiglitazone), Avandamet (contains rosiglitazone and metformin), or Actos (pioglitazone) for diabetes. You may have a higher chance of weight gain or swelling of your hands or feet if these medicines are taken with pregabalin capsules. See \"What are the possible side effects of pregabalin capsules?\". any narcotic pain medicine (such as oxycodone), tranquilizers or medicines for anxiety (such as lorazepam). You may have a higher chance for dizziness and sleepiness if these medicines are taken with pregabalin capsules. any medicines that make you sleepy Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them with you to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist each time you get a new medicine. Do not start a new medicine without talking with your healthcare provider. How should I take pregabalin capsules? Take pregabalin capsules exactly as prescribed. Your healthcare provider will tell you how much pregabalin capsules to take and when to take it. Take pregabalin capsules at the same times each day. Pregabalin capsules may be taken with or without food. Your healthcare provider may change your dose. Do not change your dose without talking to your healthcare provider. Do not stop taking pregabalin capsules without talking to your healthcare provider. If you stop taking pregabalin capsules suddenly you may have headaches, nausea, diarrhea, trouble sleeping, increased sweating, or you may feel anxious. If you have epilepsy and you stop taking pregabalin capsules suddenly, you may have seizures more often. Talk with your healthcare provider about how to stop pregabalin capsules slowly. If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, just skip the missed dose. Take the next dose at your regular time. Do not take two doses at the same time. If you take too much pregabalin capsules, call your healthcare provider or poison control center, or go to the nearest emergency room right away. What should I avoid while taking pregabalin capsules? Do not drive a car, work with machines, or do other dangerous activities until you know how pregabalin capsules affect you. Do not drink alcohol while taking pregabalin capsules. Pregabalin capsules and alcohol can affect each other and increase side effects such as sleepiness and dizziness. What are the possible side effects of pregabalin capsules? Pregabalin capsules may cause serious side effects, including: See \"What is the most important information I should know about pregabalin capsules?\" muscle problems, muscle pain, soreness, or weakness . If you have these symptoms, especially if you feel sick and have a fever, tell your healthcare provider right away. problems with your eyesight, including blurry vision. Call your healthcare provider if you have any changes in your eyesight. weight gain. If you have diabetes, weight gain may affect the management of your diabetes. Weight gain can also be a serious problem for people with heart problems. feeling \"high\" The most common side effects of pregabalin capsules are: dizziness blurry vision weight gain sleepiness trouble concentrating swelling of hands and feet dry mouth Pregabalin capsules caused skin sores in animal studies. Skin sores did not happen in studies in people. If you have diabetes, you should pay attention to your skin while taking pregabalin capsules and tell your healthcare provider about any sores or skin problems. Tell your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all the possible side effects of pregabalin capsules. For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. How should I store pregabalin capsules? Store pregabalin capsules at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) in its original package. Safely throw away any pregabalin capsules that are out of date or no longer needed. Keep pregabalin capsules and all medicines out of the reach of children. General information about pregabalin capsules Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use pregabalin capsules for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give pregabalin capsules to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. It may harm them. This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about pregabalin capsules. If you would like more information, talk with your healthcare provider. