REBETOL- ribavirin capsule REBETOL- ribavirin liquid

REBETOL by

Drug Labeling and Warnings

REBETOL by is a Prescription medication manufactured, distributed, or labeled by Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.. Drug facts, warnings, and ingredients follow.

Drug Details [pdf]

  • BOXED WARNING (What is this?)

    WARNING: EMBRYO-FETAL TOXICITY, HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA, and MONOTHERAPY NOT RECOMMENDED

    • Significant teratogenic and embryocidal effects have been demonstrated in all animal species exposed to ribavirin. In addition, ribavirin has a multiple-dose half-life of 12 days and may persist in non-plasma compartments for as long as 6 months. Therefore, REBETOL therapy is contraindicated in women who are pregnant and in the male partners of women who are pregnant. Avoid pregnancy during therapy and for 6 months after completion of treatment in both female patients and in female partners of male patients who are taking REBETOL therapy. Effective contraception must be utilized during treatment and during the 6-month post-treatment follow-up period [see Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.1), Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3), and Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].
    • Hemolytic anemia has been reported with ribavirin therapy. The anemia associated with REBETOL therapy may result in worsening of cardiac disease that has led to fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarctions. Patients with a history of significant or unstable cardiac disease should not be treated with REBETOL [see Dosage and Administration (2.5), Warnings and Precautions (5.2), and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
    • REBETOL monotherapy is not effective for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection and should not be used alone for this indication [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)].
  • 1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

    1.1 Chronic Hepatitis C (CHC)

    REBETOL® (ribavirin) in combination with interferon alfa-2b (pegylated and nonpegylated) is indicated for the treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C (CHC) in patients 3 years of age and older with compensated liver disease [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9, 5.10), and Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].

    The following points should be considered when initiating REBETOL combination therapy with PegIntron® or INTRON A®:

    • Combination therapy with REBETOL/PegIntron is preferred over REBETOL/INTRON A as this combination provides substantially better response rates [see Clinical Studies (14)].
    • Patients with the following characteristics are less likely to benefit from re-treatment after failing a course of therapy: previous nonresponse, previous pegylated interferon treatment, significant bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis, and genotype 1 infection [see Clinical Studies (14)].
    • No safety and efficacy data are available for treatment duration lasting longer than one year.
  • 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

    2.1 General Dosing Information

    Do not open, crush or break REBETOL capsules. REBETOL should be taken with food [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

    2.2 REBETOL/PegIntron Combination Therapy

    Adult Patients

    The recommended dose of REBETOL when used in combination with PegIntron is 800 mg to 1,400 mg based on patient body weight in two divided doses (see Table 1). Refer to PegIntron labeling for PegIntron dosing information.

    Duration of Treatment – Interferon Alpha-naïve Patients

    The treatment duration for patients with genotype 1 is 48 weeks. Discontinuation of therapy should be considered in patients who do not achieve at least a 2 log10 drop or loss of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA at 12 weeks, or if HCV-RNA remains detectable after 24 weeks of therapy. Patients with genotype 2 and 3 should be treated for 24 weeks.

    Duration of Treatment – Re-treatment with PegIntron/REBETOL of Prior Treatment Failures

    The treatment duration for patients who previously failed therapy is 48 weeks, regardless of HCV genotype. Re-treated patients who fail to achieve undetectable HCV-RNA at Week 12 of therapy, or whose HCV-RNA remains detectable after 24 weeks of therapy, are highly unlikely to achieve SVR and discontinuation of therapy should be considered [see Clinical Studies (14.1)].

    Table 1: Recommended Adult Dosing for REBETOL in Combination with PegIntron
    Body Weight
    (kg)    		REBETOL Daily DoseREBETOL Number of Capsules
    Less than 66800 mg/day2 × 200-mg capsules AM
    2 × 200-mg capsules PM
    66-801,000 mg/day2 × 200-mg capsules AM
    3 × 200-mg capsules PM
    81-1051,200 mg/day3 × 200-mg capsules AM
    3 × 200-mg capsules PM
    Greater than 1051,400 mg/day3 × 200-mg capsules AM
    4 × 200-mg capsules PM

    Pediatric Patients

    Dosing of REBETOL in pediatric patients is determined by body weight. The recommended dose of REBETOL when used in combination with PegIntron in pediatric patients ages 3-17 years is 15 mg/kg/day in two divided doses (see Table 2). Refer to PegIntron labeling for PegIntron dosing information. The treatment duration for patients with genotype 1 is 48 weeks. Patients with genotype 2 and 3 should be treated for 24 weeks.

    Table 2: Recommended Pediatric REBETOL Dosing in Combination with PegIntron
    Body Weight
    (kg)    		REBETOL Daily DoseREBETOL Number of Capsules
  • * REBETOL Oral Solution may be used in any patient regardless of body weight.
    		•
    Less than 4715 mg/kg/dayUse REBETOL Oral Solution*
    47-59800 mg/day2 × 200-mg capsules AM
    2 × 200-mg capsules PM
    60-731,000 mg/day2 × 200-mg capsules AM
    3 × 200-mg capsules PM
    Greater than 731,200 mg/day3 × 200-mg capsules AM
    3 × 200-mg capsules PM

    2.3 REBETOL/INTRON A Combination Therapy

    Adults

    Duration of Treatment – Interferon Alpha-naïve Patients

    The recommended dose of REBETOL when used in combination with INTRON A depends on the patient's body weight (see Table 3). Refer to Intron A labeling for interferon dosing information. The recommended duration of treatment for patients previously untreated with interferon is 24 to 48 weeks. The duration of treatment should be individualized to the patient depending on baseline disease characteristics, response to therapy, and tolerability of the regimen [see Indications and Usage (1.1), Adverse Reactions (6.1), and Clinical Studies (14)]. After 24 weeks of treatment, virologic response should be assessed. Treatment discontinuation should be considered in any patient who has not achieved an HCV-RNA below the limit of detection of the assay by 24 weeks. There are no safety and efficacy data for treatment duration lasting longer than 48 weeks in the previously untreated patient population.

    Duration of Treatment – Re-treatment with INTRON A/REBETOL in Relapse Patients

    In patients who relapse following nonpegylated interferon monotherapy, the recommended duration of treatment is 24 weeks.

    Table 3: Recommended REBETOL Dosing in Combination with INTRON A
    Body WeightREBETOL Capsules
    At least 75 kg2 × 200-mg capsules AM
    3 × 200-mg capsules PM daily orally
    Greater than 75 kg3 × 200-mg capsules AM
    3 × 200-mg capsules PM daily orally

    Pediatrics The recommended dose of REBETOL when used in combination with INTRON A is 15 mg/kg per day orally in two divided doses (see Table 2). Refer to Intron A labeling for interferon dosing information.

    The recommended duration of treatment is 48 weeks for pediatric patients with genotype 1. After 24 weeks of treatment, virologic response should be assessed. Treatment discontinuation should be considered in any patient who has not achieved an HCV-RNA below the limit of detection of the assay by this time. The recommended duration of treatment for pediatric patients with genotype 2 and 3 is 24 weeks.

    2.4 Testing Prior to Initiation of REBETOL

    The following laboratory tests are recommended in all patients treated with REBETOL prior to initiation of treatment and periodically thereafter.

    • Standard hematologic tests - including hemoglobin (pretreatment, Week 2 and Week 4 of therapy, and as clinically appropriate [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.6)], complete and differential white blood cell counts, and platelet count.
    • Blood chemistries - liver function tests and TSH.
    • Pregnancy - in women of childbearing potential.
    • ECG [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

    2.5 Dose Modifications

    If severe adverse reactions or laboratory abnormalities develop during REBETOL combination therapy, modify or discontinue the dose until the adverse reaction abates or decreases in severity (see Table 4) [see Warnings and Precautions (5)]. If intolerance persists after dose adjustment, combination therapy should be discontinued. Refer to PegIntron labeling for additional information regarding dose reduction of PegIntron.

    Dose reduction in pediatric patients is accomplished by modifying the recommended REBETOL dose from the original starting dose of 15 mg/kg daily in a two-step process to 12 mg/kg/day, then to 8 mg/kg/day, if needed (see Table 4).

    REBETOL is contraindicated in patients with creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/min [see Contraindications (4)]. Patients with impaired renal function and those over the age of 50 should be carefully monitored with respect to development of anemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2), Use in Specific Populations (8.5), and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

    REBETOL should be administered with caution to patients with pre-existing cardiac disease. Assess cardiovascular status before initiation of treatment and during therapy. If there is any deterioration of cardiovascular status, discontinue combination therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

    In patients with a history of stable cardiovascular disease, a permanent dose reduction is required if the hemoglobin decreases by 2 g/dL or more during any 4-week period. If the hemoglobin level remains below 12 g/dL after 4 weeks on a reduced dose, discontinue combination therapy.

    Modify or discontinue REBETOL dosing in any patient whose hemoglobin level falls below 10 g/dL (see Table 4) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

    Table 4: Guidelines for Dose Modification and Discontinuation of REBETOL in combination with PegIntron or INTRON A Based on Laboratory Parameters in Adults and Pediatrics
    Laboratory ParametersReduce REBETOL Daily Dose (see note 1) if:Reduce PegIntron or INTRON A
    Dose (see note 2) if:    		Discontinue Therapy if:

    Note 1: Adult patients: 1st dose reduction of ribavirin is by 200 mg/day (except in patients receiving the 1,400 mg, dose reduction should be by 400 mg/day). If needed, 2nd dose reduction of ribavirin is by an additional 200 mg/day. Patients whose dose of ribavirin is reduced to 600 mg daily receive one 200 mg capsule in the morning and two 200 mg capsules in the evening.

    Pediatric patients: 1st dose reduction of ribavirin is to 12 mg/kg/day, 2nd dose reduction of ribavirin is to 8 mg/kg/day.

    Note 2: Adult patients treated with REBETOL and PegIntron: 1st dose reduction of PegIntron is to 1 mcg/kg/week. If needed, 2nd dose reduction of PegIntron is to 0.5 mcg/kg/week.

    Pediatric patients treated with REBETOL and PegIntron: 1st dose reduction of PegIntron is to 40 mcg/m2/week, 2nd dose reduction of PegIntron is to 20 mcg/m2/week.

    For patients on REBETOL/INTRON A combination therapy: reduce INTRON A dose by 50%.
  • * Pediatric patients who have pre-existing cardiac conditions and experience a hemoglobin decrease greater than or equal to 2 g/dL during any 4-week period during treatment should have weekly evaluations and hematology testing.
  • † These guidelines are for patients with stable cardiac disease. Patients with a history of significant or unstable cardiac disease should not be treated with PegIntron /REBETOL combination therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
    		•
    WBCN/A1.0 to <1.5 × 109/L<1.0 × 109/L
    NeutrophilsN/A0.5 to <0.75 × 109/L<0.5 × 109/L
    PlateletsN/A25 to < 50 × 109/L (adults)<25 × 109/L (adults)
    N/A50 to <70 × 109/L (pediatrics)<50 × 109/L (pediatrics)
    CreatinineN/AN/A>2 mg/dL (pediatrics)
    Hemoglobin in patients without history of cardiac disease8.5 to <10 g/dLN/A<8.5 g/dL
    Reduce REBETOL Dose by 200 mg/day and PegIntron or INTRON A Dose by Half if:
    Hemoglobin in patients with history of stable cardiac disease*†≥2 g/dL decrease in hemoglobin during any four-week period during treatment<8.5 g/dL or <12 g/dL after four weeks of dose reduction

    Refer to labeling for INTRON A or PegIntron for additional information about how to reduce an INTRON A or PegIntron dose.

    2.6 Discontinuation of Dosing

    Adults In HCV genotype 1, interferon-alfa-naïve patients receiving PegIntron in combination with ribavirin, discontinue therapy if there is not at least a 2 log10 drop or loss of HCV-RNA at 12 weeks of therapy, or if HCV-RNA levels remain detectable after 24 weeks of therapy. Regardless of genotype, previously treated patients who have detectable HCV-RNA at Week 12 or 24 are highly unlikely to achieve SVR and discontinuation of therapy should be considered.

    Pediatrics (3-17 years of age) In patients receiving PegIntron/REBETOL combination (excluding HCV Genotype 2 and 3), discontinue therapy at 12 weeks if HCV-RNA has dropped less than 2 log10 compared to pretreatment level, or at 24 weeks if HCV-RNA is still detectable.

