BUPRENORPHINE patch, extended release

Buprenorphine by

Drug Labeling and Warnings

Buprenorphine by is a Prescription medication manufactured, distributed, or labeled by INGENUS PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC, Aveva Drug Delivery Systems Inc.. Drug facts, warnings, and ingredients follow.

Drug Details [pdf]

  • BOXED WARNING (What is this?)

    WARNING: ADDICTION, ABUSE, and MISUSE; RISK EVALUATION AND MITIGATION STRATEGY (REMS); LIFE-THREATENING RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION; ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE; NEONATAL OPIOID WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; and RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH BENZODIAZEPINES OR OTHER CNS DEPRESSANTS

    Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse
    Buprenorphine transdermal system exposes patients and other users to the risks of opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death. Assess each patient’s risk prior to prescribing buprenorphine transdermal system, and monitor all patients regularly for the development of these behaviors and conditions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1) and Overdosage ( 10)].

    Opioid Analgesic Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS):

    To ensure that the benefits of opioid analgesics outweigh the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required a REMS for these products [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2)]. Under the requirements of the REMS, drug companies with approved opioid analgesic products must make REMS-compliant education programs available to healthcare providers. Healthcare providers are strongly encouraged to

    • complete a REMS-compliant education program,
    • counsel patients and/or their caregivers, with every prescription, on safe use, serious risks, storage, and disposal of these products,
    • emphasize to patients and their caregivers the importance of reading the Medication Guide every time it is provided by their pharmacist, and
    • consider other tools to improve patient, household, and community safety.

    Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression
    Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur with use of buprenorphine transdermal system. Monitor for respiratory depression, especially during initiation of buprenorphine transdermal system or following a dose increase. Misuse or abuse of buprenorphine transdermal system by chewing, swallowing, snorting or injecting buprenorphine extracted from the transdermal system will result in the uncontrolled delivery of buprenorphine and pose a significant risk of overdose and death [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)].

    Accidental Exposure
    Accidental exposure to even one dose of buprenorphine transdermal system, especially in children, can result in a fatal overdose of buprenorphine [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)].

    Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
    Prolonged use of buprenorphine transdermal system during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. If opioid use is required for a prolonged period in a pregnant woman, advise the patient of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4)].

    Risks From Concomitant Use With Benzodiazepines Or Other CNS Depressants
    Concomitant use of opioids with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4), Drug Interactions ( 7)].

    • Reserve concomitant prescribing of buprenorphine transdermal system and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate.
    • Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required.
    • Follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
  • 1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

    Buprenorphine transdermal system is indicated for the management of pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate.


    Limitations of Use

    • Because of the risks of addiction, abuse and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses, and because of the greater risk of overdose and death with extended-release opioid formulations [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1)] , reserve buprenorphine transdermal system for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options (e.g., non-opioid analgesics or immediate-release opioids) are ineffective, not tolerated, or would be otherwise inadequate to provide sufficient management of pain.
    • Buprenorphine transdermal system is not indicated as an as-needed (prn) analgesic
  • 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

    2.1 Important Dosage and Administration Information

    Buprenorphine transdermal system should be prescribed only by healthcare professionals who are knowledgeable in the use of potent opioids for the management of chronic pain.

    Buprenorphine transdermal system doses of 7.5, 10, 15, and 20 mcg/hour are only for use in patients who are opioid experienced and in whom tolerance to an opioid of comparable potency has been established. Patients who are opioid-experienced are those receiving, for one week or longer, daily opioid doses up to 80 mg/day of oral morphine or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid.

    • Use the lowest effective dosage for the shortest duration consistent with individual patients treatment goals [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5)].
    • Initiate the dosing regimen for each patient individually, taking into account the patients severity of pain, patient response, prior analgesic treatment experience, and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1)] .
    • Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression, especially within the first 24-72 hours of initiating therapy and following dosage increases with buprenorphine transdermal system [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)].
    • Instruct patients not to use buprenorphine transdermal system if the pouch seal is broken or the patch is cut, damaged, or changed in any way and not to cut buprenorphine transdermal system.
    • Instruct patients to avoid exposing buprenorphine transdermal system to external heat sources, hot water, or prolonged direct sunlight [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.15)] .

    Buprenorphine transdermal system is for transdermal use (on intact skin) only. Each buprenorphine transdermal system patch is intended to be worn for 7 days.

    2.2 Patient Access to Naloxone for the Emergency Treatment of Opioid Overdose

    Discuss the availability of naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose with the patient and caregiver and assess the potential need for access to naloxone, both when initiating and renewing treatment with buprenorphine transdermal system [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3), Patient Counseling Information ( 17)].

    Inform patients and caregivers about the various ways to obtain naloxone as permitted by individual state naloxone dispensing and prescribing requirements or guidelines (e.g., by prescription, directly from a pharmacist, or as part of a community-based program).

    Consider prescribing naloxone, based on the patient’s risk factors for overdose, such as concomitant use of CNS depressants, a history of opioid use disorder, or prior opioid overdose. The presence of risk factors for overdose should not prevent the proper management of pain in any given patient [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1, 5.3, 5.5), Overdosage ( 10)].

    Consider prescribing naloxone if the patient has household members (including children) or other close contacts at risk for accidental exposure or overdose.

    2.3 Initial Dosage

    Use of Buprenorphine Transdermal System as the First Opioid Analgesic (opioid-naive patients)
    Initiate treatment with buprenorphine transdermal system with a 5 mcg/hour patch.

    Conversion from Other Opioids to Buprenorphine Transdermal System
    Discontinue all other around-the-clock opioid drugs when buprenorphine transdermal system therapy is initiated.

    There is a potential for buprenorphine to precipitate withdrawal in patients who are already on opioids.

    Prior Total Daily Dose of Opioid Less than 30 mg of Oral Morphine Equivalents per Day: Initiate treatment with buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour at the next dosing interval (see Table 1 below, middle column).

    Prior Total Daily Dose of Opioid Between 30 mg to 80 mg of Oral Morphine Equivalents per Day:

    Taper the patient’s current around-the-clock opioids for up to 7 days to no more than 30 mg of morphine or equivalent per day before beginning treatment with buprenorphine transdermal system. Then initiate treatment with buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour at the next dosing interval (see Table 1 below, right column). Patients may use short-acting analgesics as needed until analgesic efficacy with buprenorphine transdermal system is attained.

    Prior Total Daily Dose of Opioid Greater than 80 mg of Oral Morphine Equivalents per Day:
    Buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour may not provide adequate analgesia for patients requiring greater than 80 mg/day oral morphine equivalents. Consider the use of an alternate analgesic.

    Table 1: Initial Buprenorphine Transdermal System Dose

    Table1.jpg

    Conversion from Methadone to Buprenorphine Transdermal System
    Close monitoring is of particular importance when converting from methadone to other opioid agonists. The ratio between methadone and other opioid agonists may vary widely as a function of previous dose exposure. Methadone has a long half-life and can accumulate in the plasma.

    2.4 Titration and Maintenance of Therapy

    Individually titrate buprenorphine transdermal system to a dose that provides adequate analgesia and minimizes adverse reactions. Continually reevaluate patients receiving buprenorphine transdermal system to assess the maintenance of pain control and the relative incidence of adverse reactions, as well as monitoring for the development of addiction, abuse, or misuse [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1)] . Frequent communication is important among the prescriber, other members of healthcare team, the patient, and the caregiver/family during periods of changing analgesic requirements, including initial titration. During chronic therapy, periodically reassess the continued need for opioid analgesics.

    The minimum buprenorphine transdermal system titration interval is 72 hours, based on the pharmacokinetic profile and time to reach steady state levels [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

    The maximum buprenorphine transdermal system dose is 20 mcg/hour. Do not exceed a dose of one 20 mcg/hour buprenorphine transdermal system due to the risk of QTc interval prolongation. In a clinical trial, buprenorphine transdermal system 40 mcg/hour (given as two buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour systems) resulted in prolongation of the QTc interval [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.12), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2)].

    Patients who experience breakthrough pain may require dosage adjustment increase of buprenorphine transdermal system, or may need rescue medication with an appropriate dose of an immediate-release analgesic. If the level of pain increases after dose stabilization, attempt to identify the source of increased pain before increasing the buprenorphine transdermal system dose.

    Because steady-state plasma concentrations are achieved within 72 hours, buprenorphine transdermal system dosage may be adjusted every 3 days. Dose adjustments may be made in 5 mcg/hour, 7.5 mcg/hour, or 10 mcg/hour increments by using no more than two patches of the 5 mcg/hour, or 7.5 mcg/hour, or 10 mcg/hour system(s). The total dose from both patches should not exceed 20 mcg/hour. For the use of two patches, instruct patients to remove their current patch, and apply the two new patches at the same time, adjacent to one another at a different application site [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.7)].

    If unacceptable opioid-related adverse reactions are observed, consider reducing the dosage. Adjust the dosage to obtain an appropriate balance between the management of pain and opioid-related adverse reactions.

    2.5 Safe Reduction or Discontinuation of Buprenorphine Transdermal System

    Do not abruptly discontinue buprenorphine transdermal system in patients who may be physically dependent on opioids. Rapid discontinuation of opioid analgesics in patients who are physically dependent on opioids has resulted in serious withdrawal symptoms, uncontrolled pain, and suicide. Rapid discontinuation has also been associated with attempts to find other sources of opioid analgesics, which may be confused with drug-seeking for abuse. Patients may also attempt to treat their pain or withdrawal symptoms with illicit opioids, such as heroin, and other substances.  

    When a decision has been made to decrease the dose or discontinue therapy in an opioid-dependent patient taking buprenorphine transdermal system, there are a variety of factors that should be considered, including the dose of buprenorphine transdermal system the patient has been taking, the duration of treatment, the type of pain being treated, and the physical and psychological attributes of the patient. It is important to ensure ongoing care of the patient and to agree on an appropriate tapering schedule and follow-up plan so that patient and provider goals and expectations are clear and realistic. When opioid analgesics are being discontinued due to a suspected substance use disorder, evaluate and treat the patient, or refer for evaluation and treatment of the substance use disorder. Treatment should include evidence-based approaches, such as medication assisted treatment of opioid use disorder. Complex patients with comorbid pain and substance use disorders may benefit from referral to a specialist.  

    There are no standard opioid tapering schedules that are suitable for all patients. Good clinical practice dictates a patient-specific plan to taper the dose of the opioid gradually. For patients on buprenorphine transdermal system who are physically opioid-dependent, initiate the taper by a small enough increment (e.g., no greater than 10% to 25% of the total daily dose) to avoid withdrawal symptoms, and proceed with dose-lowering at an interval of every 2 to 4 weeks. Patients who have been taking opioids for briefer periods of time may tolerate a more rapid taper.  

    It may be necessary to provide the patient with lower dosage strengths to accomplish a successful taper. Reassess the patient frequently to manage pain and withdrawal symptoms, should they emerge. Common withdrawal symptoms include restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, perspiration, chills, myalgia, and mydriasis. Other signs and symptoms also may develop, including irritability, anxiety, backache, joint pain, weakness, abdominal cramps, insomnia, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, or increased blood pressure, respiratory rate, or heart rate. If withdrawal symptoms arise, it may be necessary to pause the taper for a period of time or raise the dose of the opioid analgesic to the previous dose, and then proceed with a slower taper. In addition, monitor patients for any changes in mood, emergence of suicidal thoughts, or use of other substances.  

    When managing patients taking opioid analgesics, particularly those who have been treated for a long duration and/or with high doses for chronic pain, ensure that a multimodal approach to pain management, including mental health support (if needed), is in place prior to initiating an opioid analgesic taper. A multimodal approach to pain management may optimize the treatment of chronic pain, as well as assist with the successful tapering of the opioid analgesic [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3), Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9.3)].

