Ribavirin by Zydus Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. / Zydus Lifesciences Limited RIBAVIRIN capsule

Ribavirin by

Drug Labeling and Warnings

Ribavirin by is a Prescription medication manufactured, distributed, or labeled by Zydus Pharmaceuticals USA Inc., Zydus Lifesciences Limited. Drug facts, warnings, and ingredients follow.

Drug Details [pdf]

  • BOXED WARNING (What is this?)

    WARNING: EMBRYO-FETAL TOXICITY, HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA, and MONOTHERAPY NOT RECOMMENDED

    • Significant teratogenic and embryocidal effects have been demonstrated in all animal species exposed to ribavirin. In addition, ribavirin has a multiple-dose half-life of 12 days and may persist in non-plasma compartments for as long as 6 months. Therefore, ribavirin therapy is contraindicated in women who are pregnant and in the male partners of women who are pregnant. Avoid pregnancy during therapy and for 6 months after completion of treatment in both female patients and in female partners of male patients who are taking ribavirin therapy. Effective contraception must be utilized during treatment and during the 6-month post-treatment follow-up period [see Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.1), Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3), and Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].
    • Hemolytic anemia has been reported with ribavirin therapy. The anemia associated with ribavirin therapy may result in worsening of cardiac disease that has led to fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarctions. Patients with a history of significant or unstable cardiac disease should not be treated with ribavirin [see Dosage and Administration (2.5), Warnings and Precautions (5.2), and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
    • Ribavirin monotherapy is not effective for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection and should not be used alone for this indication [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)].
  • 1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

    1.1 Chronic Hepatitis C (CHC)

    Ribavirin capsules in combination with interferon alfa-2b (pegylated and nonpegylated) is indicated for the treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C (CHC) in patients 3 years of age and older with compensated liver disease [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9, 5.10), and Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].

    The following points should be considered when initiating ribavirin capsules combination therapy with PegIntron® or INTRON A®:

    • Combination therapy with ribavirin /PegIntron is preferred over ribavirin /INTRON A as this combination provides substantially better response rates [see Clinical Studies (14) ].
    • Patients with the following characteristics are less likely to benefit from retreatment after failing a course of therapy: previous nonresponse, previous pegylated interferon treatment, significant bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis, and genotype 1 infection [see Clinical Studies (14) ].
    • No safety and efficacy data are available for treatment duration lasting longer than one year.
  • 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

    2.1 General Dosing Information

    Do not open, crush or break ribavirin capsules. Ribavirin capsules should be taken with food [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

    2.2 Ribavirin/PegIntron Combination Therapy

    Adult Patients

    The recommended dose of ribavirin when used in combination with PegIntron is 800 mg to 1,400 mg based on patient body weight in two divided doses (see Table 1). Refer to PegIntron labeling for PegIntron dosing information.

    Duration of Treatment – Interferon Alpha-naïve Patients

    The treatment duration for patients with genotype 1 is 48 weeks. Discontinuation of therapy should be considered in patients who do not achieve at least a 2 log10 drop or loss of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA at 12 weeks, or if HCV-RNA remains detectable after 24 weeks of therapy. Patients with genotype 2 and 3 should be treated for 24 weeks.

    Duration of Treatment – Re-treatment with PegIntron/ Ribavirin of Prior Treatment Failures

    The treatment duration for patients who previously failed therapy is 48 weeks, regardless of HCV genotype. Re-treated patients who fail to achieve undetectable HCV-RNA at Week 12 of therapy, or whose HCV-RNA remains detectable after 24 weeks of therapy, are highly unlikely to achieve SVR and discontinuation of therapy should be considered [see Clinical Studies (14.1)].

    Table 1 Recommended Adult Dosing for Ribavirin in Combination with PegIntron
    Body Weight
    (kg)

    		Ribavirin
    Daily Dose
    		Ribavirin Number of Capsules
    Less than 66
    		 800 mg/day
    		 2 x 200-mg capsules AM
    2 x 200-mg capsules PM
    66 to 80
    		 1,000 mg/day
    		 2 x 200-mg capsules AM
    3 x 200-mg capsules PM
    81 to 105
    		 1,200 mg/day
    		 3 x 200-mg capsules AM
    3 x 200-mg capsules PM
    Greater than 105
    		 1,400 mg/day
    		 3 x 200-mg capsules AM
    4 x 200-mg capsules PM

    Pediatric Patients

    Dosing of ribavirin in pediatric patients is determined by body weight. The recommended dose of ribavirin when used in combination with PegIntron in pediatric patients ages 3-17 years is 15 mg/kg/day in two divided doses (see Table 2). Refer to PegIntron labeling for PegIntron dosing information. The treatment duration for patients with genotype 1 is 48 weeks. Patients with genotype 2 and 3 should be treated for 24 weeks.