  • 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

    REBETOL Capsules 200 mg

    REBETOL Oral Solution 40 mg per mL

  • 4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

    REBETOL combination therapy is contraindicated in:

    • pregnancy. REBETOL may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. REBETOL is contraindicated in women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant. If a patient becomes pregnant while taking REBETOL, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1), and Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)].
    • men whose female partners are pregnant [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)]
    • patients with known hypersensitivity reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic, epidermal necrolysis, and erythema multiforme to ribavirin or any component of the product
    • patients with autoimmune hepatitis
    • patients with hemoglobinopathies (e.g., thalassemia major, sickle-cell anemia)
    • patients with creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/min [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]
    • when coadministered with didanosine because exposure to the active metabolite of didanosine (dideoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate) is increased. Fatal hepatic failure, as well as peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, and symptomatic hyperlactatemia/lactic acidosis, has been reported in patients receiving didanosine in combination with ribavirin [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].
  • 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

    5.1 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity

    REBETOL capsules and oral solution may cause birth defects, miscarriage or stillbirth. REBETOL therapy should not be started until a report of a negative pregnancy test has been obtained immediately prior to planned initiation of therapy. Patients should use effective contraception and have periodic monitoring with pregnancy tests during treatment and during the 6-month period after treatment has been stopped. Extreme care must be taken to avoid pregnancy in female patients and in female partners of male patients. REBETOL has demonstrated significant teratogenic and embryocidal effects in all animal species tested. These effects occurred at doses as low as one twentieth of the recommended human dose of ribavirin [see Boxed Warning, Contraindications (4), and Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)].

    5.2 Anemia

    Hemolytic anemia was observed in approximately 10% of REBETOL/INTRON A-treated subjects in clinical trials. The anemia associated with REBETOL occurs within 1 to 2 weeks of initiation of therapy. Because the initial drop in hemoglobin may be significant, obtain hemoglobin or hematocrit levels before the start of treatment and at Week 2 and Week 4 of therapy, or more frequently if clinically indicated. Patients should then be followed as clinically appropriate [see Dosage and Administration (2.5, 2.6)].

    Fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarctions have been reported in patients with anemia caused by REBETOL. Patients should be assessed for underlying cardiac disease before initiation of ribavirin therapy. Patients with pre-existing cardiac disease should have electrocardiograms administered before treatment and should be appropriately monitored during therapy. If there is any deterioration of cardiovascular status, therapy should be suspended or discontinued [see Dosage and Administration (2.5, 2.6)]. Because cardiac disease may be worsened by drug-induced anemia, patients with a history of significant or unstable cardiac disease should not use REBETOL.

    5.3 Pancreatitis

    Suspend REBETOL and INTRON A or PegIntron combination therapy in patients with signs and symptoms of pancreatitis and discontinue in patients with confirmed pancreatitis.

    5.4 Pulmonary Disorders

    Pulmonary symptoms, including dyspnea, pulmonary infiltrates, pneumonitis, pulmonary hypertension, and pneumonia, have been reported during REBETOL with alpha interferon combination therapy; occasional cases of fatal pneumonia have occurred. In addition, sarcoidosis or the exacerbation of sarcoidosis has been reported. If there is evidence of pulmonary infiltrates or pulmonary function impairment, closely monitor the patient, and if appropriate, discontinue combination therapy.

    5.5 Ophthalmologic Disorders

    Ribavirin is used in combination therapy with INTRON A or PegIntron. Refer to labeling for PegIntron for additional information.

    5.6 Laboratory Tests

    PegIntron in combination with ribavirin may cause severe decreases in neutrophil and platelet counts, and hematologic, endocrine (e.g., TSH), and hepatic abnormalities.

    Obtain hematology and blood chemistry testing in patients on PegIntron/REBETOL combination therapy before the start of treatment and then periodically thereafter. In the adult clinical trial, complete blood counts (including hemoglobin, neutrophil, and platelet counts) and chemistries (including AST, ALT, bilirubin, and uric acid) were measured during the treatment period at Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, and then at 6-week intervals, or more frequently if abnormalities developed. In pediatric subjects, the same laboratory parameters were evaluated with additional assessment of hemoglobin at treatment Week 6. TSH levels were measured every 12 weeks during the treatment period. HCV-RNA should be measured periodically during treatment [see Dosage and Administration (2)].

    5.7 Dental and Periodontal Disorders

    Dental and periodontal disorders have been reported in patients receiving ribavirin and interferon or peginterferon combination therapy. In addition, dry mouth could have a damaging effect on teeth and mucous membranes of the mouth during long-term treatment with the combination of REBETOL and pegylated or nonpegylated interferon alfa-2b. Advise patients to brush their teeth thoroughly twice daily and have regular dental examinations. If vomiting occurs, advise patients to rinse out their mouth thoroughly afterwards.

    5.8 Concomitant Administration of Azathioprine

    Pancytopenia (marked decreases in red blood cells, neutrophils, and platelets) and bone marrow suppression have been reported in the literature to occur within 3 to 7 weeks after the concomitant administration of pegylated interferon/ribavirin and azathioprine. In this limited number of patients (n=8), myelotoxicity was reversible within 4 to 6 weeks upon withdrawal of both HCV antiviral therapy and concomitant azathioprine and did not recur upon reintroduction of either treatment alone. Discontinue PegIntron, REBETOL, and azathioprine for pancytopenia, and do not reintroduce pegylated interferon/ribavirin with concomitant azathioprine [see Drug Interactions (7.4)].

    5.9 Impact on Growth in Pediatric Patients

    Data on the effects of PegIntron and REBETOL on growth come from an open-label study in subjects 3 through 17 years of age, in which weight and height changes were compared to US normative population data. In general, the weight and height gain of pediatric subjects treated with PegIntron and REBETOL lagged behind that predicted by normative population data for the entire length of treatment. Severely inhibited growth velocity (less than 3rd percentile) was observed in 70% of the subjects while on treatment. Following treatment, rebound growth and weight gain occurred in most subjects. Long-term follow-up data in pediatric subjects, however, indicates that PegIntron in combination therapy with REBETOL may induce a growth inhibition that results in reduced adult height in some patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

    Similarly, an impact on growth was seen in subjects after treatment with REBETOL and INTRON A combination therapy for one year. In a long-term follow-up trial of a limited number of these subjects, combination therapy resulted in reduced final adult height in some subjects [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

    5.10 Not Recommended for Monotherapy and Risks Associated with Combination Therapy

    Based on results of clinical trials, ribavirin monotherapy is not effective for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection; therefore, REBETOL capsules or oral solution must not be used alone. The safety and efficacy of REBETOL capsules and oral solution have only been established when used together with INTRON A or PegIntron (not other interferons) as combination therapy.

    The safety and efficacy of REBETOL with INTRON A or PegIntron combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection, adenovirus, RSV, parainfluenza, or influenza infections have not been established. REBETOL capsules should not be used for these indications.

    There are significant adverse reactions caused by REBETOL/INTRON A or PegIntron combination therapy, including severe depression and suicidal or homicidal ideation, hemolytic anemia, suppression of bone marrow function, autoimmune and infectious disorders, pulmonary dysfunction, pancreatitis, and diabetes. Suicidal ideation or attempts occurred more frequently among pediatric patients, primarily adolescents, compared to adult patients (2.4% versus 1%) during treatment and off-therapy follow-up. Labeling for INTRON A and PegIntron should be reviewed in their entirety for additional safety information prior to initiation of combination treatment.

  • 6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

    The following serious adverse drug reactions are discussed in other sections of the labeling:

    6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

    Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

    Clinical trials with REBETOL in combination with PegIntron or INTRON A have been conducted in over 7,800 subjects from 3 to 76 years of age.

    The primary toxicity of ribavirin is hemolytic anemia. Reductions in hemoglobin levels occurred within the first 1 to 2 weeks of oral therapy. Cardiac and pulmonary reactions associated with anemia occurred in approximately 10% of patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

    Greater than 96% of all subjects in clinical trials experienced one or more adverse reactions. The most commonly reported adverse reactions in adult subjects receiving PegIntron or INTRON A in combination with REBETOL were injection site inflammation/reaction, fatigue/asthenia, headache, rigors, fevers, nausea, myalgia and anxiety/emotional lability/irritability. The most common adverse reactions in pediatric subjects, ages 3 and older, receiving REBETOL in combination with PegIntron or INTRON A were pyrexia, headache, neutropenia, fatigue, anorexia, injection site erythema, and vomiting.

    The Adverse Reactions section references the following clinical trials:

    • REBETOL/PegIntron Combination therapy trials:
      • Clinical Study 1 – evaluated PegIntron monotherapy (not further described in this label; see labeling for PegIntron for information about this trial).
      • Study 2 – evaluated REBETOL 800 mg/day flat dose in combination with 1.5 mcg/kg/week PegIntron or with INTRON A.
      • Study 3 – evaluated PegIntron/weight-based REBETOL in combination with PegIntron/flat dose REBETOL regimen.
      • Study 4 – compared two PegIntron (1.5 mcg/kg/week and 1 mcg/kg/week) doses in combination with REBETOL and a third treatment group receiving Pegasys® (180 mcg/week)/Copegus® (1000-1200 mg/day).
      • Study 5 – evaluated PegIntron (1.5 mcg/kg/week) in combination with weight-based REBETOL in prior treatment failure subjects.
    • PegIntron/REBETOL Combination Therapy in Pediatric Patients
    • REBETOL/INTRON A Combination Therapy trials for adults and pediatrics

    Serious adverse reactions have occurred in approximately 12% of subjects in clinical trials with PegIntron with or without REBETOL [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5)]. The most common serious events occurring in subjects treated with PegIntron and REBETOL were depression and suicidal ideation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)], each occurring at a frequency of less than 1%. Suicidal ideation or attempts occurred more frequently among pediatric patients, primarily adolescents, compared to adult patients (2.4% versus 1%) during treatment and off-therapy follow-up [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)]. The most common fatal reaction occurring in subjects treated with PegIntron and REBETOL was cardiac arrest, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)], all occurring in less than 1% of subjects.

    Adverse Reaction - REBETOL/PegIntron Combination Therapy

    Adult Subjects

    Adverse reactions that occurred in the clinical trial at greater than 5% incidence are provided by treatment group from the REBETOL/PegIntron Combination Therapy (Study 2) in Table 5.

    Table 5: Adverse Reactions Occurring in Greater Than 5% of Adult Subjects
    Adverse ReactionsPercentage of Subjects Reporting Adverse Reactions*Adverse ReactionsPercentage of Subjects Reporting Adverse Reactions*
    PegIntron
    1.5 mcg/kg/ REBETOL    		INTRON A/REBETOLPegIntron
    1.5 mcg/kg/ REBETOL    		INTRON A/REBETOL
    (N=511)(N=505)(N=511)(N=505)
  • * A subject may have reported more than one adverse reaction within a body system/organ class category.
    		•
    Application SiteMusculoskeletal
      Injection Site Inflammation2518  Myalgia5650
      Injection Site Reaction5836  Arthralgia3428
    Autonomic Nervous System  Musculoskeletal Pain2119
      Dry Mouth128Psychiatric
      Increased Sweating117  Insomnia4041
      Flushing43  Depression3134
    Body as a Whole  Anxiety/Emotional Lability/Irritability4747
      Fatigue/Asthenia6663  Concentration Impaired1721
      Headache6258  Agitation85
      Rigors4841  Nervousness66
      Fever4633Reproductive, Female
      Weight Loss2920  Menstrual Disorder76
      Right Upper Quadrant Pain126Resistance Mechanism
      Chest Pain87  Viral Infection 1212
      Malaise46  Fungal Infection 61
    Central/Peripheral Nervous SystemRespiratory System
      Dizziness2117  Dyspnea2624
    Endocrine  Coughing2316
      Hypothyroidism54  Pharyngitis1213
    Gastrointestinal  Rhinitis86
      Nausea4333  Sinusitis65
      Anorexia3227Skin and Appendages
      Diarrhea2217  Alopecia3632
      Vomiting1412  Pruritus2928
      Abdominal Pain1313  Rash2423
      Dyspepsia98  Skin Dry2423
      Constipation55Special Senses, Other
    Hematologic Disorders  Taste Perversion94
      Neutropenia2614Vision Disorders
      Anemia1217  Vision Blurred56
      Leukopenia65  Conjunctivitis45
      Thrombocytopenia52
    Liver and Biliary System
      Hepatomegaly44

    Table 6 summarizes the treatment-related adverse reactions in Study 4 that occurred at a greater than or equal to 10% incidence.