    2.6 Patients with Hepatic Impairment

    Buprenorphine transdermal system has not been evaluated in patients with severe hepatic impairment. As buprenorphine transdermal system is only intended for 7-day application, consider use of an alternate analgesic that may permit more flexibility with the dosing in patients with severe hepatic impairment [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.10), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6) , and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)]

    2.7 Administration of Buprenorphine Transdermal System

    • Instruct patients to apply immediately after removal from the individually sealed pouch. Instruct patients not to use buprenorphine transdermal system if the pouch seal is broken or the patch is cut, damaged, or changed in any way. See the Instructions for Use for step-by-step instructions for applying buprenorphine transdermal system.
    • Apply buprenorphine transdermal system to the upper outer arm, upper chest, upper back or the side of the chest. These 4 sites (each present on both sides of the body) provide 8 possible application sites. Rotate buprenorphine transdermal system among the 8 described skin sites. After buprenorphine transdermal system removal, wait a minimum of 21 days before reapplying to the same skin site [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)].
    • Apply buprenorphine transdermal system to a hairless or nearly hairless skin site. If none are available, the hair at the site should be clipped, not shaven. Do not apply buprenorphine transdermal system to irritated skin. If the application site must be cleaned, clean the site with water only. Do not use soaps, alcohol, oils, lotions, or abrasive devices. Allow the skin to dry before applying buprenorphine transdermal system.
    • Incidental exposure of the buprenorphine transdermal system patch to water, such as while bathing or showering is acceptable based on experience during clinical studies.
    • If problems with adhesion of buprenorphine transdermal system occur, the edges may be taped with first aid tape. If problems with lack of adhesion continue, the patch may be covered with waterproof or semipermeable adhesive dressings suitable for 7 days of wear.
    • If buprenorphine transdermal system falls off during the 7-day dosing interval, dispose of the transdermal system properly and place a new buprenorphine transdermal system patch on at a different skin site.
    • When changing the system, instruct patients to remove buprenorphine transdermal system and dispose of it properly [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.8)].
    • If the buprenorphine-containing adhesive matrix accidentally contacts the skin, instruct patients or caregivers to wash the area with water and not to use soap, alcohol, or other solvents to remove the adhesive because they may enhance the absorption of the drug.

    2.8 Disposal Instructions

    Patients should refer to the Instructions for Use for proper disposal of buprenorphine transdermal system. Dispose of used and unused patches by following the instructions on the Patch-Disposal Unit that is packaged with the buprenorphine transdermal system patches.

    Alternatively, patients can dispose of used patches by folding the adhesive side of the patch to itself, then flushing the patch down the toilet immediately upon removal. Unused patches should be removed from their pouches, the protective liners removed, the patches folded so that the adhesive side of the patch adheres to itself, and immediately flushed down the toilet.

    Patients should dispose of any patches remaining from a prescription as soon as they are no longer needed.

  • 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

    Buprenorphine transdermal system is a rectangular or square, tan-colored system consisting of a protective liner and functional layers. Buprenorphine transdermal system is available in five strengths:

    • Buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour Transdermal System (dimensions: 45 mm by 45 mm)
    • Buprenorphine transdermal system 7.5 mcg/hour Transdermal System (dimensions: 58 mm by 45 mm)
    • Buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour Transdermal System (dimensions: 45 mm by 68 mm)
    • Buprenorphine transdermal system 15 mcg/hour Transdermal System (dimensions: 59 mm by 72 mm)
    • Buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour Transdermal System (dimensions: 72 mm by 72 mm)

  • 4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

    Buprenorphine transdermal system is contraindicated in patients with:

    • Significant respiratory depression [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)]
    • Acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment  [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6)] 
    • Known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus  [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.16)] 
    • Hypersensitivity (e.g., anaphylaxis) to buprenorphine  [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.13) and Adverse Reactions ( 6)]

  • 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

    5.1 Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse

    Buprenorphine transdermal system contains buprenorphine, a Schedule III controlled substance. As an opioid, buprenorphine transdermal system exposes users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse [see Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9)]. Because extended-release products such as buprenorphine transdermal system deliver the opioid over an extended period of time, there is a greater risk for overdose and death, due to the larger amount of buprenorphine present.

    Although the risk of addiction in any individual is unknown, it can occur in patients appropriately prescribed buprenorphine transdermal system. Addiction can occur at recommended doses and if the drug is misused or abused.

    Assess each patient’s risk for opioid addiction, abuse, or misuse prior to prescribing buprenorphine transdermal system, and monitor all patients receiving buprenorphine transdermal system for the development of these behaviors and conditions. Risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including drug or alcohol abuse or addiction) or mental illness (e.g., major depression). The potential for these risks should not, however, prevent the proper management of pain in any given patient. Patients at increased risk may be prescribed opioids such as buprenorphine transdermal system but use in such patients necessitates intensive counseling about the risks and proper use of buprenorphine transdermal system, along with intensive monitoring for signs of addiction, abuse, or misuse. Consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3), Overdosage ( 10)].

    Abuse or misuse of buprenorphine transdermal system by placing it in the mouth, chewing it, swallowing it, or using it in ways other than indicated may cause choking, overdose and death [see Overdosage ( 10)].

    Opioids are sought by drug abusers and people with addiction disorders and are subject to criminal diversion. Consider these risks when prescribing or dispensing buprenorphine transdermal system. Strategies to reduce these risks include prescribing the drug in the smallest appropriate quantity and advising the patient on the proper disposal of unused drug [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17)] . Contact local state professional licensing board or state-controlled substances authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product.

    5.2 Opioid Analgesic Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS)

    To ensure that the benefits of opioid analgesics outweigh the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) for these products. Under the requirements of the REMS, drug companies with approved opioid analgesic products must make REMS-compliant education programs available to healthcare providers. Healthcare providers are strongly encouraged to do all of the following:

    • Complete a REMS-compliant education program offered by an accredited provider of continuing education (CE) or another education program that includes all the elements of the FDA Education Blueprint for Health Care Providers Involved in the Management or Support of Patients with Pain.
    • Discuss the safe use, serious risks, and proper storage and disposal of opioid analgesics with patients and/or their caregivers every time these medicines are prescribed. The Patient Counseling Guide (PCG) can be obtained at this link: www.fda.gov/OpioidAnalgesicREMSPCG.  
    • Emphasize to patients and their caregivers the importance of reading the Medication Guide that they will receive from their pharmacist every time an opioid analgesic is dispensed to them.  
    • Consider using other tools to improve patient, household, and community safety, such as patient-prescriber agreements that reinforce patient-prescriber responsibilities.

    To obtain further information on the opioid analgesic REMS and for a list of accredited REMS CME/CE, call 1-800-503-0784, or log on to www.opioidanalgesicrems.com. The FDA Blueprint can be found at www.fda.gov/OpioidAnalgesicREMSBlueprint.

    5.3 Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression

    Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression has been reported with the use of opioids, even when used as recommended. Respiratory depression, if not immediately recognized and treated, may lead to respiratory arrest and death. Management of respiratory depression may include close observation, supportive measures, and use of opioid antagonists, depending on the patient’s clinical status [see Overdosage ( 10)] . Carbon dioxide (CO 2) retention from opioid-induced respiratory depression can exacerbate the sedating effects of opioids.

    While serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression can occur at any time during the use of buprenorphine transdermal system, the risk is greatest during the initiation of therapy or following a dosage increase. Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression, especially within the first 24 to 72 hours of initiating therapy with and following dosage increases of buprenorphine transdermal system.

    To reduce the risk of respiratory depression, proper dosing and titration of buprenorphine transdermal system are essential [see Dosage and Administration ( 2)] . Overestimating the buprenorphine transdermal system dosage when converting patients from another opioid product can result in fatal overdose with the first dose.

    Accidental exposure to buprenorphine transdermal system, especially in children, can result in respiratory depression and death due to an overdose of buprenorphine.

    Educate patients and caregivers on how to recognize respiratory depression and emphasize the importance of calling 911 or getting emergency medical help right away in the event of a known or suspected overdose [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17)].

    Opioids can cause sleep-related breathing disorders including central sleep apnea (CSA) and sleep-related hypoxemia. Opioid use increases the risk of CSA in a dose-dependent fashion. In patients who present with CSA, consider decreasing the opioid dosage using best practices for opioid taper [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.5)].

    Patient Access to Naloxone for the Emergency Treatment of Opioid Overdose

    Discuss the availability of naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose with the patient and caregiver and assess the potential need for access to naloxone, both when initiating and renewing treatment with buprenorphine transdermal system. Inform patients and caregivers about the various ways to obtain naloxone as permitted by individual state naloxone dispensing and prescribing requirements or guidelines (e.g., by prescription, directly from a pharmacist, or as part of a community-based program). Educate patients and caregivers on how to recognize respiratory depression and emphasize the importance of calling 911 or getting emergency medical help, even if naloxone is administered [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17) ].

    Consider prescribing naloxone, based on the patient’s risk factors for overdose, such as concomitant use of CNS depressants, a history of opioid use disorder, or prior opioid overdose. The presence of risk factors for overdose should not prevent the proper management of pain in any given patient. Also consider prescribing naloxone if the patient has household members (including children) or other close contacts at risk for accidental ingestion or overdose. If naloxone is prescribed, educate patients and caregivers on how to treat with naloxone. [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1, 5.5), Overdosage ( 10), Patient Counseling Information ( 17)].

    5.4 Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome

    Prolonged use of buprenorphine transdermal system during pregnancy can result in withdrawal in the neonate. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, unlike opioid withdrawal syndrome in adults, may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. Observe newborns for signs of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly. Advise pregnant women using opioids for a prolonged period of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1), Patients Counseling Information ( 17)] .

    5.5 Risks from Concomitant Use with Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants

    Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result from the concomitant use of buprenorphine transdermal system with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (e.g., non-benzodiazepine sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, other opioids, alcohol). Because of these risks, reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate.

    Observational studies have demonstrated that concomitant use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines increases the risk of drug-related mortality compared to use of opioid analgesics alone. Because of similar pharmacological properties, it is reasonable to expect similar risk with the concomitant use of other CNS depressant drugs with opioid analgesics [see Drug Interactions ( 7)].

    If the decision is made to prescribe a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant concomitantly with an opioid analgesic, prescribe the lowest effective dosages and minimum durations of concomitant use. In patients already receiving an opioid analgesic, prescribe a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant than indicated in the absence of an opioid, and titrate based on clinical response. If an opioid analgesic is initiated in a patient already taking a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant, prescribe a lower initial dose of the opioid analgesic, and titrate based on clinical response. Follow patients closely for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.

    If concomitant use is warranted, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3), Overdosage ( 10)].

    Advise both patients and caregivers about the risks of respiratory depression and sedation when buprenorphine transdermal system is used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (including alcohol and illicit drugs). Advise patients not to drive or operate heavy machinery until the effects of concomitant use of the benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant have been determined. Screen patients for risk of substance use disorders, including opioid abuse and misuse, and warn them of the risk for overdose and death associated with the use of additional CNS depressants including alcohol and illicit drugs [see Drug Interactions ( 7), Patient Counseling Information ( 17)].

    5.6 Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease or in Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients

    The use of buprenorphine transdermal system in patients with acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment is contraindicated.

    Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease:Buprenorphine transdermal system-treated patients with significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, and those with a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia, hypercapnia, or pre-existing respiratory depression are at increased risk of decreased respiratory drive including apnea, even at recommended dosages of buprenorphine transdermal system [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)].

    Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients:Life-threatening respiratory depression is more likely to occur in elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients because they may have altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance compared to younger, healthier patients [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)].

    Monitor such patients closely, particularly when initiating and titrating buprenorphine transdermal system and when buprenorphine transdermal system is given concomitantly with other drugs that depress respiration [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3, 5.5)]. Alternatively, consider the use of non-opioid analgesics in these patients.

    5.7 Adrenal Insufficiency

    Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use. Presentation of adrenal insufficiency may include non-specific symptoms and signs including nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. If adrenal insufficiency is suspected, confirm the diagnosis with diagnostic testing as soon as possible. If adrenal insufficiency is diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement doses of corticosteroids. Wean the patient off of the opioid to allow adrenal function to recover and continue corticosteroid treatment until adrenal function recovers. Other opioids may be tried as some cases reported use of a different opioid without recurrence of adrenal insufficiency. The information available does not identify any particular opioids as being more likely to be associated with adrenal insufficiency.

    5.8 Severe Hypotension

    Buprenorphine transdermal system may cause severe hypotension including orthostatic hypotension and syncope in ambulatory patients. There is an increased risk in patients whose ability to maintain blood pressure has already been compromised by a reduced blood volume or concurrent administration of certain CNS depressant drugs (e.g., phenothiazines or general anesthetics) [see Drug Interactions ( 7)] . Monitor these patients for signs of hypotension after initiating or titrating the dosage of buprenorphine transdermal system. In patients with circulatory shock, buprenorphine transdermal system may cause vasodilation that can further reduce cardiac output and blood pressure. Avoid the use of buprenorphine transdermal system in patients with circulatory shock.

    5.9 Risks of Use in Patients with Increased Intracranial Pressure, Brain Tumors, Head Injury or Impaired Consciousness

    In patients who may be susceptible to the intracranial effects of CO 2retention (e.g., those with evidence of increased intracranial pressure or brain tumors), buprenorphine transdermal system may reduce respiratory drive, and the resultant CO 2retention can further increase intracranial pressure. Monitor such patients for signs of sedation and respiratory depression, particularly when initiating therapy with buprenorphine transdermal system.

    Opioids may also obscure the clinical course in a patient with a head injury. Avoid the use of buprenorphine transdermal system in patients with impaired consciousness or coma.