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about pregabalin capsules that is written for health professionals. For more information, call 1-800-272-5525. What are the ingredients in pregabalin capsules? Active ingredient: pregabalin Inactive ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, maize starch, and talc; Capsule shell: gelatin and titanium dioxide; caramel and chocolate brown capsule shells contain FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Red No. 40 and FD&C Yellow No. 6 . Imprinting ink: shellac, dehydrated alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, strong ammonia solution, potassium hydroxide, and black iron oxide. This Medication Guide has been approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Manufactured by: Arrow Pharm (Malta) Ltd. Birzebbugia, BBG06, Malta Distributed by: Watson Pharma, Inc. Parsippany, NJ 07054 USA Revised: June 2012"],"spl_product_data_elements":["Pregabalin Pregabalin PREGABALIN PREGABALIN CELLULOSE, MICROCRYSTALLINE STARCH, CORN TALC GELATIN TITANIUM DIOXIDE ALCOHOL SHELLAC ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL BUTYL ALCOHOL PROPYLENE GLYCOL AMMONIA POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE FERROSOFERRIC OXIDE PG;25 Pregabalin Pregabalin PREGABALIN PREGABALIN CELLULOSE, MICROCRYSTALLINE STARCH, CORN TALC GELATIN TITANIUM DIOXIDE ALCOHOL SHELLAC ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL BUTYL ALCOHOL PROPYLENE GLYCOL AMMONIA POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE FERROSOFERRIC OXIDE PG;50 Pregabalin Pregabalin PREGABALIN PREGABALIN CELLULOSE, MICROCRYSTALLINE STARCH, CORN TALC GELATIN TITANIUM DIOXIDE ALCOHOL SHELLAC ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL BUTYL ALCOHOL PROPYLENE GLYCOL AMMONIA POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE FERROSOFERRIC OXIDE FD&C BLUE NO. 1 FD&C RED NO. 40 FD&C YELLOW NO. 6 PG;75 Pregabalin Pregabalin PREGABALIN PREGABALIN CELLULOSE, MICROCRYSTALLINE STARCH, CORN TALC GELATIN TITANIUM DIOXIDE ALCOHOL SHELLAC ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL BUTYL ALCOHOL PROPYLENE GLYCOL AMMONIA POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE FERROSOFERRIC OXIDE FD&C BLUE NO. 1 FD&C RED NO. 40 FD&C YELLOW NO. 6 PG;100 Pregabalin Pregabalin PREGABALIN PREGABALIN CELLULOSE, MICROCRYSTALLINE STARCH, CORN TALC GELATIN TITANIUM DIOXIDE ALCOHOL SHELLAC ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL BUTYL ALCOHOL PROPYLENE GLYCOL AMMONIA POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE FERROSOFERRIC OXIDE PG;150 Pregabalin Pregabalin PREGABALIN PREGABALIN CELLULOSE, MICROCRYSTALLINE STARCH, CORN TALC GELATIN TITANIUM DIOXIDE ALCOHOL SHELLAC ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL BUTYL ALCOHOL PROPYLENE GLYCOL AMMONIA POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE FERROSOFERRIC OXIDE FD&C BLUE NO. 1 FD&C RED NO. 40 FD&C YELLOW NO. 6 caramel PG;200 Pregabalin Pregabalin PREGABALIN PREGABALIN CELLULOSE, MICROCRYSTALLINE STARCH, CORN TALC GELATIN TITANIUM DIOXIDE ALCOHOL SHELLAC ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL BUTYL ALCOHOL PROPYLENE GLYCOL AMMONIA POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE FERROSOFERRIC OXIDE FD&C BLUE NO. 1 FD&C RED NO. 40 FD&C YELLOW NO. 6 caramel PG;225 Pregabalin Pregabalin PREGABALIN PREGABALIN CELLULOSE, MICROCRYSTALLINE STARCH, CORN TALC GELATIN TITANIUM DIOXIDE ALCOHOL SHELLAC ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL BUTYL ALCOHOL PROPYLENE GLYCOL AMMONIA POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE FERROSOFERRIC OXIDE FD&C BLUE NO. 1 FD&C RED NO. 40 FD&C YELLOW NO. 6 PG;300"],"storage_and_handling":["Storage Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]."],"use_in_specific_populations":["8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS To enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry call 1-888-233-2334 (toll free). ( 8.1 ) 8.1 Pregnancy Pregnancy Category C. Increased incidences of fetal structural abnormalities and other manifestations of developmental toxicity, including lethality, growth retardation, and nervous and reproductive system functional impairment, were observed in the offspring of rats and rabbits given pregabalin during pregnancy, at doses that produced plasma pregabalin exposures (AUC) ≥5 times human exposure at the maximum recommended dose (MRD) of 600 mg/day. When pregnant rats were given pregabalin (500, 1250, or 2500 mg/kg) orally throughout the period of organogenesis, incidences of specific skull alterations attributed to abnormally advanced ossification (premature fusion of the jugal and nasal sutures) were increased at ≥1250 mg/kg, and incidences of skeletal variations and retarded ossification were increased at all doses. Fetal body weights were decreased at the highest dose. The low dose in this study was associated with a plasma exposure (AUC) approximately 17 times human exposure at the MRD of 600 mg/day. A no-effect dose for rat embryo-fetal developmental toxicity was not established. When pregnant rabbits were given pregabalin (250, 500, or 1250 mg/kg) orally throughout the period of organogenesis, decreased fetal body weight and increased incidences of skeletal malformations, visceral variations, and retarded ossification were observed at the highest dose. The no-effect dose for developmental toxicity in