    Table 6: Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions (Greater Than or Equal to 10% Incidence) By Descending Frequency
    Study 4
    Percentage of Subjects Reporting Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions
    Adverse ReactionsPegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg with REBETOLPegIntron 1 mcg/kg with REBETOLPegasys 180 mcg with Copegus
    (N=1019)(N=1016)(N=1035)
    Fatigue676864
    Headache504741
    Nausea403534
    Chills393623
    Insomnia383741
    Anemia353034
    Pyrexia353221
    Injection Site Reactions343523
    Anorexia292521
    Rash292534
    Myalgia272622
    Neutropenia261931
    Irritability252525
    Depression251920
    Alopecia232017
    Dyspnea212022
    Arthralgia212222
    Pruritus181519
    Influenza-like Illness161515
    Dizziness161413
    Diarrhea151614
    Cough151617
    Weight Decreased131010
    Vomiting12109
    Unspecified Pain12139
    Dry Skin111112
    Anxiety111110
    Abdominal Pain101010
    Leukopenia9710

    The incidence of serious adverse reactions was comparable in all trials. In Study 2, the incidence of serious adverse reactions was 17% in the PegIntron/REBETOL groups compared to 14% in the INTRON A/REBETOL group. In Study 3, there was a similar incidence of serious adverse reactions reported for the weight-based REBETOL group (12%) and for the flat-dose REBETOL regimen.

    In many but not all cases, adverse reactions resolved after dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy. Some subjects experienced ongoing or new serious adverse reactions during the 6-month follow-up period. In Study 2, many subjects continued to experience adverse reactions several months after discontinuation of therapy. By the end of the 6-month follow-up period, the incidence of ongoing adverse reactions by body class in the PegIntron 1.5/REBETOL group was 33% (psychiatric), 20% (musculoskeletal), and 10% (for endocrine and for GI). In approximately 10 to 15% of subjects, weight loss, fatigue, and headache had not resolved.

    There have been 28 subject deaths that occurred during treatment or follow-up in Studies 2, 3, and 4. In Study 2, there was 1 suicide in a subject receiving PegIntron/REBETOL combination therapy; and 1 subject death in the INTRON A/REBETOL group (motor vehicle accident). In Study 3, there were 14 deaths, 2 of which were probable suicides and 1 was an unexplained death in a person with a relevant medical history of depression. In Study 4, there were 12 deaths, 6 of which occurred in subjects who received PegIntron/REBETOL combination therapy, 5 in the PegIntron 1.5 mcg/REBETOL arm (N=1019) and 1 in the PegIntron 1 mcg/REBETOL arm (N=1016), and 6 of which occurred in subjects receiving Pegasys/Copegus (N=1035); there were 3 suicides that occurred during the off treatment follow-up period in subjects who received PegIntron (1.5 mcg/kg)/REBETOL combination therapy.

    In Studies 1 and 2, 10 to 14% of subjects receiving PegIntron, alone or in combination with REBETOL, discontinued therapy compared with 6% treated with INTRON A alone and 13% treated with INTRON A in combination with REBETOL. In Study 3, 15% of subjects receiving PegIntron in combination with weight-based REBETOL and 14% of subjects receiving PegIntron with flat-dose REBETOL discontinued therapy due to an adverse reaction. The most common reasons for discontinuation were related to known interferon effects of psychiatric, systemic (e.g., fatigue, headache), or gastrointestinal adverse reactions. In Study 4, 13% of subjects in the PegIntron 1.5 mcg/REBETOL arm, 10% in the PegIntron 1 mcg/REBETOL arm, and 13% in the Pegasys 180 mcg/Copegus arm discontinued due to adverse events.

    In Study 2, dose reductions for REBETOL were similar across all three groups [see Clinical Studies (14.1)], 33 to 35%. The most common reasons for dose modifications were neutropenia (18%), or anemia (9%) (see Laboratory Values). Other common reasons included depression, fatigue, nausea, and thrombocytopenia. In Study 3, dose modifications due to adverse reactions occurred more frequently with weight-based REBETOL dosing compared to flat dosing (29% and 23%, respectively). In Study 4, 16% of subjects had a dose reduction of PegIntron to 1 mcg/kg in combination with REBETOL, with an additional 4% requiring the second dose reduction of PegIntron to 0.5 mcg/kg due to adverse events compared to 15% of subjects in the Pegasys/Copegus arm, who required a dose reduction to 135 mcg/week with Pegasys, with an additional 7% in the Pegasys/Copegus arm requiring a second dose reduction to 90 mcg/week with Pegasys.

    In the PegIntron/REBETOL combination trials the most common adverse reactions were psychiatric, which occurred among 77% of subjects in Study 2 and 68% to 69% of subjects in Study 3. These psychiatric adverse reactions included most commonly depression, irritability, and insomnia, each reported by approximately 30% to 40% of subjects in all treatment groups. Suicidal behavior (ideation, attempts, and suicides) occurred in 2% of all subjects during treatment or during follow-up after treatment cessation [see Warnings and Precautions (5)]. In Study 4, psychiatric adverse reactions occurred in 58% of subjects in the PegIntron 1.5 mcg/REBETOL arm, 55% of subjects in the PegIntron 1 mcg/REBETOL arm, and 57% of subjects in the Pegasys 180 mcg/Copegus arm.

    In Study 2, PegIntron/REBETOL combination therapy induced fatigue or headache in approximately two-thirds of subjects, with fever or rigors in approximately half of the subjects. The severity of some of these systemic symptoms (e.g., fever and headache) tended to decrease as treatment continued.

    Subjects receiving REBETOL/PegIntron as re-treatment after failing a previous interferon combination regimen reported adverse reactions similar to those previously associated with this regimen during clinical trials of treatment-naïve subjects.

    Pediatric Subjects

    In general, the adverse reaction profile in the pediatric population was similar to that observed in adults. In the pediatric trial, the most prevalent adverse reactions were pyrexia (80%), headache (62%), neutropenia (33%), fatigue (30%), anorexia (29%), injection-site erythema (29%) and vomiting (27%). The majority of adverse reactions were mild or moderate in severity. Severe adverse reactions were reported in 7% (8/107) of all subjects and included injection site pain (1%), pain in extremity (1%), headache (1%), neutropenia (1%), and pyrexia (4%). Important adverse reactions that occurred in this subject population were nervousness (7%; 7/107), aggression (3%; 3/107), anger (2%; 2/107), and depression (1%; 1/107). Five subjects received levothyroxine treatment, three with clinical hypothyroidism and two with asymptomatic TSH elevations. Weight and height gain of pediatric subjects treated with PegIntron plus REBETOL lagged behind that predicted by normative population data for the entire length of treatment. Severely inhibited growth velocity (less than 3rd percentile) was observed in 70% of the subjects while on treatment.

    Dose modifications of PegIntron and/or ribavirin were required in 25% of subjects due to treatment-related adverse reactions, most commonly for anemia, neutropenia and weight loss. Two subjects (2%; 2/107) discontinued therapy as the result of an adverse reaction.

    Adverse reactions that occurred with a greater than or equal to 10% incidence in the pediatric trial subjects are provided in Table 7.

    Table 7: Percentage of Pediatric Subjects with Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions (in At Least 10% of All Subjects)
    System Organ Class
      Preferred Term    		All Subjects
    (N=107)
    Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders
      Neutropenia33%
      Anemia11%
      Leukopenia10%
    Gastrointestinal Disorders
      Abdominal Pain21%
      Abdominal Pain Upper12%
      Vomiting27%
      Nausea18%
    General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions
      Pyrexia80%
      Fatigue30%
      Injection-site Erythema29%
      Chills21%
      Asthenia15%
      Irritability14%
    Investigations
      Weight Loss19%
    Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders
      Anorexia29%
      Decreased Appetite22%
    Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
      Arthralgia17%
      Myalgia17%
    Nervous System Disorders
      Headache62%
      Dizziness14%
    Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
      Alopecia17%

    Ninety-four of 107 subjects enrolled in a 5-year follow-up trial. The long-term effects on growth were less in subjects treated for 24 weeks than in those treated for 48 weeks. Twenty-four percent of subjects (11/46) treated for 24 weeks and 40% of subjects (19/48) treated for 48 weeks had a >15 percentile height-for-age decrease from pre-treatment baseline to the end of 5-year follow-up. Eleven percent of subjects (5/46) treated for 24 weeks and 13% of subjects (6/48) treated for 48 weeks had a >30 percentile height-for-age decrease from pre-treatment baseline to the end of the 5-year follow-up. While observed across all age groups, the highest risk for reduced height at the end of long-term follow-up appeared to be initiation of combination therapy during the years of expected peak growth velocity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].

    Laboratory Values

    Adult and Pediatric Subjects

    The adverse reaction profile in Study 3, which compared PegIntron/weight-based REBETOL combination to a PegIntron/flat dose REBETOL regimen, revealed an increased rate of anemia with weight-based dosing (29% vs. 19% for weight-based vs. flat dose regimens, respectively). However, the majority of cases of anemia were mild and responded to dose reductions.

    Changes in selected laboratory values during treatment in combination with REBETOL treatment are described below. Decreases in hemoglobin, leukocytes, neutrophils, and platelets may require dose reduction or permanent discontinuation from therapy [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)]. Changes in selected laboratory values during therapy are described in Table 8. Most of the changes in laboratory values in the PegIntron/REBETOL trial with pediatrics were mild or moderate.

    Table 8: Selected Laboratory Abnormalities During Treatment with REBETOL and PegIntron or REBETOL and INTRON A in Previously Untreated Subjects
    Laboratory Parameters*Percentage of Subjects
    Adults (Study 2)Pediatrics
    PegIntron/ REBETOL
    (N=511)    		INTRON A/ REBETOL
    (N=505)    		PegIntron/REBETOL
    (N=107)*
  • * The table summarizes the worst category observed within the period per subject per laboratory test. Only subjects with at least one treatment value for a given laboratory test are included.
  • † ULN=Upper limit of normal.
    		•
    Hemoglobin (g/dL)
      9.5 to <11.0262730
      8.0 to <9.5332
      6.5-7.90.20.2-
    Leukocytes (× 109/L)
      2.0-2.9464139
      1.5 to <2.02483
      1.0-1.451-
    Neutrophils (× 109/L)
      1.0-1.5333735
      0.75 to <1.0251326
      0.5 to <0.7518713
      <0.5423
    Platelets (× 109/L)
      70-1001551
      50 to <7030.8-
      30-490.20.2-
      25 to <50--1
    Total Bilirubin(mg/dL)(µmole/L)
      1.5-3.01013-
      1.26-2.59 × ULN†--7
      3.1-6.00.60.2-
      2.6-5 × ULN†---
      6.1-12.000.2-
    ALT (U/L)
      2 × Baseline0.60.21
      2.1-5 × Baseline315
      5.1-10 × Baseline003

    Hemoglobin. In Study 2, hemoglobin levels decreased to less than 11 g/dL in about 30% of subjects. In Study 3, 47% of subjects receiving weight-based dosing of REBETOL and 33% on flat-dose REBETOL had decreases in hemoglobin levels to less than 11 g/dL. Reductions in hemoglobin to less than 9 g/dL occurred more frequently in subjects receiving weight-based dosing compared to flat dosing (4% and 2%, respectively). In Study 2, dose modification was required in 9% and 13% of subjects in the PegIntron/REBETOL and INTRON A/REBETOL groups. In Study 4, subjects receiving PegIntron (1.5 mcg/kg)/REBETOL had decreases in hemoglobin levels to between 8.5 to less than 10 g/dL (28%) and to less than 8.5 g/dL (3%), whereas in patients receiving Pegasys 180 mcg/Copegus these decreases occurred in 26% and 4% of subjects, respectively. On average, hemoglobin levels became stable by treatment Weeks 4-6. The typical pattern observed was a decrease in hemoglobin levels by treatment Week 4 followed by stabilization and a plateau, which was maintained to the end of treatment [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)].

    Neutrophils. In Study 2, decreases in neutrophil counts were observed in a majority of adult subjects treated with PegIntron/REBETOL (85%) and INTRON A/REBETOL (60%). Severe, potentially life-threatening neutropenia (less than 0.5 × 109/L) occurred in approximately 4% of subjects treated with PegIntron/REBETOL and 2% of subjects treated with INTRON A/REBETOL. Eighteen percent of subjects receiving PegIntron/REBETOL required modification of interferon dosage. Few subjects (less than 1%) required permanent discontinuation of treatment. Neutrophil counts generally returned to pre-treatment levels 4 weeks after cessation of therapy [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)].