    5.10 Hepatotoxicity

    Cases of cytolytic hepatitis and hepatitis with jaundice have been observed in individuals receiving sublingual buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid dependence, both in clinical trials and in post-marketing adverse event reports. The spectrum of abnormalities ranges from transient asymptomatic elevations in hepatic transaminases to case reports of hepatic failure, hepatic necrosis, hepatorenal syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy. In many cases, the presence of pre-existing liver enzyme abnormalities, infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus, concomitant usage of other potentially hepatotoxic drugs, and ongoing injection drug abuse may have played a causative or contributory role. For patients at increased risk of hepatotoxicity (e.g., patients with a history of excessive alcohol intake, intravenous drug abuse or liver disease), obtain baseline liver enzyme levels and monitor periodically and during treatment with buprenorphine transdermal system.

    5.11 Application Site Skin Reactions

    In rare cases, severe application site skin reactions with signs of marked inflammation including “burn,” “discharge,” and “vesicles” have occurred. Time of onset varies, ranging from days to months following the initiation of buprenorphine transdermal system treatment. Instruct patients to promptly report the development of severe application site reactions and discontinue therapy.

    5.12 QTc Prolongation

    Thorough QT studies with buprenorphine products have demonstrated QT prolongation ≤ 15 msec. This QTc prolongation effect does not appear to be mediated by hERG channels. Based on these two findings, buprenorphine is unlikely to be pro-arrhythmic when used alone in patients without risk factors. The risk of combining buprenorphine with other QT-prolonging agents is not known. 

    Consider these observations in clinical decisions when prescribing buprenorphine transdermal system to patients with risk factors such as hypokalemia, bradycardia, recent conversion from atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, digitalis therapy, baseline QT prolongation, subclinical long-QT syndrome, or severe hypomagnesemia.

    5.13 Anaphylactic/Allergic Reactions

    Cases of acute and chronic hypersensitivity to buprenorphine have been reported both in clinical trials and in the post-marketing experience. The most common signs and symptoms include rashes, hives, and pruritus. Cases of bronchospasm, angioneurotic edema, and anaphylactic shock have been reported. A history of hypersensitivity to buprenorphine is a contraindication to the use of buprenorphine transdermal system.

    5.14 Withdrawal

    Do not abruptly discontinue buprenorphine in a patient physically dependent on opioids. When discontinuing buprenorphine transdermal system in a physically dependent patient, gradually taper the dosage. Rapid tapering of buprenorphine in a patient physically dependent on opioids may lead to a withdrawal syndrome and return of pain [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.5), Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9.3)] .  

    Additionally, the use of buprenorphine transdermal system, a partial agonist opioid analgesic, in patients who are receiving a full opioid agonist analgesic may reduce the analgesic effect and/or precipitate withdrawal symptoms. Avoid concomitant use of buprenorphine transdermal system with a full opioid agonist analgesic.

    5.15 Risks of Use with Application of External Heat

    Advise patients and their caregivers to avoid exposing the buprenorphine transdermal system application site and surrounding area to direct external heat sources, such as heating pads or electric blankets, heat or tanning lamps, saunas, hot tubs, and heated water beds while wearing the system because an increase in absorption of buprenorphine may occur  [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] . Advise patients against exposure of the buprenorphine transdermal system application site and surrounding area to hot water or prolonged exposure to direct sunlight. There is a potential for temperature-dependent increases in buprenorphine released from the system resulting in possible overdose and death [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17)] .

    5.16 Risk of Use in Patients with Fever

    Monitor patients wearing buprenorphine transdermal system systems who develop fever or increased core body temperature due to strenuous exertion for opioid side effects and adjust the buprenorphine transdermal system dose if signs of respiratory or central nervous system depression occur.

    5.17 Risks of Use in Patients with Gastrointestinal Conditions

    Buprenorphine transdermal system is contraindicated in patients with known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus.

    The buprenorphine in buprenorphine transdermal system may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi. Opioids may cause increases in the serum amylase. Monitor patients with biliary tract disease, including acute pancreatitis, for worsening symptoms.

    5.18 Increased Risk of Seizures in Patients with Seizure Disorders

    The buprenorphine in buprenorphine transdermal system may increase the frequency of seizures in patients with seizure disorders, and may increase the risk of seizures in other clinical settings associated with seizures. Monitor patients with a history of seizure disorders for worsened seizure control during buprenorphine transdermal system therapy.

    5.19 Risks of Driving and Operating Machinery

    Buprenorphine transdermal system may impair the mental and physical abilities needed to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating machinery. Warn patients not to drive or operate dangerous machinery unless they are tolerant to the effects of buprenorphine transdermal system and know how they will react to the medication [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17)].

    5.20 Use in Addiction Treatment

    Buprenorphine transdermal system has not been studied and is not approved for use in the management of addictive disorders.

  • 6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

    The following serious adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling:

    • Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1)]
    • Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)]
    • Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4)]
    • Interactions with Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5)]
    • Adrenal Insufficiency [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7)]
    • Severe Hypotension [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.9)]
    • Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.10)]
    • Application Site Skin Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.11)]
    • QTc Prolongation [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.12)]
    • Anaphylactic/Allergic Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.13)]
    • Gastrointestinal Effects [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.17)]
    • Seizures [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.18)]

    6.1 Clinical Trial Experience

    Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

    A total of 5,415 patients were treated with buprenorphine transdermal system in controlled and open-label chronic pain clinical trials. Nine hundred twenty-four subjects were treated for approximately six months and 183 subjects were treated for approximately one year. The clinical trial population consisted of patients with persistent moderate to severe pain.

    The most common serious adverse drug reactions (all <0.1%) occurring during clinical trials with buprenorphine transdermal system were: chest pain, abdominal pain, vomiting, dehydration, and hypertension/blood pressure increased.

    The most common adverse events (≥ 2%) leading to discontinuation were: nausea, dizziness, vomiting, headache, and somnolence.

    The most common adverse reactions (≥ 5%) reported by patients in clinical trials comparing buprenorphine transdermal system 10 or 20 mcg/hour to placebo are shown in Table 2, and comparing buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour to buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour are shown in Table 3 below:


    Table 2: Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥ 5% of Patients during the Open-Label Titration Period and Double-Blind Treatment Period: Opioid-Naïve Patients
     Open-Label
    Titration Period     		Double-Blind Treatment Period
     BuprenorphineBuprenorphinePlacebo
    MedDRA Preferred Term(N=1024)(N=256)(N=283)
    Nausea23%13%10%
    Dizziness10%4%1%
    Headache9%5%5%
    Application site pruritus8%4%7%
    Somnolence8%2%2%
    Vomiting7%4%1%
    Constipation6%4%1%

    Table 3: Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥ 5% of Patients during the Open-Label Titration Period and Double-Blind Treatment Period: Opioid-Experienced Patients
     Open-Label
    Titration Period     		Double-Blind Treatment Period
     BuprenorphineBuprenorphine 20Buprenorphine 5
    MedDRA Preferred Term(N=1160)(N=219)(N=221)
    Nausea14%11%6%
    Application site pruritus9%13%5%
    Headache9%8%3%
    Somnolence6%4%2%
    Dizziness5%4%2%
    Constipation4%6%3%
    Application site erythema3%10%5%
    Application site rash3%8%6%
    Application site irritation2%6%2%

    The following table lists adverse reactions that were reported in at least 2.0% of patients in four placebo/active-controlled titration-to-effect trials.

    Table 4: Adverse Reactions Reported in Titration-to-Effect Placebo/Active-Controlled Clinical Trials with Incidence ≥ 2%
    MedDRA Preferred TermBuprenorphine
    (N=392)     		Placebo
    (N=261)
    Nausea21%6%
    Application site pruritus15%12%
    Dizziness15%7%
    Headache14%9%
    Somnolence13%4%
    Constipation13%5%
    Vomiting9%1%
    Application site erythema7%2%
    Application site rash6%6%
    Dry mouth6%2%
    Fatigue5%1%
    Hyperhidrosis4%1%
    Peripheral edema3%1%
    Pruritus3%0%
    Stomach discomfort2%0%

    The adverse reactions seen in controlled and open-label studies are presented below in the following manner: most common (≥ 5%), common (≥ 1% to < 5%), and less common (< 1%).

    The most common adverse reactions (≥ 5%) reported by patients treated with buprenorphine transdermal system in the clinical trials were nausea, headache, application site pruritus, dizziness, constipation, somnolence, vomiting, application site erythema, dry mouth, and application site rash.

    The common (≥ 1% to < 5%) adverse reactions reported by patients treated with buprenorphine transdermal system in the clinical trials organized by MedDRA (Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities) System Organ Class were:

    Gastrointestinal disorders:diarrhea, dyspepsia, and upper abdominal pain

    General disorders and administration site conditions:fatigue, peripheral edema, application site irritation, pain, pyrexia, chest pain, and asthenia

    Infections and infestations:urinary tract infection, upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis, influenza, sinusitis, and bronchitis

    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications:fall

    Metabolism and nutrition disorders:anorexia

    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders:back pain, arthralgia, pain in extremity, muscle spasms, musculoskeletal pain, joint swelling, neck pain, and myalgia

    Nervous system disorders:hypoesthesia, tremor, migraine, and paresthesia

    Psychiatric disorders:insomnia, anxiety, and depression

    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders:dyspnea, pharyngolaryngeal pain, and cough

    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:pruritus, hyperhidrosis, rash, and generalized pruritus

    Vascular disorders:hypertension

    Other less common adverse reactions, including those known to occur with opioid treatment, that were seen in < 1% of the patients in the buprenorphine transdermal system trials include the following in alphabetical order:

    Abdominal distention, abdominal pain, accidental injury, affect lability, agitation, alanine aminotransferase increased, angina pectoris, angioedema, apathy, application site dermatitis, asthma aggravated, bradycardia, chills, confusional state, contact dermatitis, coordination abnormal, dehydration, depersonalization, depressed level of consciousness, depressed mood, disorientation, disturbance in attention, diverticulitis, drug hypersensitivity, drug withdrawal syndrome, dry eye, dry skin, dysarthria, dysgeusia, dysphagia, euphoric mood, face edema, flatulence, flushing, gait disturbance, hallucination, hiccups, hot flush, hyperventilation, hypotension, hypoventilation, ileus, insomnia, libido decreased, loss of consciousness, malaise, memory impairment, mental impairment, mental status changes, miosis, muscle weakness, nervousness, nightmare, orthostatic hypotension, palpitations, psychotic disorder, respiration abnormal, respiratory depression, respiratory distress, respiratory failure, restlessness, rhinitis, sedation, sexual dysfunction, syncope, tachycardia, tinnitus, urinary hesitation, urinary incontinence, urinary retention, urticaria, vasodilatation, vertigo, vision blurred, visual disturbance, weight decreased, and wheezing.

    6.2 Postmarketing Experience

    The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of buprenorphine. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

    Serotonin syndrome: Cases of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition, have been reported during concomitant use of opioids with serotonergic drugs.

    Adrenal insufficiency: Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use.

    Anaphylaxis: Anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in buprenorphine transdermal system.

    Androgen deficiency: Cases of androgen deficiency have occurred with chronic use of opioids [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2)] .

  • 7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

    Table 5 Includes clinically significant drug interactions with buprenorphine transdermal system.

    Table 5: Significant Drug Interactions with Buprenorphine Transdermal System
    Benzodiazepines
    Clinical Impact:There have been a number of reports regarding coma and death associated with the misuse and abuse of the combination of buprenorphine and benzodiazepines. In many, but not all of these cases, buprenorphine was misused by self-injection of crushed buprenorphine tablets. Preclinical studies have shown that the combination of benzodiazepines and buprenorphine altered the usual ceiling effect on buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression, making the respiratory effects of buprenorphine appear similar to those of full opioid agonists.
    Intervention:Closely monitor patients with concurrent use of buprenorphine transdermal system and benzodiazepines. Warn patients that it is extremely dangerous to self-administer benzodiazepines while taking buprenorphine transdermal system and warn patients to use benzodiazepines concurrently with buprenorphine transdermal system only as directed by their physician.
    Benzodiazepines and Other Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants
    Clinical Impact:Due to additive pharmacologic effects, the concomitant use of benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death.
    Intervention:Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Follow patients closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation If concomitant use is warranted, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1, 5.3, 5.5), Overdosage ( 10)] .
    Examples:Benzodiazepines and other sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, other opioids, alcohol.
    Inhibitors of CYP3A4
    Clinical Impact:The concomitant use of buprenorphine and CYP3A4 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of buprenorphine, resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of buprenorphine transdermal system is achieved.

    After stopping a CYP3A4 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, the buprenorphine plasma concentration will decrease [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] , potentially resulting in decreased opioid efficacy or a withdrawal syndrome in patients who had developed physical dependence to buprenorphine.
    Intervention:If concomitant use is necessary, consider dosage reduction of buprenorphine transdermal system until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals.