rabbits (500 mg/kg) was associated with a plasma exposure approximately 16 times human exposure at the MRD. In a study in which female rats were dosed with pregabalin (50, 100, 250, 1250, or 2500 mg/kg) throughout gestation and lactation, offspring growth was reduced at ≥ 100 mg/kg and offspring survival was decreased at ≥250 mg/kg. The effect on offspring survival was pronounced at doses ≥1250 mg/kg, with 100% mortality in high-dose litters. When offspring were tested as adults, neurobehavioral abnormalities (decreased auditory startle responding) were observed at ≥250 mg/kg and reproductive impairment (decreased fertility and litter size) was seen at 1250 mg/kg. The no-effect dose for pre- and postnatal developmental toxicity in rats (50 mg/kg) produced a plasma exposure approximately 2 times human exposure at the MRD. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Use pregabalin during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. To provide information regarding the effects of in utero exposure to pregabalin, physicians are advised to recommend that pregnant patients taking pregabalin enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry. This can be done by calling the toll free number 1-888-233-2334, and must be done by patients themselves. Information on the registry can also be found at the website http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/. 8.2 Labor and Delivery The effects of pregabalin on labor and delivery in pregnant women are unknown. In the prenatal-postnatal study in rats, pregabalin prolonged gestation and induced dystocia at exposures ≥50 times the mean human exposure (AUC (0–24) of 123 µg∙hr/mL) at the maximum recommended clinical dose of 600 mg/day. 8.3 Nursing Mothers It is not known if pregabalin is excreted in human milk; it is, however, present in the milk of rats. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, and because of the potential for tumorigenicity shown for pregabalin in animal studies, decide whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. 8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and efficacy of pregabalin in pediatric patients have not been established. In studies in which pregabalin (50 to 500 mg/kg) was orally administered to young rats from early in the postnatal period (Postnatal Day 7) through sexual maturity, neurobehavioral abnormalities (deficits in learning and memory, altered locomotor activity, decreased auditory startle responding and habituation) and reproductive impairment (delayed sexual maturation and decreased fertility in males and females) were observed at doses ≥50 mg/kg. The neurobehavioral changes of acoustic startle persisted at ≥250 mg/kg and locomotor activity and water maze performance at ≥500 mg/kg in animals tested after cessation of dosing and, thus, were considered to represent long-term effects. The low effect dose for developmental neurotoxicity and reproductive impairment in juvenile rats (50 mg/kg) was associated with a plasma pregabalin exposure (AUC) approximately equal to human exposure at the maximum recommended dose of 600 mg/day. A no-effect dose was not established. 8.5 Geriatric Use In controlled clinical studies of pregabalin in epilepsy, there were only 10 patients 65 to 74 years of age, and 2 patients who were 75 years of age or older. No overall differences in safety and efficacy were observed between these patients and younger patients. Pregabalin is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to pregabalin may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because pregabalin is eliminated primarily by renal excretion, adjust the dose for elderly patients with renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.6) ] ."],"version":"7","warnings_and_cautions":["5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Angioedema (e.g. swelling of the throat, head and neck) can occur, and may be associated with life-threatening respiratory compromise requiring emergency treatment. Discontinue pregabalin immediately in these cases. ( 5.1 ) Hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. hives, dyspnea, and wheezing) can occur. Discontinue pregabalin immediately in these patients. ( 5.2 ) Increased seizure frequency may occur in patients with seizure disorders if pregabalin is rapidly discontinued. Withdraw pregabalin gradually over a minimum of 1 week. ( 5.3 ) Antiepileptic drugs, including pregabalin, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior. ( 5.4 ) Pregabalin may cause peripheral edema. Exercise caution when coadministering pregabalin and thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agents. ( 5.5 ) Pregabalin may cause dizziness and somnolence and impair patients' ability to drive or operate machinery.