    Platelets. In Study 2, platelet counts decreased to less than 100,000/mm3 in approximately 20% of subjects treated with PegIntron alone or with REBETOL and in 6% of adult subjects treated with INTRON A/REBETOL. Severe decreases in platelet counts (less than 50,000/mm3) occur in less than 4% of adult subjects. In Study 2, 1% or 3% of subjects required dose modification of INTRON A or PegIntron, respectively. Platelet counts generally returned to pretreatment levels 4 weeks after the cessation of therapy [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)].

    Thyroid Function. In Study 2, clinically apparent thyroid disorders occurred among subjects treated with either INTRON A or PegIntron (with or without REBETOL) at a similar incidence (5% for hypothyroidism and 3% for hyperthyroidism). Subjects developed new onset TSH abnormalities while on treatment and during the follow-up period. At the end of the follow-up period, 7% of subjects still had abnormal TSH values.

    Bilirubin and Uric Acid. In Study 2, 10 to 14% of subjects developed hyperbilirubinemia and 33 to 38% developed hyperuricemia in association with hemolysis. Six subjects developed mild to moderate gout.

    Adverse Reactions with REBETOL/INTRON A Combination Therapy

    Adult Subjects

    In clinical trials, 19% and 6% of previously untreated and relapse subjects, respectively, discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions in the combination arms compared to 13% and 3% in the interferon-only arms. Selected treatment-related adverse reactions that occurred in the US trials with incidence 5% or greater are provided by treatment group (see Table 9). In general, the selected treatment-related adverse reactions were reported with lower incidence in the international trials as compared to the US trials, except for asthenia, influenza-like symptoms, nervousness, and pruritus.

    Pediatric Subjects

    In clinical trials of 118 pediatric subjects 3 to 16 years of age, 6% discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions. Dose modifications were required in 30% of subjects, most commonly for anemia and neutropenia. In general, the adverse-reaction profile in the pediatric population was similar to that observed in adults. Injection site disorders, fever, anorexia, vomiting, and emotional lability occurred more frequently in pediatric subjects compared to adult subjects. Conversely, pediatric subjects experienced less fatigue, dyspepsia, arthralgia, insomnia, irritability, impaired concentration, dyspnea, and pruritus compared to adult subjects. Selected treatment-related adverse reactions that occurred with incidence 5% or greater among all pediatric subjects who received the recommended dose of REBETOL/INTRON A combination therapy are provided in Table 9.

    Table 9: Selected Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions: Previously Untreated and Relapse Adult Subjects and Previously Untreated Pediatric Subjects
    Subjects Reporting Adverse Reactions*Percentage of Subjects
    US Previously Untreated StudyUS Relapse StudyPediatric Subjects
    24 weeks of treatment48 weeks of treatment24 weeks of treatment48 weeks of treatment
    INTRON A/ REBETOL
    (N=228)    		INTRON A/ Placebo
    (N=231)    		INTRON A/ REBETOL
    (N=228)    		INTRON A/ Placebo
    (N=225)    		INTRON A/ REBETOL
    (N=77)    		INTRON A/ Placebo
    (N=76)    		INTRON A/ REBETOL
    (N=118)
  • * Subjects reporting one or more adverse reactions. A subject may have reported more than one adverse reaction within a body system/organ class category.
    		•
    Application Site Disorders
      Injection Site Inflammation131012146814
      Injection Site Reaction79895319
    Body as a Whole - General Disorders
      Headache63636667666869
      Fatigue68627072605358
      Rigors40324239433725
      Fever37354140323661
      Influenza-like Symptoms14181820131331
      Asthenia94991045
      Chest Pain5498675
    Central & Peripheral Nervous System Disorders
      Dizziness17152319262120
    Gastrointestinal System Disorders
      Nausea38354633473333
      Anorexia27162519211451
      Dyspepsia146169169<1
      Vomiting111091312842
    Musculoskeletal System Disorders
      Myalgia61576463615832
      Arthralgia30273336292915
      Musculoskeletal Pain20262832222821
    Psychiatric Disorders
      Insomnia39273930262514
      Irritability23193227252010
      Depression32253637231413
      Emotional Lability7611812816
      Concentration Impaired1114141410125
      Nervousness4244543
    Respiratory System Disorders
      Dyspnea199181017125
      Sinusitis971014127<1
    Skin and Appendages Disorders
      Alopecia28273228272623
      Rash20928821517
      Pruritus21919813412
    Special Senses, Other Disorders
      Taste Perversion748465<1

    During a 48-week course of therapy there was a decrease in the rate of linear growth (mean percentile assignment decrease of 7%) and a decrease in the rate of weight gain (mean percentile assignment decrease of 9%). A general reversal of these trends was noted during the 24-week post-treatment period. Long-term data in a limited number of patients, however, suggests that combination therapy may induce a growth inhibition that results in reduced final adult height in some patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].

    Laboratory Values

    Changes in selected hematologic values (hemoglobin, white blood cells, neutrophils, and platelets) during therapy are described below (see Table 10).

    Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin decreases among subjects receiving REBETOL therapy began at Week 1, with stabilization by Week 4. In previously untreated subjects treated for 48 weeks, the mean maximum decrease from baseline was 3.1 g/dL in the US trial and 2.9 g/dL in the international trial. In relapse subjects, the mean maximum decrease from baseline was 2.8 g/dL in the US trial and 2.6 g/dL in the international trial. Hemoglobin values returned to pretreatment levels within 4 to 8 weeks of cessation of therapy in most subjects.

    Bilirubin and Uric Acid. Increases in both bilirubin and uric acid, associated with hemolysis, were noted in clinical trials. Most changes were moderate and reversed within 4 weeks after treatment discontinuation. This observation occurred most frequently in subjects with a previous diagnosis of Gilbert's syndrome. This has not been associated with hepatic dysfunction or clinical morbidity.

    Table 10: Selected Laboratory Abnormalities During Treatment with REBETOL and INTRON A: Previously Untreated and Relapse Adult Subjects and Previously Untreated Pediatric Subjects
    Percentage of Subjects
    US Previously Untreated StudyUS Relapse StudyPediatric Subjects
    24 weeks of treatment48 weeks of treatment24 weeks of treatment48 weeks of treatment
    INTRON A/ REBETOL
    (N=228)    		INTRON A/ Placebo
    (N=231)    		INTRON A/REBETOL
    (N=228)    		INTRON A/ Placebo
    (N=225)    		INTRON A/ REBETOL
    (N=77)    		INTRON A/ Placebo
    (N=76)    		INTRON A/ REBETOL
    (N=118)
    Hemoglobin (g/dL)
      9.5 to 10.924132121324
      8.0 to 9.45040403
      6.5 to 7.90000.4000
      <6.50000000
    Leukocytes (× 109/L)
      2.0 to 2.940203823452635
      1.5 to 1.94192538
      1.0 to 1.40.9020000
      <1.00000000
    Neutrophils (× 109/L)
      1.0 to 1.4930323144423437
      0.75 to 0.9914151411161815
      0.5 to 0.74991478416
      <0.5118115583
    Platelets (× 109/L)
      70 to 9991111146120.8
      50 to 692323052
      30 to 4900.400.4000
      <300.9010.9000
    Total Bilirubin (mg/dL)
      1.5 to 3.0271332132172
      3.1 to 6.00.90.420300
      6.1 to 12.0000.40000
      >12.00000000

    6.2 Postmarketing Experiences

    The following adverse reactions have been identified and reported during post approval use of REBETOL in combination with INTRON A or PegIntron. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

    Blood and Lymphatic System disorders

    Pure red cell aplasia, aplastic anemia

    Ear and Labyrinth disorders

    Hearing disorder, vertigo

    Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal disorders

    Pulmonary hypertension

    Eye disorders

    Serous retinal detachment

    Endocrine disorders

    Diabetes

  • 7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

    7.1 Didanosine

    Exposure to didanosine or its active metabolite (dideoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate) is increased when didanosine is coadministered with ribavirin, which could cause or worsen clinical toxicities; therefore, coadministration of REBETOL capsules or oral solution and didanosine is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4)]. Reports of fatal hepatic failure, as well as peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, and symptomatic hyperlactatemia/lactic acidosis have been reported in clinical trials.

    7.2 Nucleoside Analogues

    Hepatic decompensation (some fatal) has occurred in cirrhotic HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV and interferon alpha and ribavirin. Patients receiving interferon with ribavirin and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) should be closely monitored for treatment-associated toxicities, especially hepatic decompensation and anemia. Discontinuation of NRTIs should be considered as medically appropriate (see labeling for individual NRTI product). Dose reduction or discontinuation of interferon, ribavirin, or both should also be considered if worsening clinical toxicities are observed, including hepatic decompensation (e.g., Child-Pugh greater than 6).

    Ribavirin may antagonize the cell culture antiviral activity of stavudine and zidovudine against HIV. Ribavirin has been shown in cell culture to inhibit phosphorylation of lamivudine, stavudine, and zidovudine, which could lead to decreased antiretroviral activity. However, in a study with another pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin, no pharmacokinetic (e.g., plasma concentrations or intracellular triphosphorylated active metabolite concentrations) or pharmacodynamic (e.g., loss of HIV/HCV virologic suppress) interaction was observed when ribavirin and lamivudine (n=18), stavudine (n=10), or zidovudine (n=6) were coadministered as part of a multidrug regimen in HIV/HCV co-infected subjects. Concomitant use of ribavirin with any of these drugs should be done with caution.

    7.3 Drugs Metabolized by Cytochrome P-450

    Results of in vitro studies using both human and rat liver microsome preparations indicated little or no cytochrome P-450 enzyme-mediated metabolism of ribavirin, with minimal potential for P-450 enzyme-based drug interactions.

    No pharmacokinetic interactions were noted between INTRON A and REBETOL capsules in a multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study.

    7.4 Azathioprine

    The use of ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in patients receiving azathioprine has been reported to induce severe pancytopenia and may increase the risk of azathioprine-related myelotoxicity. Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMDH) is required for one of the metabolic pathways of azathioprine. Ribavirin is known to inhibit IMDH, thereby leading to accumulation of an azathioprine metabolite, 6-methylthioinosine monophosphate (6-MTITP), which is associated with myelotoxicity (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia). Patients receiving azathioprine with ribavirin should have complete blood counts, including platelet counts, monitored weekly for the first month, twice monthly for the second and third months of treatment, then monthly or more frequently if dosage or other therapy changes are necessary [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].

  • 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

    8.1 Pregnancy

    Risk Summary

    REBETOL is contraindicated for use in pregnant women and in men whose female partners are pregnant [see Contraindications (4)]. Based on animal data, ribavirin use in pregnancy may be associated with birth defects. Data from the Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry are insufficient to identify a drug-associated risk of birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes (see Data). Ribavirin is known to accumulate in intracellular components from where it is cleared very slowly. In animal studies, ribavirin exposure was shown to have teratogenic and/or embryocidal effects (see Data).

    All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.

    Data

    Human Data

    Available data from the Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry on 88 live births from pregnancies in women directly exposed and 98 live births from pregnancies in women indirectly exposed (by a male partner) to ribavirin during pregnancy or during the 6 months prior to pregnancy show a higher rate of birth defects (9.09% and 6.12%, respectively) compared to a background birth defect rate of 2.72% in the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) birth defects surveillance system. No pattern of birth defects can be identified from these reports. The miscarriage rate was approximately 21%. The current sample size is insufficient for reaching definitive conclusions based on statistical analysis. Trends suggesting a common etiology or relationship with ribavirin exposure were not observed. Methodologic limitations of the Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry include the use of MACDP as the external comparator group. Limitations of using an external comparator include differences in methodology and populations, as well as confounding due to the underlying disease and comorbidities.

    Animal Data

    Embryotoxicity/teratogenicity studies with ribavirin were conducted in rats (oral doses of 0.3, 1.0 and 10 mg/kg on Gestation Days 6-15) and rabbits (oral dose of 0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg on Gestation Days 6-18). Ribavirin demonstrated significant embryocidal and teratogenic effects at doses well below the recommended human dose in all animal species in which adequate studies have been conducted. Malformations of the skull, palate, eye, jaw, limbs, skeleton, and gastrointestinal tract were noted. The incidence and severity of teratogenic effects increased with escalation of the drug dose. Survival of fetuses and offspring was reduced [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    8.2 Lactation

    Risk Summary

    There are no data on the presence of ribavirin in human milk or the effects on the breastfed infant or milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for REBETOL and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from REBETOL or from the underlying maternal condition.