    If a CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, consider increasing the buprenorphine transdermal system dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal.
    Examples:Macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g. ketoconazole), protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir)
    CYP3A4 Inducers
    Clinical Impact:The concomitant use of buprenorphine and CYP3A4 inducers can decrease the plasma concentration of buprenorphine [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] , potentially resulting in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence to buprenorphine.

    After stopping a CYP3A4 inducer, as the effects of the inducer decline, the buprenorphine plasma concentration will increase [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] , which could increase or prolong both therapeutic effects and adverse reactions and may cause serious respiratory depression.
    Intervention:If concomitant use is necessary, consider increasing the buprenorphine transdermal system dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal.

    If a CYP3A4 inducer is discontinued, consider buprenorphine transdermal system dosage reduction and monitor for signs of respiratory depression.
    Examples:Rifampin, carbamazepine, phenytoin
    Serotonergic Drugs
    Clinical Impact:The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome.
    Intervention:If concomitant use is warranted, carefully observe the patient, particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue buprenorphine transdermal system if serotonin syndrome is suspected.
    Examples:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), triptans, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, drugs that affect the serotonin neurotransmitter system (e.g., mirtazapine, trazodone, tramadol), certain muscle relaxants (i.e., cyclobenzaprine, metaxalone), monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (those intended to treat psychiatric disorders and also others, such as linezolid and intravenous methylene blue).
    Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
    Clinical Impact:MAOI interactions with opioids may manifest as serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity (e.g., respiratory depression, coma) [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)]
    Intervention:The use of buprenorphine transdermal system is not recommended for patients taking MAOIs or within 14 days of stopping such treatment.
    Examples:phenelzine, tranylcypromine, linezolid
    Mixed Agonist/Antagonist Opioid Analgesics
    Clinical Impact:May reduce the analgesic effect of buprenorphine transdermal system and/or precipitate withdrawal symptoms.
    Intervention:Avoid concomitant use.
    Examples:butorphanol, nalbuphine, pentazocine
    Muscle Relaxants
    Clinical Impact:Buprenorphine may enhance the neuromuscular blocking action of skeletal muscle relaxants and produce an increased degree of respiratory depression.
    Intervention:Monitor patients receiving muscle relaxants and buprenorphine transdermal system for signs of respiratory depression that may be greater than otherwise expected and decrease the dosage of buprenorphine transdermal system and/or the muscle relaxant as necessary. Due to the risk of respiratory depression with concomitant use of skeletal muscle relaxants and opioids, consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3, 5.5), Overdosage ( 10)]
    Diuretics
    Clinical Impact:Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone.
    Intervention:Monitor patients for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure and increase the dosage of the diuretic as needed.
    Anticholinergic Drugs
    Clinical Impact:The concomitant use of opioid analgesics, including buprenorphine, and anticholinergic drugs may increase the risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
    Intervention:Monitor patients for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility when buprenorphine transdermal system is used concomitantly with anticholinergic drugs.
  • 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

    8.1 Pregnancy

    Risk Summary

    Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy may cause neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4)] . Available data with buprenorphine transdermal system in pregnant women are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage.

    In animal reproduction studies, buprenorphine caused an increase in the number of stillborn offspring, reduced litter size, and reduced offspring growth in rats at maternal exposure levels that were approximately 10 times that of human subjects who received one buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) [see Data]. Based on animal data, advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus.

    The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.

    Clinical Considerations

    Fetal/neonatal adverse reactions
    Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy for medical or nonmedical purposes can result in physical dependence in the neonate and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome shortly after birth. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight. The onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of the drug by the newborn. Observe newborns for symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4)].

    Labor and Delivery
    Opioids cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression in neonates. An opioid antagonist such as naloxone must be available for reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the neonate. Buprenorphine transdermal system is not recommended for use in women immediately prior to labor, when shorter acting analgesics or other analgesic techniques are more appropriate. Opioid analgesics, including buprenorphine transdermal system, can prolong labor through actions that temporarily reduce the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions. However, this effect is not consistent and may be offset by an increased rate of cervical dilatation, which tends to shorten labor.

    Data

    Animal Data

    Studies in rats and rabbits demonstrated no evidence of teratogenicity following buprenorphine transdermal system or subcutaneous (SC) administration of buprenorphine during the period of organogenesis. Rats were administered up to one buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour every 3 days (Gestation Days 6, 9, 12, & 15) or received daily SC buprenorphine up to 5 mg/kg (Gestation Days 6 to 17). Rabbits were administered four buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour every 3 days (Gestation Days 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 19) or received daily SC buprenorphine up to 5 mg/kg (Gestation Days 6-19). No teratogenicity was observed at any dose. AUC values for buprenorphine with buprenorphine transdermal system application and SC injection were approximately 110 and 140 times, respectively, that of human subjects who received the MRHD of one buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour.

    In a pre- and post-natal study conducted in pregnant and lactating rats, administration of buprenorphine either as buprenorphine transdermal system or SC buprenorphine was associated with toxicity to offspring. Buprenorphine was present in maternal milk. Pregnant rats were administered 1/4 of one buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour every 3 days or received daily SC buprenorphine at doses of 0.05, 0.5, or 5 mg/kg from Gestation Day 6 to Lactation Day 21 (weaning). Administration of buprenorphine transdermal system or SC buprenorphine at 0.5 or 5 mg/kg caused maternal toxicity and an increase in the number of stillborns, reduced litter size, and reduced offspring growth at maternal exposure levels that were approximately 10 times that of human subjects who received the MRHD of one buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour. Maternal toxicity was also observed at the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for offspring.

    8.2 Lactation

    Risk Summary

    Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, including excess sedation and respiratory depression in a breastfed infant, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with buprenorphine transdermal system.

    Clinical Considerations

    Monitor infants exposed to buprenorphine transdermal system through breast milk for excess sedation and respiratory depression. Withdrawal symptoms can occur in breastfed infants when maternal administration of buprenorphine is stopped or when breast-feeding is stopped.

    8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

    Infertility

    Chronic use of opioids may cause reduced fertility in females and males of reproductive potential. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2), Preclinical Pharmacology ( 12.2), Nonclinical Toxicology ( 13.1)] .

    8.4 Pediatric Use

    The safety and efficacy of buprenorphine transdermal system in patients under 18 years of age has not been established. Buprenorphine transdermal system has been evaluated in an open-label clinical trial in pediatric patients. However, definitive conclusions are not possible because of the small sample size.

    8.5 Geriatric Use

    Of the total number of subjects in the clinical trials (5,415), buprenorphine transdermal system was administered to 1,377 patients aged 65 years and older. Of those, 457 patients were 75 years of age and older. In the clinical program, the incidences of selected buprenorphine transdermal system-related AEs were higher in older subjects. The incidences of application site AEs were slightly higher among subjects < 65 years of age than those ≥ 65 years of age for both buprenorphine transdermal system and placebo treatment groups.

    In a single-dose study of healthy elderly and healthy young subjects treated with buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour, the pharmacokinetics were similar. In a separate dose-escalation safety study, the pharmacokinetics in the healthy elderly and hypertensive elderly subjects taking thiazide diuretics were similar to those in the healthy young adults. In the elderly groups evaluated, adverse event rates were similar to or lower than rates in healthy young adult subjects, except for constipation and urinary retention, which were more common in the elderly. Although specific dose adjustments on the basis of advanced age are not required for pharmacokinetic reasons, use caution in the elderly population to ensure safe use [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] . Respiratory depression is the chief risk for elderly patients treated with opioids, and has occurred after large initial doses were administered to patients who were not opioid-tolerant or when opioids were co-administered with other agents that depress respiration. Titrate the dosage of buprenorphine transdermal system slowly in geriatric patients and monitor closely for signs of central nervous system and respiratory depression [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6)] .

    8.6 Hepatic Impairment

    In a study utilizing intravenous buprenorphine, peak plasma levels (C max) and exposure (AUC) of buprenorphine in patients with mild and moderate hepatic impairment did not increase as compared to those observed in subjects with normal hepatic function. Buprenorphine transdermal system has not been evaluated in patients with severe hepatic impairment. As buprenorphine transdermal system is intended for 7-day dosing, consider the use of alternate analgesic therapy in patients with severe hepatic impairment [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.5) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

  • 9 DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE

    9.1 Controlled Substance

    Buprenorphine transdermal system contains buprenorphine, a Schedule III controlled substance.

    9.2 Abuse

    Buprenorphine transdermal system contains buprenorphine, a Schedule III controlled substance with an abuse potential similar to other Schedule III opioids. Buprenorphine transdermal system can be abused and is subject to misuse, addiction and criminal diversion [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1)] . The high drug content in extended-release formulations adds to the risk of adverse outcomes from abuse and misuse.

    All patients treated with opioids, including buprenorphine transdermal system, require careful monitoring for signs of abuse and addiction, since use of opioid analgesic products carries the risk of addiction even under appropriate medical use.

    Prescription drug abuse is the intentional non-therapeutic use of a prescription drug, even once, for its rewarding psychological or physiological effects.

    Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and includes: a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal.

    “Drug-seeking” behavior is very common in persons with substance use disorders. Drug-seeking tactics include emergency calls or visits near the end of office hours, refusal to undergo appropriate examination, testing, or referral, repeated “loss” of prescriptions, tampering with prescriptions, and reluctance to provide prior medical records or contact information for other treating healthcare providers(s). “Doctor shopping” (visiting multiple prescribers to obtain additional prescriptions) is common among drug abusers and people suffering from untreated addiction. Preoccupation with achieving adequate pain relief can be appropriate behavior in a patient with poor pain control.

    Abuse and addiction are separate and distinct from physical dependence and tolerance. Healthcare providers should be aware that addiction may not be accompanied by concurrent tolerance and symptoms of physical dependence in all addicts. In addition, abuse of opioids can occur in the absence of true addiction.

    Buprenorphine transdermal system, like other opioids, can be diverted for non-medical use into illicit channels of distribution. Careful record-keeping of prescribing information, including quantity, frequency, and renewal requests, as required by state and federal law, is strongly advised.

    Proper assessment of the patient, proper prescribing practices, periodic re-evaluation of therapy, and proper dispensing and storage are appropriate measures that help to limit abuse of opioid drugs.

    Risks Specific to the Abuse of Buprenorphine Transdermal System
    Buprenorphine transdermal system is intended for transdermal use only. Abuse of buprenorphine transdermal system poses a risk of overdose and death. This risk is increased with concurrent abuse of buprenorphine transdermal system with alcohol and other substances including other opioids and benzodiazepines [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4) and Drug Interactions ( 7)] . Intentional compromise of the transdermal delivery system will result in the uncontrolled delivery of buprenorphine and pose a significant risk to the abuser that could result in overdose and death [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1)]. Abuse may occur by applying the transdermal system in the absence of legitimate purpose, or by chewing, swallowing, snorting, or injecting buprenorphine extracted from the transdermal system. Parenteral drug abuse is commonly associated with transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV.

    9.3 Dependence

    Both tolerance and physical dependence can develop during chronic opioid therapy. Tolerance is the need for increasing doses of opioids to maintain a defined effect such as analgesia (in the absence of disease progression or other external factors). Tolerance may occur to both the desired and undesired effects of drugs, and may develop at different rates for different effects.

    Physical dependence is a physiological state in which the body adapts to the drug after a period of regular exposure, resulting in withdrawal symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dosage reduction of a drug. Withdrawal also may be precipitated through the administration of drugs with opioid antagonist activity (e.g., naloxone, nalmefene), or mixed agonist/antagonist analgesics (e.g., pentazocine, butorphanol, nalbuphine). Physical dependence may not occur to a clinically significant degree until after several days to weeks of continued opioid usage.

    Do not abruptly discontinue buprenorphine transdermal system in a patient physically dependent on opioids. Rapid tapering of buprenorphine transdermal system in a patient physically dependent on opioids may lead to serious withdrawal symptoms, uncontrolled pain, and suicide. Rapid discontinuation has also been associated with attempts to find other sources of opioid analgesics, which may be confused with drug-seeking for abuse. When discontinuing buprenorphine transdermal system, gradually taper the dosage using a patient-specific plan that considers the following: the dose of buprenorphine transdermal system the patient has been taking, the duration of treatment, and the physical and psychological attributes of the patient. To improve the likelihood of a successful taper and minimize withdrawal symptoms, it is important that the opioid tapering schedule is agreed upon by the patient. In patients taking opioids for a long duration at high doses, ensure that a multimodal approach to pain management, including mental health support (if needed), is in place prior to initiating an opioid analgesic taper [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.5), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.14)] .