    Table 2 Recommended Ribavirin Dosing in Combination with PegIntron

    † Ribavirin Oral Solution may be used in any patient regardless of body weight.
    Body Weight (kg)
    		Ribavirin Daily Dose
    		Ribavirin Number of Capsules
    Less than 47
    		15 mg/kg/day
    		 Use Ribavirin Oral Solution†
    47 to 59
    		800 mg/day
    		 2 x 200-mg capsules AM
    2 x 200-mg capsules PM
    60 to 73
    		1,000 mg/day
    		 2 x 200-mg capsules AM
    3 x 200-mg capsules PM
    Greater than 73
    		1,200 mg/day
    		 3 x 200-mg capsules AM
    3 x 200-mg capsules PM

    2.3 Ribavirin/INTRON A Combination Therapy

    Adults

    Duration of Treatment – Interferon Alpha-naïve Patients

    The recommended dose of ribavirin when used in combination with INTRON A depends on the patient's body weight (see Table 3). Refer to Intron A labeling for interferon dosing information. The recommended duration of treatment for patients previously untreated with interferon is 24 to 48 weeks. The duration of treatment should be individualized to the patient depending on baseline disease characteristics, response to therapy, and tolerability of the regimen [see Indications and Usage (1.1), Adverse Reactions (6.1) and Clinical Studies (14)]. After 24 weeks of treatment, virologic response should be assessed. Treatment discontinuation should be considered in any patient who has not achieved an HCV-RNA below the limit of detection of the assay by 24 weeks. There are no safety and efficacy data for treatment duration lasting longer than 48 weeks in the previously untreated patient population.

    Duration of Treatment – Re-treatment with INTRON A/Ribavirin capsules in Relapse Patients

    In patients who relapse following nonpegylated interferon monotherapy, the recommended duration of treatment is 24 weeks.

    Table 3 Recommended Ribavirin Dosing in Combination with INTRON A
    Body Weight
    		Ribavirin Capsules
    Atleast 75 kg
    		2 x 200 mg capsules AM
    3 x 200 mg capsules PM
    daily orally
    Greater than 75 kg
    		3 x 200 mg capsules AM
    3 x 200 mg capsules PM
    daily orally

    Pediatrics

    The recommended dose of ribavirin when used in combination with INTRON A is 15 mg/kg per day orally in two divided doses (see Table 2). Refer to Intron A labeling for interferon dosing information.

    The recommended duration of treatment is 48 weeks for pediatric patients with genotype 1. After 24 weeks of treatment, virologic response should be assessed. Treatment discontinuation should be considered in any patient who has not achieved an HCV-RNA below the limit of detection of the assay by this time. The recommended duration of treatment for pediatric patients with genotype 2 and 3 is 24 weeks.

    2.4 Testing Prior to Initiation of Ribavirin

    The following laboratory tests are recommended in all patients treated with ribavirin capsules, prior to initiation of treatment and periodically thereafter.

    •   Standard hematologic tests - including hemoglobin (pretreatment, Week 2 and Week 4 of therapy, and as clinically appropriate [see Warnings and Precautions(5.2, 5.7)], complete and differential white blood cell counts, and platelet count.
    •   Blood chemistries - liver function tests and TSH.
    •   Pregnancy - in women of childbearing potential.
    •   ECG [see Warnings and Precautions(5.2)].

    2.5 Dose Modifications

    If severe adverse reactions or laboratory abnormalities develop during Ribavirin combination therapy, modify, or discontinue the dose until the adverse reaction abates or decreases in severity (see Table 4) [see Warnings and Precautions (5)]. If intolerance persists after dose adjustment, combination therapy should be discontinued. Refer to PegIntron labeling for additional information regarding dose reduction of PegIntron.

    Dose reduction in pediatric patients is accomplished by modifying the recommended Ribavirin dose from the original starting dose of 15 mg/kg daily in a two-step process to 12 mg/kg/day, then to 8 mg/kg/day, if needed (see Table 4).

    Ribavirin is contraindicated in patients with creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/min [see Contraindications (4)]. Patients with impaired renal function and those over the age of 50 should be carefully monitored with respect to development of anemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2), Use in Specific Populations (8.5), and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

    Ribavirin should be administered with caution to patients with pre-existing cardiac disease. Assess cardiovascular status before initiation of treatment and during therapy. If there is any deterioration of cardiovascular status, discontinue combination therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

    In patients with a history of stable cardiovascular disease, a permanent dose reduction is required if the hemoglobin decreases by 2 g/dL or more during any 4-week period. If the hemoglobin level remains below 12 g/dL after 4 weeks on a reduced dose, discontinue combination therapy.