( 5.6 ) 5.1 Angioedema There have been postmarketing reports of angioedema in patients during initial and chronic treatment with pregabalin. Specific symptoms included swelling of the face, mouth (tongue, lips, and gums), and neck (throat and larynx). There were reports of life-threatening angioedema with respiratory compromise requiring emergency treatment. Discontinue pregabalin immediately in patients with these symptoms. Exercise caution when prescribing pregabalin to patients who have had a previous episode of angioedema. In addition, patients who are taking other drugs associated with angioedema (e.g., angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors [ACE-inhibitors]) may be at increased risk of developing angioedema. 5.2 Hypersensitivity There have been postmarketing reports of hypersensitivity in patients shortly after initiation of treatment with pregabalin. Adverse reactions included skin redness, blisters, hives, rash, dyspnea, and wheezing. Discontinue pregabalin immediately in patients with these symptoms. 5.3 Withdrawal of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) As with all AEDs, withdraw pregabalin gradually to minimize the potential of increased seizure frequency in patients with seizure disorders. If pregabalin is discontinued, taper the drug gradually over a minimum of 1 week. 5.4 Suicidal Behavior and Ideation Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including pregabalin, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Monitor patients treated with any AED for any indication for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior. Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled clinical trials (mono- and adjunctive therapy) of 11 different AEDs showed that patients randomized to one of the AEDs had approximately twice the risk (adjusted Relative Risk 1.8, 95% CI:1.2, 2.7) of suicidal thinking or behavior compared to patients randomized to placebo. In these trials, which had a median treatment duration of 12 weeks, the estimated incidence rate of suicidal behavior or ideation among 27,863 AED-treated patients was 0.43%, compared to 0.24% among 16,029 placebo-treated patients, representing an increase of approximately one case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 patients treated. There were four suicides in drug-treated patients in the trials and none in placebo-treated patients, but the number is too small to allow any conclusion about drug effect on suicide. The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with AEDs was observed as early as one week after starting drug treatment with AEDs and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed. Because most trials included in the analysis did not extend beyond 24 weeks, the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior beyond 24 weeks could not be assessed. The risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior was generally consistent among drugs in the data analyzed. The finding of increased risk with AEDs of varying mechanisms of action and across a range of indications suggests that the risk applies to all AEDs used for any indication. The risk did not vary substantially by age (5-100 years) in the clinical trials analyzed. Table 2 shows absolute and relative risk by indication for all evaluated AEDs. Table 2 Risk by indication for antiepileptic drugs in the pooled analysis Indication Placebo Patients with Events Per 1000 Patients Drug Patients with Events Per 1000 Patients Relative Risk: Incidence of Events in Drug Patients/Incidence in Placebo Patients Risk Difference: Additional Drug Patients with Events Per 1000 Patients Epilepsy 1.0 3.4 3.5 2.4 Psychiatric 5.7 8.5 1.5 2.9 Other 1.0 1.8 1.9 0.9 Total 2.4 4.3 1.8 1.9 The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher in clinical trials for epilepsy than in clinical trials for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were similar for the epilepsy and psychiatric indications. Anyone considering prescribing pregabalin or any other AED must balance the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with the risk of untreated illness. Epilepsy and many other illnesses for which AEDs are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Should suicidal thoughts and behavior emerge during treatment, the prescriber needs to consider whether the emergence of these symptoms in any given patient may be related to the illness being treated. Inform patients, their caregivers, and families that pregabalin and other AEDs increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and advise them of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thoughts about self-harm. Report behaviors of concern immediately to healthcare providers. 