    Infants born to mothers physically dependent on opioids will also be physically dependent and may exhibit respiratory difficulties and withdrawal signs [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1)].

  • 10 OVERDOSAGE

    Clinical Presentation
    Acute overdosage with buprenorphine transdermal system is manifested by respiratory depression, somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, constricted pupils, and, in some cases, pulmonary edema, bradycardia, hypotension, partial or complete airway obstruction, atypical snoring, and death. Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen due to severe hypoxia in overdose situations [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2)] .

    Treatment of Overdose
    In case of overdose, priorities are the re-establishment of a patent and protected airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation, if needed. Employ other supportive measures (including oxygen, vasopressors) in the management of circulatory shock and pulmonary edema as indicated. Cardiac arrest or arrhythmias will require advanced life support techniques.

    Opioid antagonists, such as naloxone, are specific antidotes to respiratory depression resulting from opioid overdose. However, naloxone may not be effective in reversing any respiratory depression produced by buprenorphine. High doses of naloxone, 10 to 35 mg/70 kg, may be of limited value in the management of buprenorphine overdose. The onset of naloxone effect may be delayed by 30 minutes or more. Doxapram hydrochloride (a respiratory stimulant) has also been used.

    Remove buprenorphine transdermal system immediately. Because the duration of reversal would be expected to be less than the duration of action of buprenorphine from buprenorphine transdermal system, carefully monitor the patient until spontaneous respiration is reliably re-established. Even in the face of improvement, continued medical monitoring is required because of the possibility of extended effects as buprenorphine continues to be absorbed from the skin. After removal of buprenorphine transdermal system, the mean buprenorphine concentrations decrease approximately 50% in 12 hours (range 10 to 24 hours) with an apparent terminal half-life of approximately 26 hours. Due to this long apparent terminal half-life, patients may require monitoring and treatment for at least 24 hours.

    In an individual physically dependent on opioids, administration of an opioid receptor antagonist may precipitate an acute withdrawal syndrome. The severity of the withdrawal symptoms experienced will depend on the degree of physical dependence and the dose of the antagonist administered. If a decision is made to treat serious respiratory depression in the physically dependent patient, administration of the antagonist should be begun with care and by titration with smaller than usual doses of the antagonist.

  • 11 DESCRIPTION

    Buprenorphine transdermal system is a transdermal system providing systemic delivery of buprenorphine, a mu opioid partial agonist analgesic, continuously for 7 days. The chemical name of buprenorphine is (5R,6R,7R,9R,13S,14S)-17-Cyclopropylmethyl-7-[(S)-3,3-dimethyl-2-hydroxybutan-2-yl]-6-methoxy-4,5-epoxy-6,14-ethanomorphinan-3-ol

    The structural formula is:

    Structure.jpg

    The molecular weight of buprenorphine is 467.64; the empirical formula is C 29H 41NO 4.
    Buprenorphine occurs as a white or almost white crystalline powder and is very slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in acetone, soluble in methanol, and slightly soluble in cyclohexane. It dissolves in dilute solutions of acids.

    The pKa is 8.35 and the melting point is about 217°C.

    System Components and Structure

    Five different strengths of buprenorphine transdermal system are available: 5, 7.5, 10, 15, and 20 mcg/hour (Table 6). The proportion of buprenorphine mixed in the adhesive matrix is the same in each of the five strengths. The amount of buprenorphine released from each system per hour is proportional to the active surface area of the system. The skin is the limiting barrier to diffusion from the system into the bloodstream.

    Table 6: Buprenorphine Transdermal System Product Specifications

    Buprenorphine Delivery
    Rate (mcg/hour)     		Active Surface
    Area (cm 2)     		Total Buprenorphine
    Content (mg)
    Buprenorphine transdermal system 56.254.75
    Buprenorphine transdermal system 7.59.3757.125
    Buprenorphine transdermal system 1012.59.5
    Buprenorphine transdermal system 1518.7514.25
    Buprenorphine transdermal system 202519.00

    Buprenorphine transdermal system is a rectangular or square, tan-colored system consisting of a protective liner and functional layers. Proceeding from the outer surface toward the surface adhering to the skin, the layers are (1) a beige-colored web backing layer; (2) an adhesive rim without buprenorphine; (3) a separating layer over the buprenorphine-containing adhesive matrix; (4) the buprenorphine-containing adhesive matrix; and (5) a peel-off release liner. Before use, the release liner covering the adhesive layer is removed and discarded.

    Fig1.jpg

    Figure 1: Cross-Section Diagram of Buprenorphine Transdermal System (not to scale).

    The active ingredient in buprenorphine transdermal system is buprenorphine. The inactive ingredients in each system are: levulinic acid, oleyl oleate, povidone, and polyacrylate cross-linked with aluminum.

  • 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

    12.1 Mechanism of Action

    Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at the mu-opioid receptor and an antagonist at the kappa-opioid receptors, an agonist at delta-opioid receptors, and a partial agonist at ORL-1 (nociceptin) receptors. The contributions of these actions to its analgesic profile are unclear.

    12.2 Pharmacodynamics

    Effects on the Central Nervous System
    Buprenorphine produces respiratory depression by direct action on brainstem respiratory centers. The respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brainstem respiratory centers to both increases in carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation.

    Buprenorphine causes miosis, even in total darkness. Pinpoint pupils are a sign of opioid overdose but are not pathognomonic (e.g., pontine lesions of hemorrhagic or ischemic origins may produce similar findings). Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen with worsening hypoxia in overdose situations.

    Effects on the Gastrointestinal Tract and Other Smooth Muscle
    Buprenorphine causes a reduction in motility associated with an increase in smooth muscle tone in the antrum of the stomach and duodenum. Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed and propulsive contractions are decreased. Propulsive peristaltic waves in the colon are decreased, while tone is increased to the point of spasm, resulting in constipation. Other opioid-induced effects may include a reduction in biliary and pancreatic secretions, spasm of sphincter of Oddi, and transient elevations in serum amylase.

    Effects on the Cardiovascular System
    Buprenorphine produces peripheral vasodilation, which may result in orthostatic hypotension or syncope. Manifestations of histamine release and/or peripheral vasodilation may include pruritus, flushing, red eyes, sweating, and/or orthostatic hypotension.

    Effects on Cardiac Electrophysiology
    The effect of buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour and 2 x buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour on QTc interval was evaluated in a double-blind (buprenorphine transdermal system vs. placebo), randomized, placebo and active-controlled (moxifloxacin 400 mg, open label), parallel-group, dose-escalating, single-dose study in 132 healthy male and female subjects aged 18 to 55 years. The dose escalation sequence for buprenorphine transdermal system during the titration period was: buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour for 3 days, then buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour for 3 days, then buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour for 3 days, then 2 x buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour for 4 days. The QTc evaluation was performed during the third day of buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour and the fourth day of 2 x buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour when the plasma levels of buprenorphine were at steady state for the corresponding doses [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.12)] .

    There was no clinically meaningful effect on mean QTc with a buprenorphine transdermal system dose of 10 mcg/hour. A buprenorphine transdermal system dose of 40 mcg/hour (given as two 20 mcg/hour buprenorphine transdermal system) prolonged mean QTc by a maximum of 9.2 (90% CI: 5.2-13.3) msec across the 13 assessment time points.

    Effects on the Endocrine System
    Opioids inhibit the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) in humans [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2)] . They also stimulate prolactin, growth hormone (GH) secretion, and pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon.

    Chronic use of opioids may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to androgen deficiency that may manifest as low libido, impotence, erectile dysfunction, amenorrhea, or infertility. The causal role of opioids in the clinical syndrome of hypogonadism is unknown because the various medical, physical, lifestyle, and psychological stressors that may influence gonadal hormone levels have not been adequately controlled for in studies conducted to date [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2)].

    Effects on the Immune System
    Opioids have been shown to have a variety of effects on components of the immune system in in vitroand animal models. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown.  Overall, the effects of opioids appear to be modestly immunosuppressive.

    Concentration–Efficacy Relationships
    The minimum effective analgesic concentration will vary widely among patients, especially among patients who have been previously treated with potent agonist opioids. The minimum effective analgesic concentration of buprenorphine for any individual patient may increase over time due to an increase in pain, the development of a new pain syndrome, and/or the development of analgesic tolerance [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1, 2.4)] .

    Concentration–Adverse Reaction Relationships
    There is a relationship between increasing buprenorphine plasma concentration and increasing frequency of dose-related opioid adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, CNS effects, and respiratory depression. In opioid-tolerant patients, the situation may be altered by the development of tolerance to opioid-related adverse reactions [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1, 2.3, 2.4)] .

    12.3 Pharmacokinetics

    Absorption
    Each buprenorphine transdermal system provides delivery of buprenorphine for 7 days. Steady state was achieved during the first application by Day 3 (see Figure 2).

    Fig2.jpg

    Figure 2
    Mean (SD) Buprenorphine Plasma Concentrations Following Three Consecutive Applications of buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour (N = 36 Healthy Subjects)

    Buprenorphine transdermal system 5, 10, and 20 mcg/hour provide dose-proportional total buprenorphine exposures (AUC) following 7-day applications. Buprenorphine transdermal system single 7-day application and steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters are summarized in Table 7. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations after titration showed no further change over the 60-day period studied.

    Table 7: Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Buprenorphine Transdermal System in Healthy Subjects, Mean (%CV)

    Single 7-day applicationAUC inf
    (pg.h/mL)     		C max
    (pg/mL)
    Buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour12087 (37)176 (67)
    Buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour27035 (29)191 (34)
    Buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour54294 (36)471 (49)
    Multiple 7-day ApplicationsAUC tau,ss
    (pg.h/mL)     		C max,ss
    (pg/mL)
    Buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour, steady-state27543 (33)224 (35)

    Transdermal delivery studies showed that intact human skin is permeable to buprenorphine. In clinical pharmacology studies, the median time for buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour to deliver quantifiable buprenorphine concentrations (≥ 25 pg/mL) was approximately 17 hours.

    The absolute bioavailability of buprenorphine transdermal system relative to IV administration, following a 7-day application, is approximately 15% for all doses (buprenorphine transdermal system 5, 10, and 20 mcg/hour).

    Effects of Application Site
    A study in healthy subjects demonstrated that the pharmacokinetic profile of buprenorphine delivered by buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour is similar when applied to the upper outer arm, upper chest, upper back, or the side of the chest [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.7)] .

    The reapplication of buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour after various rest periods to the same application site in healthy subjects showed that the minimum rest period needed to avoid variability in drug absorption is 3 weeks (21 days) [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.7)] .

    Effects of Heat
    In a study of healthy subjects, application of a heating pad directly on the buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour system caused a 26% to 55% increase in blood concentrations of buprenorphine. Concentrations returned to normal within 5 hours after the heat was removed. For this reason, instruct patients not to apply heating pads directly to the buprenorphine transdermal system during system wear [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.15)].

    Fever may increase the permeability of the skin, leading to increased buprenorphine concentrations during buprenorphine transdermal system treatment. As a result, febrile patients are at increased risk for the possibility of buprenorphine transdermal system-related reactions during treatment with buprenorphine transdermal system. Monitor patients with febrile illness for adverse effects and consider dose adjustment [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.16)]. In a crossover study of healthy subjects receiving endotoxin or placebo challenge during buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour wear, the AUC and C maxwere similar despite a physiologic response of mild fever to endotoxin.

    Distribution
    Buprenorphine is approximately 96% bound to plasma proteins, mainly to alpha- and beta-globulin.

    Studies of IV buprenorphine have shown a large volume of distribution (approximately 430 L), implying extensive distribution of buprenorphine.

    CSF buprenorphine concentrations appear to be approximately 15 to 25% of concurrent plasma concentrations.

    Elimination

    Metabolism
    Buprenorphine metabolism in the skin following buprenorphine transdermal system application is negligible.

    Buprenorphine primarily undergoes N-dealkylation by CYP3A4 to norbuprenorphine and glucuronidation by UGT-isoenzymes (mainly UGT1A1 and 2B7) to buprenorphine 3β- O-glucuronide. Norbuprenorphine, the major metabolite, is also glucuronidated (mainly UGT1A3) prior to excretion.

    Norbuprenorphine is the only known active metabolite of buprenorphine. It has been shown to be a respiratory depressant in rats, but only at concentrations at least 50-fold greater than those observed following application to humans of buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour.

    Excretion
    Following IV administration, buprenorphine and its metabolites are secreted into bile and excreted in urine.

    Following intramuscular administration of 2 mcg/kg dose of buprenorphine, approximately 70% of the dose was excreted in feces within 7 days. Approximately 27% was excreted in urine.