    8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

    REBETOL may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

    Pregnancy Testing

    REBETOL therapy should not be started until a report of a negative pregnancy test has been obtained immediately prior to planned initiation of treatment. Patients should have periodic pregnancy tests during treatment and during the 6-month period after treatment has been stopped [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    Contraception

    Females of reproductive potential should use effective contraception during treatment and for 6 months post-therapy based on a multiple-dose half-life (t1/2) of ribavirin of 12 days (e.g., 15 half-lives for ribavirin clearance from the body).

    Male patients and their female partners should use effective contraception during treatment with REBETOL and for the 6-month post-therapy period [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    Infertility

    Based on animal data, REBETOL may impair male fertility. In animal studies, these effects were mostly reversible within a few months after drug cessation [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].

    8.4 Pediatric Use

    Safety and effectiveness of REBETOL in combination with PegIntron has not been established in pediatric patients below the age of 3 years. For treatment with REBETOL/INTRON A, evidence of disease progression, such as hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, as well as prognostic factors for response, HCV genotype and viral load should be considered when deciding to treat a pediatric patient. The benefits of treatment should be weighed against the observed safety findings.

    Long-term follow-up data in pediatric subjects indicates that REBETOL in combination with PegIntron or with INTRON A may induce a growth inhibition that results in reduced height in some patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

    Suicidal ideation or attempts occurred more frequently among pediatric patients, primarily adolescents, compared to adult patients (2.4% vs. 1%) during treatment and off-therapy follow-up [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)]. As in adult patients, pediatric patients experienced other psychiatric adverse reactions (e.g., depression, emotional lability, somnolence), anemia, and neutropenia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

    8.5 Geriatric Use

    Clinical trials of REBETOL combination therapy did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine if they respond differently from younger subjects.

    REBETOL is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients often have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection. Renal function should be monitored and dosage adjustments made accordingly. REBETOL should not be used in patients with creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/min [see Contraindications (4)].

    In general, REBETOL capsules should be administered to elderly patients cautiously, starting at the lower end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic and cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. In clinical trials, elderly subjects had a higher frequency of anemia (67%) than younger patients (28%) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

    8.6 Organ Transplant Recipients

    The safety and efficacy of INTRON A and PegIntron alone or in combination with REBETOL for the treatment of hepatitis C in liver or other organ transplant recipients have not been established. In a small (n=16) single-center, uncontrolled case experience, renal failure in renal allograft recipients receiving interferon alpha and ribavirin combination therapy was more frequent than expected from the center's previous experience with renal allograft recipients not receiving combination therapy. The relationship of the renal failure to renal allograft rejection is not clear.

    8.7 HIV or HBV Co-infection

    The safety and efficacy of PegIntron/REBETOL and INTRON A/REBETOL for the treatment of patients with HCV co-infected with HIV or HBV have not been established.

  • 10 OVERDOSAGE

    There is limited experience with overdosage. Acute ingestion of up to 20 g of REBETOL capsules, INTRON A ingestion of up to 120 million units, and subcutaneous doses of INTRON A up to 10 times the recommended doses have been reported. Primary effects that have been observed are increased incidence and severity of the adverse reactions related to the therapeutic use of INTRON A and REBETOL. However, hepatic enzyme abnormalities, renal failure, hemorrhage, and myocardial infarction have been reported with administration of single subcutaneous doses of INTRON A that exceed dosing recommendations.

    There is no specific antidote for INTRON A or REBETOL overdose, and hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are not effective for treatment of overdose of these agents.

  • 11 DESCRIPTION

    REBETOL (ribavirin), is a synthetic nucleoside analogue (purine analogue). The chemical name of ribavirin is 1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide and has the following structural formula (see Figure 1).

    Figure 1

    Figure 1: Structural Formula

    Ribavirin is a white, crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in water and slightly soluble in anhydrous alcohol. The empirical formula is C8H12N4O5 and the molecular weight is 244.21.

    REBETOL capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.

    REBETOL oral solution is a clear, colorless to pale or light-yellow bubble gum-flavored liquid. Each milliliter of the solution contains 40 mg of ribavirin and the inactive ingredients sucrose, glycerin, sorbitol, propylene glycol, sodium citrate, citric acid, sodium benzoate, natural and artificial flavor for bubble gum #15864, and water.

  • 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

    12.1 Mechanism of Action

    Ribavirin is an anti-HCV agent [see Microbiology (12.4)].

    12.3 Pharmacokinetics

    Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic properties in adults are summarized in Table 11. Ribavirin was rapidly and extensively absorbed following oral administration. However, due to first-pass metabolism, the absolute bioavailability averaged 64% (44%). There was a linear relationship between dose and AUCtf (AUC from time zero to last measurable concentration) following single doses of 200 to 1200 mg ribavirin. The relationship between dose and Cmax was curvilinear, tending to asymptote above single doses of 400 to 600 mg.

    Upon multiple oral dosing, based on AUC12hr, a 6-fold accumulation of ribavirin was observed in plasma. Following oral dosing with 600 mg twice daily, steady-state was reached by approximately 4 weeks, with mean steady-state plasma concentrations of 2200 ng/mL (37%). Upon discontinuation of dosing, the mean half-life was 298 (30%) hours, which probably reflects slow elimination from nonplasma compartments.

    Effect of Antacid on Absorption of Ribavirin: Coadministration of REBETOL capsules with an antacid containing magnesium, aluminum, and simethicone resulted in a 14% decrease in mean ribavirin AUCtf. The clinical relevance of results from this single-dose study is unknown.

    Table 11: Mean (% CV) Pharmacokinetic Parameters for REBETOL When Administered Individually to Adults
    ParameterREBETOL
    Single-Dose
    600 mg
    Oral Solution
    (N=14)    		Single-Dose
    600 mg
    Capsules
    (N=12)    		Multiple-Dose
    600 mg Capsules twice daily
    (N=12)
  • * N=11.
  • † Data obtained from a single-dose pharmacokinetic study using 14C labeled ribavirin; N=5.
  • ‡ N=6.
    		•
    Tmax (hr)1.00 (34)1.7 (46)*3 (60)
    Cmax (ng/mL)872 (42)782 (37)3680 (85)
    AUCtf (ng∙hr/mL)14,098 (38)13,400 (48)228,000 (25)
    T1/2 (hr)43.6 (47)298 (30)
    Apparent Volume of Distribution (L)2825 (9)†
    Apparent Clearance (L/hr)38.2 (40)
    Absolute Bioavailability64% (44)‡

    Tissue Distribution: Ribavirin transport into nonplasma compartments has been most extensively studied in red blood cells and has been identified to be primarily via an es-type equilibrative nucleoside transporter. This type of transporter is present on virtually all cell types and may account for the extensive volume of distribution. Ribavirin does not bind to plasma proteins.

    Metabolism and Excretion: Ribavirin has two pathways of metabolism: (i) a reversible phosphorylation pathway in nucleated cells; and (ii) a degradative pathway involving deribosylation and amide hydrolysis to yield a triazole carboxylic acid metabolite. Ribavirin and its triazole carboxamide and triazole carboxylic acid metabolites are excreted renally. After oral administration of 600 mg of 14C-ribavirin, approximately 61% and 12% of the radioactivity was eliminated in the urine and feces, respectively, in 336 hours. Unchanged ribavirin accounted for 17% of the administered dose.

    Special Populations:

    Renal Dysfunction

    The pharmacokinetics of ribavirin were assessed after administration of a single oral dose (400 mg) of ribavirin to non-HCV-infected subjects with varying degrees of renal dysfunction. The mean AUCtf value was threefold greater in subjects with creatinine clearance values between 10 to 30 mL/min when compared to control subjects (creatinine clearance greater than 90 mL/min). In subjects with creatinine clearance values between 30 to 60 mL/min, AUCtf was twofold greater when compared to control subjects. The increased AUCtf appears to be due to reduction of renal and nonrenal clearance in these subjects. Phase 3 efficacy trials included subjects with creatinine clearance values greater than 50 mL/min. The multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ribavirin cannot be accurately predicted in patients with renal dysfunction. Ribavirin is not effectively removed by hemodialysis. Patients with creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/min should not be treated with REBETOL [see Contraindications (4)].

    Hepatic Dysfunction

    The effect of hepatic dysfunction was assessed after a single oral dose of ribavirin (600 mg). The mean AUCtf values were not significantly different in subjects with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pugh Classification A, B, or C) when compared to control subjects. However, the mean Cmax values increased with severity of hepatic dysfunction and was twofold greater in subjects with severe hepatic dysfunction when compared to control subjects.

    Elderly Patients

    Pharmacokinetic evaluations in elderly subjects have not been performed.

    Gender

    There were no clinically significant pharmacokinetic differences noted in a single-dose trial of 18 male and 18 female subjects.

    Pediatric Patients

    Multiple-dose pharmacokinetic properties for REBETOL capsules and INTRON A in pediatric subjects with chronic hepatitis C between 5 and 16 years of age are summarized in Table 12. The pharmacokinetics of REBETOL and INTRON A (dose-normalized) are similar in adults and pediatric subjects.

    Complete pharmacokinetic characteristics of REBETOL oral solution have not been determined in pediatric subjects. Ribavirin Cmin values were similar following administration of REBETOL oral solution or REBETOL capsules during 48 weeks of therapy in pediatric subjects (3 to 16 years of age).

    Table 12: Mean (% CV) Multiple-dose Pharmacokinetic Parameters for INTRON A and REBETOL Capsules When Administered to Pediatric Subjects with Chronic Hepatitis C
    ParameterREBETOL
    15 mg/kg/day as 2 divided doses
    (N=17)    		INTRON A
    3 MIU/m2 three times weekly
    (N=54)
    Note: numbers in parenthesis indicate % coefficient of variation.
  • * AUC12 (ng∙hr/mL) for REBETOL; AUC0-24 (IU∙hr/mL) for INTRON A.
  • † ND=not done.
    		•
    Tmax (hr)1.9 (83)5.9 (36)
    Cmax (ng/mL)3275 (25)51 (48)
    AUC*29,774 (26)622 (48)
    Apparent Clearance L/hr/kg0.27 (27)ND†

    A clinical trial in pediatric subjects with chronic hepatitis C between 3 and 17 years of age was conducted in which pharmacokinetics for PegIntron and REBETOL (capsules and oral solution) were evaluated. In pediatric subjects receiving body surface area-adjusted dosing of PegIntron at 60 mcg/m2/week, the log transformed ratio estimate of exposure during the dosing interval was predicted to be 58% [90% CI: 141%, 177%] higher than observed in adults receiving 1.5 mcg/kg/week. The pharmacokinetics of REBETOL (dose-normalized) in this trial were similar to those reported in a prior study of REBETOL in combination with INTRON A in pediatric subjects and in adults.

    Effect of Food on Absorption of Ribavirin

    Both AUCtf and Cmax increased by 70% when REBETOL capsules were administered with a high-fat meal (841 kcal, 53.8 g fat, 31.6 g protein, and 57.4 g carbohydrate) in a single-dose pharmacokinetic study [see Dosage and Administration (2)].

    12.4 Microbiology

    Mechanism of Action

    The mechanism by which ribavirin contributes to its antiviral efficacy in the clinic is not fully understood. Ribavirin has direct antiviral activity in cell culture against many RNA viruses. Ribavirin increases the mutation frequency in the genomes of several RNA viruses and ribavirin triphosphate inhibits HCV polymerase in a biochemical reaction.

    Antiviral Activity in Cell Culture

    The antiviral activity of ribavirin in the HCV replicon is not well understood and has not been defined because of the cellular toxicity of ribavirin. Direct antiviral activity has been observed in cell culture of other RNA viruses. The anti-HCV activity of interferon was demonstrated in cell culture using self-replicating HCV RNA (HCV replicon cells) or HCV infection.

    Resistance

    HCV genotypes show wide variability in their response to pegylated recombinant human interferon/ribavirin therapy. Genetic changes associated with the variable response have not been identified.

    Cross-resistance

    There is no reported cross-resistance between pegylated/non-pegylated interferons and ribavirin.

  • 13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

    13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

    Carcinogenesis

    Ribavirin did not cause an increase in any tumor type when administered for 6 months in the transgenic p53 deficient mouse model at doses up to 300 mg/kg (estimated human equivalent of 25 mg/kg based on body surface area adjustment for a 60 kg adult; approximately 1.9 times the maximum recommended human daily dose). Ribavirin was noncarcinogenic when administered for 2 years to rats at doses up to 40 mg/kg (estimated human equivalent of 5.71 mg/kg based on body surface area adjustment for a 60 kg adult).