5.5 Peripheral Edema Pregabalin treatment may cause peripheral edema. In short-term trials of patients without clinically significant heart or peripheral vascular disease, there was no apparent association between peripheral edema and cardiovascular complications such as hypertension or congestive heart failure. Peripheral edema was not associated with laboratory changes suggestive of deterioration in renal or hepatic function. In controlled clinical trials the incidence of peripheral edema was 6% in the pregabalin group compared with 2% in the placebo group. In controlled clinical trials, 0.5% of pregabalin patients and 0.2% placebo patients withdrew due to peripheral edema. Higher frequencies of weight gain and peripheral edema were observed in patients taking both pregabalin and a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agent compared to patients taking either drug alone. The majority of patients using thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agents in the overall safety database were participants in studies of pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In this population, peripheral edema was reported in 3% (2/60) of patients who were using thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agents only, 8% (69/859) of patients who were treated with pregabalin only, and 19% (23/120) of patients who were on both pregabalin and thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agents. Similarly, weight gain was reported in 0% (0/60) of patients on thiazolidinediones only; 4% (35/859) of patients on pregabalin only; and 7.5% (9/120) of patients on both drugs. As the thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetic drugs can cause weight gain and/or fluid retention, possibly exacerbating or leading to heart failure, exercise caution when coadministering pregabalin and these agents. Because there are limited data on congestive heart failure patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV cardiac status, exercise caution when using pregabalin in these patients. 5.6 Dizziness and Somnolence Pregabalin may cause dizziness and somnolence. Inform patients that pregabalin-related dizziness and somnolence may impair their ability to perform tasks such as driving or operating machinery [see Patient Counseling Information (17.5) ] . In the pregabalin controlled trials, dizziness was experienced by 30% of pregabalin-treated patients compared to 8% of placebo-treated patients; somnolence was experienced by 23% of pregabalin-treated patients compared to 8% of placebo-treated patients. Dizziness and somnolence generally began shortly after the initiation of pregabalin therapy and occurred more frequently at higher doses. Dizziness and somnolence were the adverse reactions most frequently leading to withdrawal (4% each) from controlled studies. In pregabalin-treated patients reporting these adverse reactions in short-term, controlled studies, dizziness persisted until the last dose in 30% and somnolence persisted until the last dose in 42% of patients [see Drug Interactions (7)] . 5.7 Weight Gain Pregabalin treatment may cause weight gain. In pregabalin controlled clinical trials of up to 14 weeks, a gain of 7% or more over baseline weight was observed in 9% of pregabalin-treated patients and 2% of placebo-treated patients. Few patients treated with pregabalin (0.3%) withdrew from controlled trials due to weight gain. Pregabalin associated weight gain was related to dose and duration of exposure, but did not appear to be associated with baseline BMI, gender, or age. Weight gain was not limited to patients with edema [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] . Although weight gain was not associated with clinically important changes in blood pressure in short-term controlled studies, the long-term cardiovascular effects of pregabalin-associated weight gain are unknown. Among diabetic patients, pregabalin-treated patients gained an average of 1.6 kg (range: -16 to 16 kg), compared to an average 0.3 kg (range: -10 to 9 kg) weight gain in placebo patients. In a cohort of 333 diabetic patients who received pregabalin for at least 2 years, the average weight gain was 5.2 kg. While the effects of pregabalin-associated weight gain on glycemic control have not been systematically assessed, in controlled and longer-term open label clinical trials with diabetic patients, pregabalin treatment did not appear to be associated with loss of glycemic control (as measured by HbA 1C ). 5.8 Abrupt or Rapid Discontinuation Following abrupt or rapid discontinuation of pregabalin, some patients reported symptoms including insomnia, nausea, headache, anxiety, hyperhidrosis, and diarrhea. Taper pregabalin gradually over a minimum of 1 week rather than discontinuing the drug abruptly. 