    Following transdermal application, buprenorphine is eliminated via hepatic metabolism, with subsequent biliary excretion and renal excretion of soluble metabolites. After removal of buprenorphine transdermal system, mean buprenorphine concentrations decrease approximately 50% within 10 to 24 hours, followed by decline with an apparent terminal half-life of approximately 26 hours. Since metabolism and excretion of buprenorphine occur mainly via hepatic elimination, reductions in hepatic blood flow induced by some general anesthetics (e.g., halothane) and other drugs may result in a decreased rate of hepatic elimination of the drug, leading to increased plasma concentrations.

    The total clearance of buprenorphine is approximately 55 L/hour in postoperative patients.

    Drug Interaction Studies

    Effect of CYP3A4 inhibitors
    In a drug-drug interaction study, buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour (single dose x 7 days) was coadministered with 200 mg ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or ketoconazole placebo twice daily for 11 days and the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine and its metabolites were evaluated. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations did not accumulate during co-medication with ketoconazole 200 mg twice daily. Based on the results from this study, metabolism during therapy with buprenorphine transdermal system is not expected to be affected by co-administration of CYP3A4 inhibitors [see Drug Interactions ( 7)].

    Antiretroviral agents have been evaluated for CYP3A4 mediated interactions with sublingual buprenorphine. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) do not appear to have clinically significant interactions with buprenorphine. However, certain protease inhibitors (PIs) with CYP3A4 inhibitory activity such as atazanavir and atazanavir/ritonavir resulted in elevated levels of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine when buprenorphine and naloxone were administered sublingually. C maxand AUC for buprenorphine increased by up to 1.6 and 1.9 fold, and C maxand AUC for norbuprenorphine increased by up to 1.6 and 2.0 fold respectively, when sublingual buprenorphine was administered with these PIs. Patients in this study reported increased sedation, and symptoms of opiate excess have been found in post-marketing reports of patients receiving buprenorphine and atazanavir with and without ritonavir concomitantly. It should be noted that atazanavir is both a CYP3A4 and UGT1A1 inhibitor. As such, the drug-drug interaction potential for buprenorphine with CYP3A4 inhibitors is likely to be dependent on the route of administration as well as the specificity of enzyme inhibition [see Drug Interactions ( 7)].

    Effect of CYP3A4 Inducers
    The interaction between buprenorphine and CYP3A4 inducers has not been studied.

    Specific Populations

    Age: Geriatric Patients
    Following a single application of buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour to 12 healthy young adults (mean age 32 years) and 12 healthy elderly subjects (mean age 72 years), the pharmacokinetic profile of buprenorphine transdermal system was similar in healthy elderly and healthy young adult subjects, though the elderly subjects showed a trend toward higher plasma concentrations immediately after buprenorphine transdermal system removal. Both groups eliminated buprenorphine at similar rates after system removal [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.5)].

    In a study of healthy young subjects, healthy elderly subjects, and elderly subjects treated with thiazide diuretics, buprenorphine transdermal system at a fixed dose-escalation schedule (buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour for 3 days, followed by buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour for 3 days and buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour for 7 days) produced similar mean plasma concentration vs. time profiles for each of the three subject groups. There were no significant differences between groups in buprenorphine C maxor AUC [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.5)].

    Sex
    In a pooled data analysis utilizing data from several studies that administered buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour to healthy subjects, no differences in buprenorphine C maxand AUC or body-weight normalized C maxand AUC were observed between males and females treated with buprenorphine transdermal system.

    Hepatic Impairment
    The pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following an IV infusion of 0.3 mg of buprenorphine were compared in 8 patients with mild impairment (Child-Pugh A), 4 patients with moderate impairment (Child-Pugh B) and 12 subjects with normal hepatic function. Buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine exposure did not increase in the mild and moderate hepatic impairment patients.

    Buprenorphine transdermal system has not been evaluated in patients with severe (Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment. [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.10), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6)].

    Renal Impairment
    No studies in patients with renal impairment have been performed with buprenorphine transdermal system.

    In an independent study, the effect of impaired renal function on buprenorphine pharmacokinetics after IV bolus and after continuous IV infusion administrations was evaluated. It was found that plasma buprenorphine concentrations were similar in patients with normal renal function and in patients with impaired renal function or renal failure. In a separate investigation of the effect of intermittent hemodialysis on buprenorphine plasma concentrations in chronic pain patients with end-stage renal disease who were treated with a transdermal buprenorphine product (marketed outside the US) up to 70 mcg/hour, no significant differences in buprenorphine plasma concentrations before or after hemodialysis were observed.

    No notable relationship was observed between estimated creatinine clearance rates and steady-state buprenorphine concentrations among patients during buprenorphine transdermal system therapy.

  • 13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

    13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

    Carcinogenesis
    Buprenorphine administered daily by skin painting to Sprague Dawley rats for 100 weeks at dosages (20, 60, or 200 mg/kg) produced systemic exposures (based on AUC) that ranged from approximately 130 to 350 times that of human subjects administered the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour. An increased incidence of benign testicular interstitial cell tumors, considered buprenorphine treatment-related, was observed in male rats compared with concurrent controls. The tumor incidence was also above the highest incidence in the historical control database of the testing facility. These tumors were noted at 60 mg/kg/day and higher at approximately 220 times the proposed MRHD based on AUC. The no observed effect level (NOEL) was 20 mg/kg/day (approximately 140 times the proposed MRHD based on AUC). The mechanism leading to the tumor findings and the relevance to humans is unknown.

    Buprenorphine was administered by skin painting to hemizygous Tg.AC mice over a 6-month study period. At the dosages administered daily (18.75, 37.5, 150, or 600 mg/kg/day), buprenorphine was not carcinogenic or tumorigenic at systemic exposure to buprenorphine, based on AUC, of up to approximately 1000 times that of human subjects administered buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour, the MRHD.

    Mutagenesis
    Buprenorphine was not genotoxic in three in vitrogenetic toxicology studies (bacterial mutagenicity test, mouse lymphoma assay, chromosomal aberration assay in human peripheral blood lymphocytes), and in one in vivomouse micronucleus test.

    Impairment of Fertility
    Buprenorphine transdermal system (1/4 of a buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour, one buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour, or one buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour every 3 days in males for 4 weeks prior to mating for a total of 10 weeks and in females for 2 weeks prior to mating through Gestation Day 7) had no effect on fertility or general reproductive performance of rats at AUC-based exposure levels as high as approximately 65 times (females) and 100 times (males) that for human subjects who received buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour, the MRHD.

  • 14 CLINICAL STUDIES

    The efficacy of buprenorphine transdermal system has been evaluated in four 12-week double-blind, controlled clinical trials in opioid-naïve and opioid-experienced patients with moderate to severe chronic low back pain or osteoarthritis using pain scores as the primary efficacy variable. Two of these studies, described below, demonstrated efficacy in patients with low back pain. One study in low back pain and one study in osteoarthritis did not show a statistically significant pain reduction for either buprenorphine transdermal system or the respective active comparators.

    12-Week Study in Opioid-Naïve Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain
    A total of 1,024 patients with chronic low back pain who were suboptimally responsive to their non-opioid therapy entered an open-label, dose-titration period for up to four weeks. Patients initiated therapy with three days of treatment with buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour. After three days, if adverse events were tolerated, the dose was increased to buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour. If adverse effects were tolerated but adequate analgesia was not reached, the dose was increased to buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour for an additional 10 to 12 days. Patients who achieved adequate analgesia and tolerable adverse effects on buprenorphine transdermal system 10 or 20 mcg/hour were then randomized to remain on their titrated dose of buprenorphine transdermal system or matching placebo. Fifty-three percent of the patients who entered the open-label titration period were able to titrate to a tolerable and effective dose and were randomized into a 12-week, double-blind treatment period. Twenty-three percent of patients discontinued due to an adverse event from the open-label titration period and 14% discontinued due to lack of a therapeutic effect. The remaining 10% of patients were dropped due to various administrative reasons.

    During the first seven days of double-blind treatment patients were allowed up to two tablets per day of immediate-release oxycodone 5 mg as supplemental analgesia to minimize opioid withdrawal symptoms in patients randomized to placebo. Thereafter, the supplemental analgesia was limited to either acetaminophen 500 mg or ibuprofen 200 mg at a maximum of four tablets per day. Sixty-six percent of the patients treated with buprenorphine transdermal system completed the 12-week treatment compared to 70% of the patients treated with placebo. Of the 256 patients randomized to buprenorphine transdermal system, 9% discontinued due to lack of efficacy and 16% due to adverse events. Of the 283 patients randomized to placebo, 13% discontinued due to lack of efficacy and 7% due to adverse events.

    Of the patients who were randomized, the mean pain (SE) NRS scores were 7.2 (0.08) and 7.2 (0.07) at screening and 2.6 (0.08) and 2.6 (0.07) at pre-randomization (beginning of double- blind phase) for the buprenorphine transdermal system and placebo groups, respectively.

    The score for average pain over the last 24 hours at the end of the study (Week 12/Early Termination) was statistically significantly lower for patients treated with buprenorphine transdermal system compared with patients treated with placebo. The proportion of patients with various degrees of improvement, from screening to study endpoint, is shown in Figure 3 below.

    Fig3.jpg

    Figure 3: Percent Reduction in Pain Intensity

    12-Week Study in Opioid-Experienced Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain
    One thousand one hundred and sixty (1,160) patients on chronic opioid therapy (total daily dose 30 to 80 mg morphine equivalent) entered an open-label, dose-titration period with buprenorphine transdermal system for up to 3 weeks, following taper of prior opioids. Patients initiated therapy with buprenorphine transdermal system 10 mcg/hour for three days. After three days, if the patient tolerated the adverse effects, the dose was increased to buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour for up to 18 days. Patients with adequate analgesia and tolerable adverse effects on buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour were randomized to remain on buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour or were switched to a low-dose control (buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour) or an active control. Fifty-seven percent of the patients who entered the open-label titration period were able to titrate to and tolerate the adverse effects of buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour and were randomized into a 12-week double-blind treatment phase. Twelve percent of patients discontinued due to an adverse event and 21% discontinued due to lack of a therapeutic effect during the open-label titration period.

    During the double-blind period, patients were permitted to take ibuprofen (200 mg tablets) or acetaminophen (500 mg tablets) every 4 hours as needed for supplemental analgesia (up to 3200 mg of ibuprofen and 4 grams of acetaminophen daily). Sixty-seven percent of patients treated with buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour and 58% of patients treated with buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour completed the 12-week treatment. Of the 219 patients randomized to buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour, 11% discontinued due to lack of efficacy and 13% due to adverse events. Of the 221 patients randomized to buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour, 24% discontinued due to lack of efficacy and 6% due to adverse events.


    Of the patients who were able to be randomized in the double-blind period, the mean pain (SE) NRS scores were 6.4 (0.08) and 6.5 (0.08) at screening and were 2.8 (0.08) and 2.9 (0.08) at pre-randomization (beginning of Double-Blind Period) for the buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour and buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour, respectively.

    The score for average pain over the last 24 hours at Week 12 was statistically significantly lower for subjects treated with buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour compared to subjects treated with buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour. A higher proportion of buprenorphine transdermal system 20 mcg/hour patients (49%) had at least a 30% reduction in pain score from screening to study endpoint when compared to buprenorphine transdermal system 5 mcg/hour patients (33%). The proportion of patients with various degrees of improvement from screening to study endpoint is shown in Figure 4 below.

    Fig4.jpg

    Figure 4: Percent Reduction in Pain Intensity

  • 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

    Buprenorphine Transdermal System is supplied in cartons containing 4 individually-packaged systems and a pouch containing 4 Patch-Disposal Units.

    Buprenorphine 5 mcg/hour Transdermal Systems are square, tan-colored adhesive patches with rounded corners measuring 45 mm by 45 mm. Each system is printed in blue with Buprenorphine and 5 mcg/hr and are supplied in a 4-count carton ( NDC: 50742-372-04).

    Buprenorphine 7.5 mcg/hour Transdermal Systems are rectangular, tan-colored adhesive patches with rounded corners measuring 57.5 mm by 45 mm. Each system is printed in blue with Buprenorphine and 7.5 mcg/hr and are supplied in a 4-count carton ( NDC: 50742-373-04).

    Buprenorphine 10 mcg/hour Transdermal Systems are rectangular, tan-colored adhesive patches with rounded corners measuring 68 mm by 45 mm. Each system is printed in blue with Buprenorphine and 10 mcg/hr and are supplied in a 4-count carton ( NDC: 50742-374-04).

    Buprenorphine 15 mcg/hour Transdermal Systems are rectangular, tan-colored adhesive patches with rounded corners measuring 72 mm by 59 mm. Each system is printed in blue with Buprenorphine and 15 mcg/hr and are supplied in a 4-count carton ( NDC: 50742-375-04).