    Mutagenesis

    Ribavirin demonstrated increased incidences of mutation and cell transformation in multiple genotoxicity assays. Ribavirin was active in the Balb/3T3 In Vitro Cell Transformation Assay. Mutagenic activity was observed in the mouse lymphoma assay, and at doses of 20 to 200 mg/kg (estimated human equivalent of 1.67 to 16.7 mg/kg, based on body surface area adjustment for a 60 kg adult; 0.1 to 1 times the maximum recommended human 24-hour dose of ribavirin) in a mouse micronucleus assay. A dominant lethal assay in rats was negative, indicating that if mutations occurred in rats they were not transmitted through male gametes.

    Impairment of Fertility

    In studies in mice to evaluate the time course and reversibility of ribavirin-induced testicular degeneration at doses of 15 to 150 mg/kg/day (estimated human equivalent of 1.25 to 12.5 mg/kg/day, based on body surface area adjustment for a 60-kg adult; 0.1-0.8 times the maximum human 24-hour dose of ribavirin) administered for 3 or 6 months, abnormalities in sperm occurred. Upon cessation of treatment, recovery from ribavirin-induced testicular toxicity was mostly apparent within 1 or 2 spermatogenesis cycles.

    13.2 Animal Toxicology and Pharmacology

    Long-term studies in the mouse and rat [18 to 24 months; doses of 20 to 75 and 10 to 40 mg/kg/day, respectively (estimated human equivalent doses of 1.67 to 6.25 and 1.43 to 5.71 mg/kg/day, respectively, based on body surface area adjustment for a 60 kg adult; approximately 0.1 to 0.4 times the maximum human 24-hour dose of ribavirin)] have demonstrated a relationship between chronic ribavirin exposure and increased incidences of vascular lesions (microscopic hemorrhages) in mice. In rats, retinal degeneration occurred in controls, but the incidence was increased in ribavirin-treated rats.

    In a study in which rat pups were dosed postnatally with ribavirin at doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day, drug-related deaths occurred at 50 mg/kg (at rat pup plasma concentrations below human plasma concentrations at the human therapeutic dose) between study Days 13 and 48. Rat pups dosed from postnatal Days 7 through 63 demonstrated a minor, dose-related decrease in overall growth at all doses, which was subsequently manifested as slight decreases in body weight, crown-rump length, and bone length. These effects showed evidence of reversibility, and no histopathological effects on bone were observed. No ribavirin effects were observed regarding neurobehavioral or reproductive development.

  • 14 CLINICAL STUDIES

    Clinical Study 1 evaluated PegIntron monotherapy. See PegIntron labeling for information about this trial.

    14.1 REBETOL/PegIntron Combination Therapy

    Adult Subjects

    Study 2

    A randomized trial compared treatment with two PegIntron/REBETOL regimens [PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg subcutaneously once weekly/REBETOL 800 mg orally daily (in divided doses); PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg subcutaneously once weekly for 4 weeks then 0.5 mcg/kg subcutaneously once weekly for 44 weeks/REBETOL 1000 or 1200 mg orally daily (in divided doses)] with INTRON A [3 MIU subcutaneously three times weekly/REBETOL 1000 or 1200 mg orally daily (in divided doses)] in 1,530 adults with chronic hepatitis C. Interferon-naïve subjects were treated for 48 weeks and followed for 24 weeks post-treatment. Eligible subjects had compensated liver disease, detectable HCV-RNA, elevated ALT, and liver histopathology consistent with chronic hepatitis.

    Response to treatment was defined as undetectable HCV-RNA at 24 weeks post-treatment (see Table 13). The response rate to the PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg and ribavirin 800 mg dose was higher than the response rate to INTRON A/REBETOL (see Table 13). The response rate to PegIntron 1.5→0.5 mcg/kg/REBETOL was essentially the same as the response to INTRON A/REBETOL (data not shown).

    Table 13: Rates of Response to Combination Treatment – Study 2
    PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg once weekly
    REBETOL 800 mg once daily    		INTRON A 3 MIU three times weekly
    REBETOL 1000/1200 mg once daily
  • * Serum HCV-RNA was measured with a research-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay by a central laboratory.
  • † Difference in overall treatment response (PegIntron/REBETOL vs. INTRON A/REBETOL) is 6% with 95% confidence interval of (0.18, 11.63) adjusted for viral genotype and presence of cirrhosis at baseline. Response to treatment was defined as undetectable HCV-RNA at 24 weeks post-treatment.
    		•
    Overall response*,†52% (264/511)46% (231/505)
    Genotype 141% (141/348)33% (112/343)
    Genotype 2-675% (123/163)73% (119/162)

    Subjects with viral genotype 1, regardless of viral load, had a lower response rate to PegIntron (1.5 mcg/kg)/REBETOL (800 mg) compared to subjects with other viral genotypes. Subjects with both poor prognostic factors (genotype 1 and high viral load) had a response rate of 30% (78/256) compared to a response rate of 29% (71/247) with INTRON A/REBETOL combination therapy.

    Subjects with lower body weight tended to have higher adverse-reaction rates [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] and higher response rates than subjects with higher body weights. Differences in response rates between treatment arms did not substantially vary with body weight.

    Treatment response rates with PegIntron/REBETOL combination therapy were 49% in men and 56% in women. Response rates were lower in African American and Hispanic subjects and higher in Asians compared to Caucasians. Although African Americans had a higher proportion of poor prognostic factors compared to Caucasians, the number of non-Caucasians studied (11% of the total) was insufficient to allow meaningful conclusions about differences in response rates after adjusting for prognostic factors in this trial.

    Liver biopsies were obtained before and after treatment in 68% of subjects. Compared to baseline, approximately two-thirds of subjects in all treatment groups were observed to have a modest reduction in inflammation.

    Study 3

    In a large United States community-based trial, 4,913 subjects with chronic hepatitis C were randomized to receive PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg subcutaneously once weekly in combination with a REBETOL dose of 800 to 1400 mg (weight-based dosing [WBD]) or 800 mg (flat) orally daily (in divided doses) for 24 or 48 weeks based on genotype. Response to treatment was defined as undetectable HCV-RNA (based on an assay with a lower limit of detection of 125 IU/mL) at 24 weeks post-treatment.

    Treatment with PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg and REBETOL 800 to 1400 mg resulted in a higher sustained virologic response compared to PegIntron in combination with a flat 800 mg daily dose of REBETOL. Subjects weighing greater than 105 kg obtained the greatest benefit with WBD, although a modest benefit was also observed in subjects weighing greater than 85 to 105 kg (see Table 14). The benefit of WBD in subjects weighing greater than 85 kg was observed with HCV genotypes 1-3. Insufficient data were available to reach conclusions regarding other genotypes. Use of WBD resulted in an increased incidence of anemia [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

    Table 14: SVR Rate by Treatment and Baseline Weight - Study 3
    Treatment GroupSubject Baseline Weight
    <65 kg
    (<143 lb)    		65-85 kg
    (143-188 lb)    		>85-105 kg
    (>188-231 lb)    		>105 kg
    (>231 lb)
  • * P=0.01, primary efficacy comparison (based on data from subjects weighing 65 kg or higher at baseline and utilizing a logistic regression analysis that includes treatment [WBD or Flat], genotype and presence/absence of advanced fibrosis, in the model).
    		•
    WBD*50% (173/348)45% (449/994)42% (351/835)47% (138/292)
    Flat51% (173/342)44% (443/1011)39% (318/819)33% (91/272)

    A total of 1,552 subjects weighing greater than 65 kg in Study 3 had genotype 2 or 3 and were randomized to 24 or 48 weeks of therapy. No additional benefit was observed with the longer treatment duration.

    Study 4

    A large randomized trial compared the safety and efficacy of treatment for 48 weeks with two PegIntron/REBETOL regimens [PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg and 1 mcg/kg subcutaneously once weekly both in combination with REBETOL 800 to 1400 mg PO daily (in two divided doses)] and Pegasys 180 mcg subcutaneously once weekly in combination with Copegus 1000 to 1200 mg PO daily (in two divided doses) in 3,070 treatment-naïve adults with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1. In this trial, lack of early virologic response (undetectable HCV-RNA or greater than or equal to 2 log10 reduction from baseline) by treatment Week 12 was the criterion for discontinuation of treatment. SVR was defined as undetectable HCV-RNA (Roche COBAS TaqMan assay, a lower limit of quantitation of 27 IU/mL) at 24 weeks post-treatment (see Table 15).

    Table 15: SVR Rate by Treatment – Study 4
    % (number) of Subjects
    PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg/REBETOLPegIntron 1 mcg/kg/REBETOLPegasys 180 mcg/Copegus
    40 (406/1019)38 (386/1016)41 (423/1035)

    Overall SVR rates were similar among the three treatment groups. Regardless of treatment group, SVR rates were lower in subjects with poor prognostic factors. Subjects with poor prognostic factors randomized to PegIntron (1.5 mcg/kg)/REBETOL or Pegasys/Copegus, however, achieved higher SVR rates compared to similar subjects randomized to PegIntron 1 mcg/kg/REBETOL. For the PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg and REBETOL dose, SVR rates for subjects with and without the following prognostic factors were as follows: cirrhosis (10% vs. 42%), normal ALT levels (32% vs. 42%), baseline viral load greater than 600,000 IU/mL (35% vs. 61%), 40 years of age and older (38% vs. 50%), and African American race (23% vs. 44%). In subjects with undetectable HCV-RNA at treatment Week 12 who received PegIntron (1.5 mcg/kg)/REBETOL, the SVR rate was 81% (328/407).

    Study 5 - REBETOL/PegIntron Combination Therapy in Prior Treatment Failures

    In a noncomparative trial, 2,293 subjects with moderate to severe fibrosis who failed previous treatment with combination alpha interferon/ribavirin were re-treated with PegIntron, 1.5 mcg/kg subcutaneously, once weekly, in combination with weight adjusted ribavirin. Eligible subjects included prior nonresponders (subjects who were HCV-RNA positive at the end of a minimum 12 weeks of treatment) and prior relapsers (subjects who were HCV-RNA negative at the end of a minimum 12 weeks of treatment and subsequently relapsed after post-treatment follow-up). Subjects who were negative at Week 12 were treated for 48 weeks and followed for 24 weeks post-treatment. Response to treatment was defined as undetectable HCV-RNA at 24 weeks post-treatment (measured using a research-based test, limit of detection 125 IU/mL). The overall response rate was 22% (497/2293) (99% CI: 19.5, 23.9). Subjects with the following characteristics were less likely to benefit from re-treatment: previous nonresponse, previous pegylated interferon treatment, significant bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis, and genotype 1 infection.

    The re-treatment sustained virologic response rates by baseline characteristics are summarized in Table 16.

    Table 16: SVR Rates by Baseline Characteristics of Prior Treatment Failures - Study 5
    HCV Genotype/ Metavir Fibrosis ScoreOverall SVR by Previous Response and Treatment
    NonresponderRelapser
    interferon alfa/ribavirin
    % (number of subjects)    		peginterferon (2a and 2b combined)/ribavirin
    % (number of subjects)    		interferon alfa/ribavirin
    % (number of subjects)    		peginterferon (2a and 2b combined)/ribavirin
    % (number of subjects)
    Overall18 (158/903)6 (30/476)43 (130/300)35 (113/344)
      HCV 113 (98/761)4 (19/431)32 (67/208)23 (56/243)
    F218 (36/202)6 (7/117)42 (33/79)32 (23/72)
    F316 (38/233)4 (4/112)28 (16/58)21 (14/67)
    F47 (24/325)4 (8/202)26 (18/70)18 (19/104)
      HCV 2/349 (53/109)36 (10/28)67 (54/81)57 (52/92)
    F268 (23/34)56 (5/9)76 (19/25)61 (11/18)
    F339 (11/28)38 (3/8)67 (18/27)62 (18/29)
    F440 (19/47)18 (2/11)59 (17/29)51 (23/45)
      HCV 417 (5/29)7 (1/15)88 (7/8)50 (4/8)

    Achievement of an undetectable HCV-RNA at treatment Week 12 was a strong predictor of SVR. In this trial, 1,470 (64%) subjects did not achieve an undetectable HCV-RNA at treatment Week 12, and were offered enrollment into long-term treatment trials, due to an inadequate treatment response. Of the 823 (36%) subjects who were HCV-RNA undetectable at treatment Week 12, those infected with genotype 1 had an SVR of 48% (245/507), with a range of responses by fibrosis scores (F4-F2) of 39-55%. Subjects infected with genotype 2/3 who were HCV-RNA undetectable at treatment Week 12 had an overall SVR of 70% (196/281), with a range of responses by fibrosis scores (F4-F2) of 60-83%. For all genotypes, higher fibrosis scores were associated with a decreased likelihood of achieving SVR.