5.9 Tumorigenic Potential In standard preclinical in vivo lifetime carcinogenicity studies of pregabalin, an unexpectedly high incidence of hemangiosarcoma was identified in two different strains of mice [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)] . The clinical significance of this finding is unknown. Clinical experience during pregabalin's premarketing development provides no direct means to assess its potential for inducing tumors in humans. In clinical studies across various patient populations, comprising 6396 patient-years of exposure in patients >12 years of age, new or worsening-preexisting tumors were reported in 57 patients. Without knowledge of the background incidence and recurrence in similar populations not treated with pregabalin, it is impossible to know whether the incidence seen in these cohorts is or is not affected by treatment. 5.10 Ophthalmological Effects In controlled studies, a higher proportion of patients treated with pregabalin reported blurred vision (7%) than did patients treated with placebo (2%), which resolved in a majority of cases with continued dosing. Less than 1% of patients discontinued pregabalin treatment due to vision-related events (primarily blurred vision). Prospectively planned ophthalmologic testing, including visual acuity testing, formal visual field testing and dilated funduscopic examination, was performed in over 3600 patients. In these patients, visual acuity was reduced in 7% of patients treated with pregabalin, and 5% of placebo-treated patients. Visual field changes were detected in 13% of pregabalin-treated, and 12% of placebo-treated patients. Funduscopic changes were observed in 2% of pregabalin-treated and 2% of placebo-treated patients. Although the clinical significance of the ophthalmologic findings is unknown, inform patients to notify their physician if changes in vision occur. If visual disturbance persists, consider further assessment. Consider more frequent assessment for patients who are already routinely monitored for ocular conditions [see Patient Counseling Information (17.8) ] . 5.11 Creatine Kinase Elevations Pregabalin treatment was associated with creatine kinase elevations. Mean changes in creatine kinase from baseline to the maximum value were 60 U/L for pregabalin-treated patients and 28 U/L for the placebo patients. In all controlled trials across multiple patient populations, 1.5% of patients on pregabalin and 0.7% of placebo patients had a value of creatine kinase at least three times the upper limit of normal. Three pregabalin treated subjects had events reported as rhabdomyolysis in premarketing clinical trials. The relationship between these myopathy events and pregabalin is not completely understood because the cases had documented factors that may have caused or contributed to these events. Instruct patients to promptly report unexplained muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness, particularly if these muscle symptoms are accompanied by malaise or fever. Discontinue treatment with pregabalin if myopathy is diagnosed or suspected or if markedly elevated creatine kinase levels occur. 5.12 Decreased Platelet Count Pregabalin treatment was associated with a decrease in platelet count. Pregabalin-treated subjects experienced a mean maximal decrease in platelet count of 20 × 10 3 /µL, compared to 11 × 10 3 /µL in placebo patients. In the overall database of controlled trials, 2% of placebo patients and 3% of pregabalin patients experienced a potentially clinically significant decrease in platelets, defined as 20% below baseline value and <150 × 10 3 /µL. A single pregabalin treated subject developed severe thrombocytopenia with a platelet count less than 20 × 10 3 / µL. In randomized controlled trials, pregabalin was not associated with an increase in bleeding-related adverse reactions. 5.13 PR Interval Prolongation Pregabalin treatment was associated with PR interval prolongation. In analyses of clinical trial ECG data, the mean PR interval increase was 3–6 msec at pregabalin doses ≥300 mg/day. This mean change difference was not associated with an increased risk of PR increase ≥25% from baseline, an increased percentage of subjects with on-treatment PR >200 msec, or an increased risk of adverse reactions of second or third degree AV block. Subgroup analyses did not identify an increased risk of PR prolongation in patients with baseline PR prolongation or in patients taking other PR prolonging medications. However, these analyses cannot be considered definitive because of the limited number of patients in these categories."],"warnings_and_cautions_table":["
Table 2 Risk by indication for antiepileptic drugs in the pooled analysis
Indication Placebo Patients with Events Per 1000 Patients Drug Patients with Events Per 1000 Patients Relative Risk: Incidence of Events in Drug Patients/Incidence in Placebo Patients Risk Difference: Additional Drug Patients with Events Per 1000 Patients
Epilepsy 1.0 3.4 3.5 2.4
Psychiatric 5.7 8.5 1.5 2.9
Other 1.0 1.8 1.9 0.9
Total 2.4 4.3 1.8 1.9
"]}