    Buprenorphine 20 mcg/hour Transdermal Systems are square, tan-colored adhesive patches with rounded corners measuring 72 mm by 72 mm. Each system is printed in blue with Buprenorphine and 20mcg/hr and are supplied in a 4-count carton ( NDC: 50742-376-04).

    Store buprenorphine transdermal system securely and dispose of properly [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17)].

    Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].

  • 17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

    Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use).

    Storage and Disposal:

    Because of the risks associated with accidental ingestion, misuse, and abuse, advise patients to store buprenorphine transdermal system securely, out of sight and reach of children, and in a location not accessible by others, including visitors to the home [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1, 5.3), Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9.2)]. Inform patients that leaving buprenorphine transdermal system unsecured can pose a deadly risk to others in the home.  

    Advise patients and caregivers that when medicines are no longer needed, they should be disposed of promptly. buprenorphine transdermal system patches can be disposed of by using the Patch- Disposal Unit [see Instructions for Use]. Alternatively, expired, unwanted, or unused buprenorphine transdermal system should be disposed of by folding the patch in half and flushing the unused medication down the toilet if a drug take-back option is not readily available. Inform patients that they can visit www.fda.gov/drugdisposal for a complete list of medicines recommended for disposal by flushing, as well as additional information on disposal of unused medicines.

    Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse
    Inform patients that the use of buprenorphine transdermal system, even when taken as recommended, can result in addiction, abuse, and misuse, which could lead to overdose and death [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1)]. Instruct patients not to share buprenorphine transdermal system with others and to take steps to protect buprenorphine transdermal system from theft or misuse.

    Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression
    Inform patients of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression, including information that the risk is greatest when starting buprenorphine transdermal system or when the dosage is increased, and that it can occur even at recommended doses.

    Educate patients and caregivers on how to recognize respiratory depression and emphasize the importance of calling 911 or getting emergency medical help right away in the event of a known or suspected overdose [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3), Overdosage ( 10)].

    Patient Access to Naloxone for the Emergency Treatment of Opioid Overdose

    Discuss with the patient and caregiver the availability of naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose, both when initiating and renewing treatment with buprenorphine transdermal system. Inform patients and caregivers about the various ways to obtain naloxone as permitted by individual state naloxone dispensing and prescribing requirements or guidelines (e.g., by prescription, directly from a pharmacist, or as part of a community-based program) [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)].

    Educate patients and caregivers on how to recognize the signs and symptoms of an overdose.

    Explain to patients and caregivers that naloxone’s effects are temporary, and that they must call 911 or get emergency medical help right away in all cases of known or suspected opioid overdose, even if naloxone is administered [see Overdosage ( 10)].

    If naloxone is prescribed, also advise patients and caregivers:

    • How to treat with naloxone in the event of an opioid overdose
    • To tell family and friends about their naloxone and to keep it in a place where family and friends can access it in an emergency
    • To read the Patient Information (or other educational material) that will come with their naloxone. Emphasize the importance of doing this before an opioid emergency happens, so the patient and caregiver will know what to do.

    Accidental Exposure
    Inform patients that accidental exposure, especially in children, may result in respiratory depression or death [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)].

    Interaction with Benzodiazepines and Other CNS Depressants
    Inform patients and caregivers that potentially fatal additive effects may occur if buprenorphine transdermal system is used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, and not to use these concomitantly unless supervised by a healthcare provider [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5)].

    Interaction with Benzodiazepines
    Warn patients that it is extremely dangerous to self-administer benzodiazepines while taking buprenorphine transdermal system, and warn patients to use benzodiazepines concurrently with buprenorphine transdermal system only as directed by their physician [see Drug Interactions ( 7)].

    Serotonin Syndrome
    Inform patients that opioids could cause a rare but potentially life-threatening condition resulting from concomitant administration of serotonergic drugs. Warn patients of the symptoms of serotonin syndrome and to seek medical attention right away if symptoms develop. Instruct patients to inform their physicians if they are taking, or plan to take serotonergic medications [see Drug Interactions (7)].

    MAOI Interaction
    Inform patients to avoid taking buprenorphine transdermal system while using any drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase. Patients should not start MAOIs while taking buprenorphine transdermal system [see Drug Interactions ( 7)].

    Adrenal Insufficiency
    Inform patients that opioids could cause adrenal insufficiency, a potentially life-threatening condition. Adrenal insufficiency may present with non-specific symptoms and signs such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. Advise patients to seek medical attention if they experience a constellation of these symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7)].

    Important Administration Instructions

    Instruct patients how to properly use buprenorphine transdermal system, including the following:

    1. To carefully follow instructions for the application, removal, and disposal of buprenorphine transdermal system. Each week, apply buprenorphine transdermal system to a different site based on the 8 described skin sites, with a minimum of 3 weeks between applications to a previously used site [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.7)].
    2. To apply buprenorphine transdermal system to a hairless or nearly hairless skin site. If none are available, instruct patients to clip the hair at the site and not to shave the area. Instruct patients not to apply to irritated skin. If the application site must be cleaned, use clear water only. Soaps, alcohol, oils, lotions, or abrasive devices should not be used. Allow the skin to dry before applying buprenorphine transdermal system [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.7)].
    3. To avoid exposing the buprenorphine transdermal system application site to external heat sources, hot water, or prolonged direct sunlight [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.15) ].

    Important Discontinuation Instructions

    In order to avoid developing withdrawal symptoms, instruct patients not to discontinue buprenorphine transdermal system without first discussing a tapering plan with the prescriber [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.5)].

    Hypotension
    Inform patients that buprenorphine transdermal system may cause orthostatic hypotension and syncope. Instruct patients how to recognize symptoms of low blood pressure and how to reduce the risk of serious consequences should hypotension occur (e.g., sit or lie down, carefully rise from a sitting or lying position) [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8)].

    Anaphylaxis
    Inform patients that anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in buprenorphine transdermal system. Advise patients how to recognize such a reaction and when to seek medical attention [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.13), Contraindications ( 4), Adverse Reactions ( 6)].

    Pregnancy

    Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
    Inform female patients of reproductive potential that prolonged use of buprenorphine transdermal system during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4)], Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1).

    Embryofetal Toxicity
    Inform female patients of reproductive potential that buprenorphine transdermal system can cause fetal harm and to inform their healthcare provider of a known or suspected pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1)].

    Lactation
    Advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with buprenorphine transdermal system [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.2)]

    Infertility
    Inform patients that chronic use of opioids may cause reduced fertility. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.3)].

    Driving or Operating Heavy Machinery

    Inform patients that buprenorphine transdermal system may impair the ability to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating heavy machinery. Advise patients not to perform such tasks until they know how they will react to the medication [see Warnings and Precautions (5. 19).

    Constipation
    Advise patients of the potential for severe constipation, including management instructions and when to seek medical attention [see Adverse Reactions ( 6), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2)].

    Healthcare professionals can telephone Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC at 1-877-748-1970 for information on this product.

    Manufactured By:Manufactured For:
    Aveva Drug Delivery Systems Inc.Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC
    3250 Commerce Parkway Miramar, FL 33025Orlando, FL 32811-7193

  • MEDICATION GUIDE

    This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
    Medication Guide
    Buprenorphine Transdermal System, CIII
    (bueʺ pre nor´ feen)
    Buprenorphine Transdermal System is:
    • A strong prescription pain medicine that contains an opioid (narcotic) that is used to manage pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term treatment with an opioid, when other pain treatments such as non-opioid pain medicines or immediate-release opioid medicines do not treat your pain well enough or you cannot tolerate them.
    • A long-acting (extended-release) opioid pain medicine that can put you at risk for overdose and death. Even if you take your dose correctly as prescribed you are at risk for opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse that can lead to death.
    • Not for use to treat pain that is not around-the-clock.
    Important information about buprenorphine transdermal system:
    • Get emergency help or call 911 right away if you take too much buprenorphine transdermal system (overdose).When you first start taking buprenorphine transdermal system, when your dose is changed, or if you take too much (overdose), serious or life-threatening breathing problems that can lead to death may occur. Talk to your healthcare provider about naloxone, a medicine for the emergency treatment of an opioid overdose.
    • Taking buprenorphine transdermal system with other opioid medicines, benzodiazepines, and alcohol, or other central nervous system depressants (including street drugs) can cause severe drowsiness, decreased awareness, breathing problems, coma, and death.
    • Never give anyone else your buprenorphine transdermal system. They could die from taking it. Selling or giving away buprenorphine transdermal system is against the law.
    • Store buprenorphine transdermal system securely, out of sight and reach of children, and in a location not accessible by others, including visitors to the home.
    Do not use buprenorphine transdermal system if you have:
    • severe asthma, trouble breathing, or other lung problems.
    • a bowel blockage or have narrowing of the stomach or intestines.
    Before applying buprenorphine transdermal system, tell your healthcare provider if you have a history of:
    • head injury, seizures
    • liver, kidney, thyroid problems
    • problems urinating
    • pancreas or gallbladder problems
    • heart rhythm problems (Long QT syndrome)
    • abuse of street or prescription drugs, alcohol addiction, opioid overdose, or mental health problems.
    Tell your healthcare provider if you:
    • have a fever
    • are pregnant or planning to become pregnant.Prolonged use of buprenorphine transdermal system during pregnancy can cause withdrawal symptoms in your newborn baby that could be life-threatening if not recognized and treated.
    • are breastfeeding.Not recommended during treatment with buprenorphine transdermal system. It may harm your baby.
    • living in a household where there are small children or someone who has abused street or prescription drugs.
    • are taking prescription or over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, or herbal supplements. Taking buprenorphine transdermal system with certain other medicines can cause serious side effects.
    When using buprenorphine transdermal system:
    • Do not change your dose. Apply buprenorphine transdermal system exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest time needed.
    • See the detailed Instructions for Use for information about how to apply the buprenorphine transdermal system patch.
    • Do not apply a buprenorphine transdermal system patch if the pouch seal is broken, or the patch is cut, damaged, or changed in any way.
    • Do not apply more than 1 patch at the same time unless your healthcare provider tells you to.
    • You should wear 1 buprenorphine transdermal system patch continuously for 7 days.
    • Call your healthcare provider if the dose you are using does not control your pain.
    • Do not stop using buprenorphine transdermal system without talking to your healthcare provider.
    • Dispose of expired, unwanted, or unused buprenorphine transdermal system by using the Patch-Disposal Unit. Alternatively, buprenorphine transdermal system can be disposed of by folding the patch in half and promptly flushing down the toilet, if a drug take-back option is not readily available [see Instructions for Use]. Visit www.fda.gov/drugdisposalfor additional information on disposal of unused medicines.
    While using buprenorphine transdermal system DO NOT:
    • Take hot baths or sunbathe, use hot tubs, saunas, heating pads, electric blankets, heated waterbeds, or tanning lamps. These can cause an overdose that can lead to death.
    • Drive or operate heavy machinery, until you know how buprenorphine transdermal system affects you. Buprenorphine transdermal system can make you sleepy, dizzy, or lightheaded.
    • Drink alcohol or use prescription or over-the-counter medicines containing alcohol. Using products containing alcohol during treatment with buprenorphine transdermal system may cause you to overdose and die.
    The possible side effects of buprenorphine transdermal system are:
    • constipation, nausea, sleepiness, vomiting, tiredness, headache, dizziness, itching, redness or rash where the patch is applied.

    Call your healthcare provider if you have any of these symptoms and they are severe.

     Call your healthcare provider if you have any of these symptoms and they are severe.
    Get emergency medical help or call 911 right awayif you have:
    • trouble breathing, shortness of breath, fast heartbeat, chest pain, swelling of your face, tongue or throat, extreme drowsiness, light-headedness when changing positions feeling faint, agitation, high body temperature, trouble walking, stiff muscles, or mental changes such as confusion.
    These are not all the possible side effects of buprenorphine transdermal system. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. For more information go to fda.report

    Manufactured By:Manufactured For:
    Aveva Drug Delivery Systems Inc.Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC
    3250 Commerce Parkway Miramar,
    FL 33025     		Orlando, FL 32811-7193

    Revised: May 2023

    Rev. 01

    Instructions for Use
    Buprenorphine Transdermal System
    (bueʺ pre nor´ feen)

    Be sure that you read, understand, and follow these Instructions for Use before you use buprenorphine transdermal system. Talk to your healthcare provider or pharmacist if you have any questions.


    Before Applying Buprenorphine Transdermal System:

    • Do not use soap, alcohol, lotions, oils, or other products to remove any leftover adhesive from a patch because this may cause more buprenorphine transdermal system to pass through the skin.
    • Each patch is sealed in its own protective pouch. Do not remove a patch from the pouch until you are ready to use it.
    • Do not use a patch if the seal on the protective pouch is broken or if the patch is cut, damaged or changed in any way.
    • Buprenorphine transdermal system patches are available in different strengths and patch sizes. Make sure you have the right strength patch that has been prescribed for you.