    Pediatric Subjects

    Previously untreated pediatric subjects 3 to 17 years of age with compensated chronic hepatitis C and detectable HCV-RNA were treated with REBETOL 15 mg/kg per day and PegIntron 60 mcg/m2 once weekly for 24 or 48 weeks based on HCV genotype and baseline viral load. All subjects were to be followed for 24 weeks post-treatment. A total of 107 subjects received treatment, of which 52% were female, 89% were Caucasian, and 67% were infected with HCV Genotype 1. Subjects infected with Genotypes 1, 4 or Genotype 3 with HCV-RNA greater than or equal to 600,000 IU/mL received 48 weeks of therapy while those infected with Genotype 2 or Genotype 3 with HCV-RNA less than 600,000 IU/mL received 24 weeks of therapy. The trial results are summarized in Table 17.

    Table 17: Sustained Virologic Response Rates by Genotype and Assigned Treatment Duration – Pediatric Trial
    GenotypeAll Subjects
    N=107
    24 Weeks48 Weeks
    Virologic Response
    N*,† (%)    		Virologic Response
    N*,† (%)
  • * Response to treatment was defined as undetectable HCV-RNA at 24 weeks post-treatment.
  • † N=number of responders/number of subjects with given genotype and assigned treatment duration.
  • ‡ Subjects with genotype 3 low viral load (less than 600,000 IU/mL) were to receive 24 weeks of treatment while those with genotype 3 and high viral load were to receive 48 weeks of treatment.
    		•
    All26/27 (96.3)44/80 (55.0)
    1-38/72 (52.8)
    214/15 (93.3)-
    3‡12/12 (100)2/3 (66.7)
    4-4/5 (80.0)

    14.2 REBETOL/INTRON A Combination Therapy

    Adult Subjects

    Previously Untreated Subjects

    Adults with compensated chronic hepatitis C and detectable HCV-RNA (assessed by a central laboratory using a research-based RT-PCR assay) who were previously untreated with alpha interferon therapy were enrolled into two multicenter, double-blind trials (US and international) and randomized to receive REBETOL capsules 1200 mg/day (1000 mg/day for subjects weighing less than or equal to 75 kg) and INTRON A 3 MIU three times weekly or INTRON A and placebo for 24 or 48 weeks followed by 24 weeks of off-therapy follow-up. The international trial did not contain a 24-week INTRON A and placebo treatment arm. The US trial enrolled 912 subjects who, at baseline, were 67% male, 89% Caucasian with a mean Knodell HAI score (I+II+III) of 7.5, and 72% genotype 1. The international trial, conducted in Europe, Israel, Canada, and Australia, enrolled 799 subjects (65% male, 95% Caucasian, mean Knodell score 6.8, and 58% genotype 1).

    Trial results are summarized in Table 18.

    Table 18: Virologic and Histologic Responses: Previously Untreated Subjects*
    US TrialInternational Trial
    24 weeks of treatment48 weeks of treatment24 weeks of treatment48 weeks of treatment
    INTRON A/ REBETOL
    (N=228)    		INTRON A/ Placebo
    (N=231)    		INTRON A/ REBETOL
    (N=228)    		INTRON A/ Placebo
    (N=225)    		INTRON A/ REBETOL
    (N=265)    		INTRON A/ REBETOL
    (N=268)    		INTRON A/ Placebo
    (N=266)
  • * Number (%) of subjects.
  • † Defined as HCV-RNA below limit of detection using a research-based RT-PCR assay at end of treatment and during follow-up period.
  • ‡ Defined as post-treatment (end of follow-up) minus pretreatment liver biopsy Knodell HAI score (I+II+III) improvement of greater than or equal to 2 points.
    		•
    Virologic Response
      Responder†65 (29)13 (6)85 (37)27 (12)86 (32)113 (42)46 (17)
      Nonresponder147 (64)194 (84)110 (48)168 (75)158 (60)120 (45)196 (74)
      Missing Data16 (7)24 (10)33 (14)30 (13)21 (8)35 (13)24 (9)
    Histologic Response
      Improvement‡102 (45)77 (33)96 (42)65 (29)103 (39)102 (38)69 (26)
      No improvement77 (34)99 (43)61 (27)93 (41)85 (32)58 (22)111 (41)
      Missing Data49 (21)55 (24)71 (31)67 (30)77 (29)108 (40)86 (32)

    Of subjects who had not achieved HCV-RNA below the limit of detection of the research-based assay by Week 24 of REBETOL/INTRON A treatment, less than 5% responded to an additional 24 weeks of combination treatment.

    Among subjects with HCV Genotype 1 treated with REBETOL/INTRON A therapy who achieved HCV-RNA below the detection limit of the research-based assay by 24 weeks, those randomized to 48 weeks of treatment had higher virologic responses compared to those in the 24-week treatment group. There was no observed increase in response rates for subjects with HCV non-genotype 1 randomized to REBETOL/INTRON A therapy for 48 weeks compared to 24 weeks.

    Relapse Subjects

    Subjects with compensated chronic hepatitis C and detectable HCV-RNA (assessed by a central laboratory using a research-based RT-PCR assay) who had relapsed following one or two courses of interferon therapy (defined as abnormal serum ALT levels) were enrolled into two multicenter, double-blind trials (US and international) and randomized to receive REBETOL 1200 mg/day (1000 mg/day for subjects weighing ≤75 kg) and INTRON A 3 MIU three times weekly or INTRON A and placebo for 24 weeks followed by 24 weeks of off-therapy follow-up. The US trial enrolled 153 subjects who, at baseline, were 67% male, 92% Caucasian with a mean Knodell HAI score (I+II+III) of 6.8, and 58% genotype 1. The international trial, conducted in Europe, Israel, Canada, and Australia, enrolled 192 subjects (64% male, 95% Caucasian, mean Knodell score 6.6, and 56% genotype 1). Trial results are summarized in Table 19.

    Table 19: Virologic and Histologic Responses: Relapse Subjects*
    US TrialInternational Trial
    INTRON A/ REBETOL
    (N=77)    		INTRON A/ Placebo
    (N=76)    		INTRON A/ REBETOL
    (N=96)    		INTRON A/ Placebo
    (N=96)
  • * Number (%) of subjects.
  • † Defined as HCV-RNA below limit of detection using a research-based RT-PCR assay at end of treatment and during follow-up period.
  • ‡ Defined as post-treatment (end of follow-up) minus pretreatment liver biopsy Knodell HAI score (I+II+III) improvement of greater than or equal to 2 points.
    		•
    Virologic Response
      Responder†33 (43)3 (4)46 (48)5 (5)
      Nonresponder36 (47)66 (87)45 (47)91 (95)
      Missing Data8 (10)7 (9)5 (5)0 (0)
    Histologic Response
      Improvement‡38 (49)27 (36)49 (51)30 (31)
      No improvement23 (30)37 (49)29 (30)44 (46)
      Missing Data16 (21)12 (16)18 (19)22 (23)

    Virologic and histologic responses were similar among male and female subjects in both the previously untreated and relapse trials.

    Pediatric Subjects

    Pediatric subjects 3 to 16 years of age with compensated chronic hepatitis C and detectable HCV-RNA (assessed by a central laboratory using a research-based RT-PCR assay) were treated with REBETOL 15 mg/kg per day and INTRON A 3 MIU/m2 three times weekly for 48 weeks followed by 24 weeks of off-therapy follow-up. A total of 118 subjects received treatment, of which 57% were male, 80% Caucasian, and 78% genotype 1. Subjects less than 5 years of age received REBETOL oral solution and those 5 years of age or older received either REBETOL oral solution or capsules.

    Trial results are summarized in Table 20.

    Table 20: Virologic Response: Previously Untreated Pediatric Subjects*
    INTRON A 3 MIU/m2 three times weekly/ REBETOL 15 mg/kg/day
  • * Number (%) of subjects.
  • † Defined as HCV-RNA below limit of detection using a research-based RT-PCR assay at end of treatment and during follow-up period.
    		•
    Overall Response† (N=118)54 (46)
    Genotype 1 (N=92)33 (36)
    Genotype non-1 (N=26)21 (81)

    Subjects with viral genotype 1, regardless of viral load, had a lower response rate to INTRON A/REBETOL combination therapy compared to subjects with genotype non-1, 36% vs. 81%. Subjects with both poor prognostic factors (genotype 1 and high viral load) had a response rate of 26% (13/50).

  • 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

    REBETOL 200 mg Capsules are white, opaque capsules with REBETOL, 200 mg, and the Schering Corporation logo imprinted on the capsule shell; the capsules are packaged in a bottle containing 56 capsules (NDC: 0085-1351-05), 70 capsules (NDC: 0085-1385-07), and 84 capsules (NDC: 0085-1194-03). The bottle of REBETOL Capsules should be stored at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].

    REBETOL Oral Solution 40 mg per mL is a clear, colorless to pale or light-yellow bubble gum-flavored liquid and it is packaged in 4-oz amber glass bottles (100 mL/bottle) with child-resistant closures (NDC: 0085-1318-01). REBETOL Oral Solution should be stored between 2-8°C (36-46°F) or at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].

  • 17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

    Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).

    Anemia

    The most common adverse experience occurring with REBETOL capsules is anemia, which may be severe [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Adverse Reactions (6)]. Advise patients that laboratory evaluations are required prior to starting therapy and periodically thereafter [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)]. Advise patients to be well hydrated, especially during the initial stages of treatment.

    Embryo-Fetal Toxicity

    Inform females of reproductive potential and pregnant women that REBETOL capsules and oral solution may cause birth defects, miscarriage, and stillbirth. Advise females of reproductive potential that they must have a pregnancy test prior to initiating treatment and periodically during therapy. Advise females of reproductive potential and male patients with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with REBETOL and for 6 months post therapy. Advise patients to notify the physician immediately in the event of a pregnancy [see Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.1), and Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)].

    Missed Dose

    Inform patients that in the event a dose is missed, the missed dose should be taken as soon as possible during the same day. Patients should not double the next dose. Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider if they have questions.

    Dental and Periodontal Disorders

    Advise patients to brush their teeth thoroughly twice daily and have regular dental examinations. If vomiting occurs, advise patients to rinse out their mouth thoroughly afterwards [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].

  • SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION

    REBETOL Oral Solution manufactured for:
    Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of
    MERCK & CO., INC.
    Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, USA

    Manufactured by:
    Famar Montréal Inc.
    Pointe-Claire, Quebec H9R 1B4, Canada

    REBETOL Capsules manufactured by:
    Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of
    MERCK & CO., INC.
    Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, USA

    For patent information: www.merck.com/product/patent/home.html

    Copyright © 2003-2020 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.
    All rights reserved.

    Trademarks depicted herein are the property of their respective owners.

    uspi-mk8908-mtl-2001r034

  • MEDICATION GUIDE

    This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Revised: 01/2020
    MEDICATION GUIDE
    REBETOL® (REB-eh-tol)
    (ribavirin)
    capsules and oral solution

    What is the most important information I should know about REBETOL?