    Where to apply buprenorphine transdermal system:

    • Buprenorphine transdermal system should be applied to the upper outer arm, upper chest, upper back, or the side of the chest (See Figure A). These 4 sites (located on both sides of the body) provide 8 possible buprenorphine transdermal system application sites.

      FigA.jpg

    • Do not apply more than 1 patch at the same time unless your doctor tells you to. However, if your healthcare provider tells you to do so, you may use 2 patches as prescribed, applied at the same site ( See Figure Afor application sites) right next to each other ( See Figure Bfor an example of patch position when applying 2 patches). Always apply and remove the two patches together at the same time.

      FigB.jpg
    • You should change the skin site where you apply buprenorphine transdermal system each week, making sure that at least 3 weeks (21 days) pass before you re-use the same skin site.
    • Apply buprenorphine transdermal system to a hairless or nearly hairless skin site. If needed, you can clip the hair at the skin site ( See Figure C). Do not shave the area. The skin site should not be irritated. Use only water to cleanthe application site. You should not use soaps, alcohol, oils, lotions, or abrasive devices. Allow the skin to dry before you apply the patch.

      FigC.jpg

    • The skin site should be free of cuts and irritation (rashes, swelling, redness, or other skin problems).

    When to apply a new patch:

    • When you apply a new patch, write down the date and time that the patch is applied. Use this to remember when the patch should be removed.
    • Change the patch at the same time of day, one week (exactly 7 days) after you apply it.
    • After removing and disposing of the patch, write down the time it was removed and how it was disposed.

    How to apply buprenorphine transdermal system:

    • If you are wearing a patch, remember to remove it before applying a new one.
    • Each patch is sealed in its own protective pouch.
    • If you are using two patches, remember to apply them at the same site right next to each other. Always apply and remove the two patches together at the same time.
    • Use scissors to cut open the pouch along the dotted line ( See Figure D) and remove the patch. Do not remove the patch from the pouch until you are ready to use it. Do not use patches that have been cut or damaged in any way.

      FigD.jpg

    • Hold the patch with the protective liner facing you.
    • Gently bend the patch ( See Figures E and F) along the faint line and slowly peel the larger portion of the liner, which covers the sticky surface of the patch.

      FigE.jpg

      FigF.jpg

    • Do not touch the sticky side of the patch with your fingers.
    • Using the smaller portion of the protective liner as a handle ( See Figure G), apply the sticky side of the patch to one of the 8 body locations described above ( See “Where to apply buprenorphine transdermal system”).

      FigG.jpg

    • While still holding the sticky side down, gently fold back the smaller portion of the patch. Grasp an edge of the remaining protective liner and slowly peel it off ( See Figure H).

      FigH.jpg

    • Press the entire patch firmly into place with the palm ( See Figure I) of your hand over the patch, for about 15 seconds. Do not rub the patch.

      FigI.jpg

    • Make sure that the patch firmly sticks to the skin.
    • Go over the edges with your fingers to assure good contact around the patch.
    • If you are using two patches, follow the steps in this section to apply them right next to each other.
    • Always wash your hands after applying or handling a patch.
    • After the patch is applied, write down the date and time that the patch is applied. Use this to remember when the patch should be removed.

    If the patch falls off right away after applying, throw it away and put a new one on at a different skin site ( See “Disposing of Buprenorphine Transdermal System Patch”).

    If a patch falls off, do not touch the sticky side of the patch with your fingers. A new patch should be applied to a different site. Patches that fall off should not be re-applied. They must be thrown away correctly.

    Short-term exposure of the buprenorphine transdermal system patch to water, such as when bathing or showering, is permitted.

    If the edges of the buprenorphine transdermal system patch start to loosen:

    • Apply first aid tape only to the edges of the patch.
    • If problems with the patch not sticking continue, cover the patch with special see-through adhesive dressings (for example Bioclusive or Tegaderm).
      • Remove the backing from the transparent adhesive dressing and place it carefully and completely over the buprenorphine transdermal system patch, smoothing it over the patch and your skin.
    • Never cover a buprenorphine transdermal system patch with any other bandage or tape. It should only be covered with a special see-through adhesive dressing. Talk to your healthcare provider or pharmacist about the kinds of dressing that should be used.

    If your patch falls off later, but before 1 week (7 days) of use, throw it away properly ( See “Disposing of a Buprenorphine Transdermal System Patch”)and apply a new patch at a different skin site. Be sure to let your healthcare provider know that this has happened. Do not replace the new patch until 1 week (7 days) after you put it on (or as directed by your healthcare provider).

    Disposing of Buprenorphine Transdermal System Patch:

    Buprenorphine transdermal system patches should be disposed of by using the Patch-Disposal Unit. Alternatively, the patches can be flushed down the toilet if a drug take-back option is not readily available.

    To dispose of buprenorphine transdermal system patches in household trash using the Patch-Disposal Unit:
    Remove your patch and follow the directions printed on the Patch-Disposal Unit ( See Figure J) or see complete instructions below . Use one Patch-Disposal Unit for each patch.

    FigJ.jpg

    1. Fold the sticky sides of a used buprenorphine patch together. ( See Figure K).

    FigK.jpg

    2. Open the Patch-Disposal Unit pocket and place the folded buprenorphine transdermal system patch into the pocket. ( See Figure L).

    FigL.jpg

    3. Peel back the Patch-Disposal Unit liner to show the sticky surface. Close the disposal unit by folding the sticky side to the printed pouch surface. ( See Figure M). Press firmly and smoothly over the entire disposal unit so that the patch is sealed within.

    FigM.jpg

    4. The closed disposal unit, with the patch sealed inside may be thrown away in the trash ( See Figure N).

    FigN.jpg

    Do not put expired, unwanted orunusedpatches in household trash without first sealing them in the Patch-Disposal Unit.

    Always remove the leftover patches from their protective pouch and remove the protective liner.The pouch and liner can be disposed of separately in the trash and should not be sealed in the Patch-Disposal Unit.

    To flush your buprenorphine transdermal system patches down the toilet:
    Remove your buprenorphine transdermal system patch, fold the sticky sides of a used patch together and flush it down the toilet right away ( See Figure O).

    FigO.jpg

    When disposing of unused buprenorphine transdermal system patches you no longer need,remove the leftover patches from their protective pouch and remove the protective liner. Fold the patches in half with the sticky sides together, and flush the patches down the toilet.

    Do not flush the pouch or the protective liner down the toilet. These items can be thrown away in the trash.

    If you prefer not to flush the used patch down the toilet,  and if there is not a drug take-back option readily available, you must use the Patch-Disposal Unit provided to you to discard the patch.

    Never put used buprenorphine transdermal system patches in the trash without first sealing them in the Patch-Disposal Unit.

    This “Instructions for Use” has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

    Manufactured By:Manufactured For:
    Aveva Drug Delivery Systems Inc.3250 Commerce ParkwayIngenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC
    Miramar, FL 33025Orlando, FL 32811-7193

    Revised: May 2023

    Rev.01

    Bioclusive is a trademark of Systagenix Wound Management (US), Inc.
    Tegaderm is a trademark of 3M.

  • PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL

    PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - Buprenorphine 5 mcg/hour Transdermal System Carton

    NDC: 50742-372-04

    Carton-5mcg.jpg

  • PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL

    PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - Buprenorphine 7.5 mcg/hour Transdermal System Carton

    NDC: 50742-373-04

    Carton-7.5mcg.jpg

  • PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL

    PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - Buprenorphine 10 mcg/hour Transdermal System Carton

    NDC: 50742-374-04

    Carton-10mcg.jpg

  • PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL

    PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - Buprenorphine 15 mcg/hour Transdermal System Carton

    NDC: 50742-375-04

    Carton-15mcg.jpg

  • PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL

    PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - Buprenorphine 20 mcg/hour Transdermal System Carton

    NDC: 50742-376-04

    Carton-20mcg.jpg

  • INGREDIENTS AND APPEARANCE
    BUPRENORPHINE 
    buprenorphine patch, extended release
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 50742-372
    Route of AdministrationTRANSDERMALDEA ScheduleCIII    
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    BUPRENORPHINE (UNII: 40D3SCR4GZ) (BUPRENORPHINE - UNII:40D3SCR4GZ) BUPRENORPHINE5 ug  in 1 h
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    LEVULINIC ACID (UNII: RYX5QG61EI)  
    OLEYL OLEATE (UNII: 3X3L452Y85)  
    POVIDONE, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: FZ989GH94E)  
    Product Characteristics
    Colorbrown (tan-colored) Score    
    ShapeSQUARE (Square) Size
    FlavorImprint Code
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 50742-372-044 in 1 CARTON11/01/2023
    11 in 1 POUCH
    1168 h in 1 PATCH; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    ANDAANDA21027211/01/2023
    BUPRENORPHINE 
    buprenorphine patch, extended release
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 50742-373
    Route of AdministrationTRANSDERMALDEA ScheduleCIII    
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    BUPRENORPHINE (UNII: 40D3SCR4GZ) (BUPRENORPHINE - UNII:40D3SCR4GZ) BUPRENORPHINE7.5 ug  in 1 h
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    LEVULINIC ACID (UNII: RYX5QG61EI)  
    OLEYL OLEATE (UNII: 3X3L452Y85)  
    POVIDONE, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: FZ989GH94E)  
    Product Characteristics
    Colorbrown (tan-colored) Score    
    ShapeRECTANGLE (Rectangular) Size
    FlavorImprint Code
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 50742-373-044 in 1 CARTON11/01/2023
    11 in 1 POUCH
    1168 h in 1 PATCH; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    ANDAANDA21027211/01/2023
    BUPRENORPHINE 
    buprenorphine patch, extended release
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 50742-374
    Route of AdministrationTRANSDERMALDEA ScheduleCIII    
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    BUPRENORPHINE (UNII: 40D3SCR4GZ) (BUPRENORPHINE - UNII:40D3SCR4GZ) BUPRENORPHINE10 ug  in 1 h
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    LEVULINIC ACID (UNII: RYX5QG61EI)  
    OLEYL OLEATE (UNII: 3X3L452Y85)  
    POVIDONE, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: FZ989GH94E)  
    Product Characteristics
    Colorbrown (tan-colored) Score    
    ShapeRECTANGLE (Rectangular) Size
    FlavorImprint Code
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 50742-374-044 in 1 CARTON11/01/2023
    11 in 1 POUCH
    1168 h in 1 PATCH; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    ANDAANDA21027211/01/2023
    BUPRENORPHINE 
    buprenorphine patch, extended release
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 50742-375
    Route of AdministrationTRANSDERMALDEA ScheduleCIII    
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    BUPRENORPHINE (UNII: 40D3SCR4GZ) (BUPRENORPHINE - UNII:40D3SCR4GZ) BUPRENORPHINE15 ug  in 1 h
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    LEVULINIC ACID (UNII: RYX5QG61EI)  
    OLEYL OLEATE (UNII: 3X3L452Y85)  
    POVIDONE, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: FZ989GH94E)  
    Product Characteristics
    Colorbrown (tan-colored) Score    
    ShapeRECTANGLE (Rectangular) Size
    FlavorImprint Code
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 50742-375-044 in 1 CARTON11/01/2023
    11 in 1 POUCH
    1168 h in 1 PATCH; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    ANDAANDA21027211/01/2023
    BUPRENORPHINE 
    buprenorphine patch, extended release
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 50742-376
    Route of AdministrationTRANSDERMALDEA ScheduleCIII    
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    BUPRENORPHINE (UNII: 40D3SCR4GZ) (BUPRENORPHINE - UNII:40D3SCR4GZ) BUPRENORPHINE20 ug  in 1 h
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    LEVULINIC ACID (UNII: RYX5QG61EI)  
    OLEYL OLEATE (UNII: 3X3L452Y85)  
    POVIDONE, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: FZ989GH94E)  
    Product Characteristics
    Colorbrown (tan-colored) Score    
    ShapeRECTANGLE (Rectangular) Size
    FlavorImprint Code
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 50742-376-044 in 1 CARTON11/01/2023
    11 in 1 POUCH
    1168 h in 1 PATCH; Type 2: Prefilled Drug Delivery Device/System (syringe, patch, etc.)
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    ANDAANDA21027211/01/2023
    Labeler - INGENUS PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC (833250017)
    Establishment
    NameAddressID/FEIBusiness Operations
    Aveva Drug Delivery Systems Inc.783982093analysis(50742-372, 50742-373, 50742-374, 50742-375, 50742-376) , manufacture(50742-372, 50742-373, 50742-374, 50742-375, 50742-376)
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