    • 1. REBETOL may cause birth defects, miscarriage or death of your unborn baby. Do not take REBETOL if you or your sexual partner is pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Do not become pregnant during treatment or within 6 months after stopping treatment with REBETOL. You must use effective birth control during treatment with REBETOL and for 6 months after stopping treatment.
      • Females must have a pregnancy test before starting REBETOL, during treatment with REBETOL, and for 6 months after the last dose of REBETOL.
      • If you or your female sexual partner becomes pregnant during treatment with REBETOL or within 6 months after you stop taking REBETOL, tell your healthcare provider right away.
    • 2. REBETOL may cause a significant drop in your red blood cell count and cause anemia in some cases. Anemia has been associated with worsening of heart problems, and in rare cases can cause a heart attack and death. Tell your healthcare provider if you have ever had any heart problems. REBETOL may not be right for you. Get medical help right away if you experience chest pain.
    • 3. Do not take REBETOL alone to treat chronic hepatitis C infection. REBETOL should be used in combination with either interferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2b to treat chronic hepatitis C infection.
    What is REBETOL?
    REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2b to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.
    It is not known if REBETOL use for longer than 1 year is safe and will work.
    It is not known if REBETOL use in children younger than 3 years old is safe and will work.
    Who should not take REBETOL?
    See "What is the most important information I should know about REBETOL?"
    Do not take REBETOL if you have    :
    • ever had serious allergic reactions to the ingredients in REBETOL. See the end of this Medication Guide for a complete list of ingredients.
    • certain types of hepatitis (autoimmune hepatitis).
    • certain blood disorders (hemoglobinopathies).
    • severe kidney disease.
    • taken or currently take didanosine.
    Talk to your healthcare provider before taking REBETOL if you have any of these conditions.
    What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking REBETOL?
    Before you take REBETOL, tell your healthcare provider if you have or ever had:
    • treatment for hepatitis C that did not work for you
    • breathing problems. REBETOL may cause or worsen breathing problems you already have.
    • vision problems. REBETOL may cause eye problems or worsen eye problems you already have. You should have an eye exam before you start treatment with REBETOL.
    • certain blood disorders such as anemia (low red blood cell count)
    • high blood pressure, heart problems, or have had a heart attack. Your healthcare provider should check your blood and heart before you start treatment with REBETOL.
    • thyroid problems
    • liver problems other than hepatitis C infection
    • human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or any immunity problems
    • mental health problems, including depression and thoughts of hurting yourself or others
    • kidney problems
    • an organ transplant
    • diabetes. REBETOL may make your diabetes worse or harder to treat.
    • any other medical condition
    • are breastfeeding. It is not known if REBETOL passes into your breast milk. You and your healthcare provider should decide if you will take REBETOL or breastfeed.
    Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. REBETOL may affect the way other medicines work.
    Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take didanosine or a medicine that contains azathioprine.
    Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your healthcare provider or pharmacist when you get a new medicine.
    How should I take REBETOL?
    • Take REBETOL exactly as your healthcare provider tells you. Your healthcare provider will tell you how much REBETOL to take and when to take it.
    • Take REBETOL with food.
    • Take REBETOL Capsules whole. Do not open, break, or crush REBETOL Capsules before swallowing. If you cannot swallow REBETOL Capsules whole, tell your healthcare provider.
    • If you miss a dose of REBETOL, take the missed dose as soon as possible during the same day. Do not double the next dose. If you have questions about what to do, call your healthcare provider.
    • If you take too much REBETOL, call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away.
    What are the possible side effects of REBETOL?
    REBETOL may cause serious side effects, including:
    See "What is the most important information I should know about REBETOL?"
    • Swelling and irritation of your pancreas (pancreatitis). Symptoms may include: stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
    • Serious breathing problems. Difficulty breathing may be a sign of a serious lung infection (pneumonia) that can lead to death.
    • Serious eye problems that may lead to vision loss or blindness.
    • Dental problems. Brush your teeth well 2 times each day. Get regular dental exams. If you vomit at any time during treatment with REBETOL, rinse out your mouth well.
    • Severe blood disorders. You may have an increased risk of developing severe blood disorders when REBETOL is used in combination with pegylated alpha interferons and azathioprine. Your healthcare provider should do blood tests during your treatment with REBETOL in combination with pegylated alpha interferon and azathioprine to check you for these problems.
    • Growth problems in children. Weight loss and slowed growth are common in children during combination treatment with REBETOL and peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b. Most children will go through a growth spurt and gain weight after treatment stops. Some children may not reach the height that they were expected to have before treatment. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are concerned about your child's growth during treatment with REBETOL and peginterferon alfa-2b or with REBETOL and interferon alfa-2b.
    • Severe depression.
    • Thoughts of hurting yourself or others, and suicide attempts. Adults and children who take REBETOL, especially teenagers, are more likely to have suicidal thoughts or attempt to hurt themselves while taking REBETOL. Call your healthcare provider right away or go to the nearest hospital emergency room if you have new or worse depression or thoughts about hurting yourself or others or dying.
    The most common side effects of REBETOL in adults include:
    • flu-like symptoms - feeling tired or weak, headache, shaking chills along with high temperature (fever), nausea, and muscle aches
    • mood changes, feeling irritable
    The most common side effects of REBETOL in children include:
    • fever
    • headache
    • a decrease in blood cells that fight infection (neutropenia)
    • tiredness
    • decreased appetite
    • vomiting
    These are not all the possible side effects of REBETOL. For more information ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist.
    Call your healthcare provider if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away, and for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
    How should I store REBETOL?
    • Store REBETOL Capsules at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).
    • Store REBETOL Oral Solution at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C) or in the refrigerator between 36°F to 46°F (2°C to 8°C).
    Keep REBETOL and all medicines out of the reach of children.
    General information about the safe and effective use of REBETOL.
    It is not known if treatment with REBETOL will cure hepatitis C virus infections or prevent cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer that can be caused by hepatitis C virus infections. It is not known if taking REBETOL will prevent you from infecting another person with the hepatitis C virus.
    Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use REBETOL for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give REBETOL to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them.
    You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about REBETOL that is written for health professionals.
    What are the ingredients in REBETOL?
    Active ingredients:     ribavirin
    Inactive ingredients:
    REBETOL Capsules:
    microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.
    REBETOL Oral Solution:
    sucrose, glycerin, sorbitol, propylene glycol, sodium citrate, citric acid, sodium benzoate, natural and artificial flavor for bubble gum # 15864, and water.
    REBETOL Oral Solution manufactured for:
    Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of
    MERCK & CO., INC.
    Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, USA
    Manufactured by: Famar Montréal Inc., Pointe-Claire, Quebec H9R 1B4, Canada
    REBETOL Capsules manufactured by:
    Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of
    MERCK & CO., INC.
    Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, USA
    For patent information: www.merck.com/product/patent/home.html
    Copyright © 2003-2020 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.
    All rights reserved.
    usmg-mk8908-mtl-2001r022
  • PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL

    PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 56 Capsule Label

    NDC 0085-1351-05

    REBETOL®
    (Ribavirin USP)
    200 mg Capsules

    Rx only

    Each capsule contains:
    Ribavirin USP 200 mg

    56 capsules

    ATTENTION PHARMACIST:
    Each patient is required to
    receive a Medication Guide.

    Principal Display Panel - 56 Capsule Label
  • PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL

    PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 70 Capsule Label

    NDC 0085-1385-07

    REBETOL®
    (Ribavirin USP)
    200 mg Capsules

    Rx only

    Each capsule contains:
    Ribavirin USP 200 mg

    70 capsules

    ATTENTION PHARMACIST:
    Each patient is required to
    receive a Medication Guide.

    Principal Display Panel - 70 Capsule Label
  • PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL

    PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 84 Capsule Label

    NDC 0085-1194-03

    REBETOL®
    (Ribavirin USP)
    200 mg Capsules

    Rx only

    Each capsule contains:
    Ribavirin USP 200 mg

    84 capsules

    ATTENTION PHARMACIST:
    Each patient is required to
    receive a Medication Guide.

    Principal Display Panel - 84 Capsule Label
  • PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 100 mL Bottle Carton

    NDC: 0085-1318-01

    100 mL

    REBETOL®
    (Ribavirin USP)
    Oral Solution

    40
    mg
    per mL

    ATTENTION PHARMACIST:
    Must be dispensed in original
    packaging with the enclosed
    Medication Guide.

    Rx only

    BUBBLE GUM
    FLAVOR

    PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 100 mL Bottle Carton
  • INGREDIENTS AND APPEARANCE
    REBETOL 
    ribavirin capsule
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 0085-1351
    Route of AdministrationORAL
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    ribavirin (UNII: 49717AWG6K) (ribavirin - UNII:49717AWG6K) ribavirin200 mg
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE (UNII: OP1R32D61U)  
    LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE (UNII: EWQ57Q8I5X)  
    CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM (UNII: M28OL1HH48)  
    MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30)  
    GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: 2G86QN327L)  
    SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE (UNII: 368GB5141J)  
    SILICON DIOXIDE (UNII: ETJ7Z6XBU4)  
    TITANIUM DIOXIDE (UNII: 15FIX9V2JP)  
    SHELLAC (UNII: 46N107B71O)  
    ALCOHOL (UNII: 3K9958V90M)  
    ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (UNII: ND2M416302)  
    BUTYL ALCOHOL (UNII: 8PJ61P6TS3)  
    PROPYLENE GLYCOL (UNII: 6DC9Q167V3)  
    AMMONIA (UNII: 5138Q19F1X)  
    FD&C BLUE NO. 2 (UNII: L06K8R7DQK)  
    ALUMINUM OXIDE (UNII: LMI26O6933)  
    Product Characteristics
    ColorWHITEScoreno score
    ShapeCAPSULESize8mm
    FlavorImprint Code REBETOL;200MG
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 0085-1351-0556 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product06/03/199805/31/2015
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    NDANDA02090306/03/199805/31/2015
    REBETOL 
    ribavirin capsule
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 0085-1385
    Route of AdministrationORAL
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    ribavirin (UNII: 49717AWG6K) (ribavirin - UNII:49717AWG6K) ribavirin200 mg
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE (UNII: OP1R32D61U)  
    LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE (UNII: EWQ57Q8I5X)  
    CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM (UNII: M28OL1HH48)  
    MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30)  
    GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: 2G86QN327L)  
    SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE (UNII: 368GB5141J)  
    SILICON DIOXIDE (UNII: ETJ7Z6XBU4)  
    TITANIUM DIOXIDE (UNII: 15FIX9V2JP)  
    SHELLAC (UNII: 46N107B71O)  
    ALCOHOL (UNII: 3K9958V90M)  
    ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (UNII: ND2M416302)  
    BUTYL ALCOHOL (UNII: 8PJ61P6TS3)  
    PROPYLENE GLYCOL (UNII: 6DC9Q167V3)  
    AMMONIA (UNII: 5138Q19F1X)  
    FD&C BLUE NO. 2 (UNII: L06K8R7DQK)  
    ALUMINUM OXIDE (UNII: LMI26O6933)  
    Product Characteristics
    ColorWHITEScoreno score
    ShapeCAPSULESize8mm
    FlavorImprint Code REBETOL;200MG
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 0085-1385-0770 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product06/03/199802/26/2016
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    NDANDA02090306/03/199802/26/2016
    REBETOL 
    ribavirin capsule
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 0085-1194
    Route of AdministrationORAL
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    ribavirin (UNII: 49717AWG6K) (ribavirin - UNII:49717AWG6K) ribavirin200 mg
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE (UNII: OP1R32D61U)  
    LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE (UNII: EWQ57Q8I5X)  
    CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM (UNII: M28OL1HH48)  
    MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30)  
    GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: 2G86QN327L)  
    SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE (UNII: 368GB5141J)  
    SILICON DIOXIDE (UNII: ETJ7Z6XBU4)  
    TITANIUM DIOXIDE (UNII: 15FIX9V2JP)  
    SHELLAC (UNII: 46N107B71O)  
    ALCOHOL (UNII: 3K9958V90M)  
    ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (UNII: ND2M416302)  
    BUTYL ALCOHOL (UNII: 8PJ61P6TS3)  
    PROPYLENE GLYCOL (UNII: 6DC9Q167V3)  
    AMMONIA (UNII: 5138Q19F1X)  
    FD&C BLUE NO. 2 (UNII: L06K8R7DQK)  
    ALUMINUM OXIDE (UNII: LMI26O6933)  
    Product Characteristics
    ColorWHITEScoreno score
    ShapeCAPSULESize8mm
    FlavorImprint Code REBETOL;200MG
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 0085-1194-0384 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product06/03/199803/31/2016
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    NDANDA02090306/03/199803/31/2016
    REBETOL 
    ribavirin liquid
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 0085-1318
    Route of AdministrationORAL
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    ribavirin (UNII: 49717AWG6K) (ribavirin - UNII:49717AWG6K) ribavirin40 mg  in 1 mL
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    SUCROSE (UNII: C151H8M554)  
    GLYCERIN (UNII: PDC6A3C0OX)  
    SORBITOL (UNII: 506T60A25R)  
    PROPYLENE GLYCOL (UNII: 6DC9Q167V3)  
    SODIUM CITRATE, UNSPECIFIED FORM (UNII: 1Q73Q2JULR)  
    CITRIC ACID MONOHYDRATE (UNII: 2968PHW8QP)  
    SODIUM BENZOATE (UNII: OJ245FE5EU)  
    WATER (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)  
    Product Characteristics
    Color    Score    
    ShapeSize
    FlavorBUBBLE GUMImprint Code
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 0085-1318-011 in 1 CARTON07/29/2003
    1100 mL in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    NDANDA02154607/29/2003
    Labeler - Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (001317601)

    • Trademark Results [REBETOL]

    Mark Image

    Registration | Serial
    Company
    Trademark
    Application Date
    REBETOL
    REBETOL
    76469995 2747044 Dead/Cancelled
    SCHERING CORPORATION
    2002-11-25
    REBETOL
    REBETOL
    75067177 2154130 Live/Registered
    MERCK SHARP & DOHME CORP.
    1996-03-04
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