    Modify or discontinue ribavirin dosing in any patient whose hemoglobin level falls below 10 g/dL (see Table 4) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

    Table 4 Guidelines for Dose Modification and Discontinuation of Ribavirin Capsules in combination with PegIntron or INTRON A Based on Laboratory Parameters in Adults and Pediatrics

    Note 1: Adult patients: 1st dose reduction of ribavirin is by 200 mg/day (except in patients receiving the 1,400 mg, dose reduction should be by 400 mg/day). If needed, 2nd dose reduction of ribavirin is by an additional 200 mg/day. Patients whose dose of ribavirin is reduced to 600 mg daily receive one 200 mg capsule in the morning and two 200 mg capsules in the evening.

    Pediatric patients: 1st dose reduction of ribavirin is to 12 mg/kg/day, 2nd dose reduction of ribavirin is to 8 mg/kg/day.

    Note 2: Adult patients treated with ribavirin and PegIntron: 1st dose reduction of PegIntron is to 1 mcg/kg/week. If needed, 2nd dose reduction of PegIntron is to 0.5 mcg/kg/week.

    Pediatric patients treated with ribavirin and PegIntron: 1st dose reduction of PegIntron is to 40 mcg/m2/week, 2nd dose reduction of PegIntron is to 20 mcg/m2/week.

    For patients on Ribavirin Capsules/INTRON A combination therapy: reduce INTRON A dose by 50%.

    *Pediatric patients who have pre-existing cardiac conditions and experience a hemoglobin decrease greater than or equal to 2 g/dL during any 4-week period during treatment should have weekly evaluations and hematology testing.

    †These guidelines are for patients with stable cardiac disease. Patients with a history of significant or unstable cardiac disease should not be treated with PegIntron /ribavirin combination therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

    Laboratory Parameters
    		Reduce Ribavirin Capsules Daily Dose
    (see note 1) if:
    		Reduce PegIntron or INTRON A Dose
    (see note 2) if:
    		Discontinue Therapy if:
    WBC
    		N/A
    		 1 to < 1.5 x 109/L
    		 < 1 x 109/L
    Neutrophils
    		N/A
    		 0.5 to < 0.75 x 109/L
    		 < 0.5 x 109/L
    Platelets
    		N/A
    		 25 to < 50 x 109 /L (adults)
    		 < 25 x 109/L (adults)
    N/A
    		 50 to < 70 x 109/L (pediatrics)
    		 < 50 x 109/L (pediatrics)
    Creatinine 
    		N/A
    		 N/A
    		 > 2 mg/dL (pediatrics)
    Hemoglobin in patients without history of cardiac disease
    		8.5 to < 10 g/dL
    		 N/A
    		 < 8.5 g/dL
    Reduce Ribavirin Capsules Dose by 200 mg/day and PegIntron or INTRON A Dose by Half if:
    Hemoglobin in patients with  history of stable cardiac disease*† 
    		 ≥ 2 g/dL decrease in hemoglobin during any four-week period during treatment
    		< 8.5 g/dL or < 12 g/dL after four weeks of dose reduction

    Refer to labeling for INTRON A or PegIntron for additional information about how to reduce an INTRON A or PegIntron dose.

    2.6 Discontinuation of Dosing

    Adults

    In HCV genotype 1, interferon-alfa-naïve patients receiving PegIntron in combination with ribavirin, discontinue therapy if there is not at least a 2 log10 drop or loss of HCV-RNA at 12 weeks of therapy, or if HCV-RNA levels remain detectable after 24 weeks of therapy. Regardless of genotype, previously treated patients who have detectable HCV-RNA at week 12 or 24 are highly unlikely to achieve SVR and discontinuation of therapy should be considered.

    Pediatrics (3 to 17 years of age) 

    In patients receiving PegIntron/ribavirin combination (excluding HCV Genotype 2 and 3), discontinue therapy at 12 weeks if HCV-RNA has dropped less than 2 log10 compared to pretreatment level, or at 24 weeks if HCV-RNA is still detectable.

  • 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

    Ribavirin capsules, USP: 200 mg

  • 4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

    Ribavirin capsules combination therapy is contraindicated in:

    •   pregnancy. Ribavirin may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Ribavirin is contraindicated in women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant. If a patient becomes pregnant while taking ribavirin, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1), and Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)] .
    •   men whose female partners are pregnant [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)]
    •   patients with known hypersensitivity reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic, epidermal necrolysis, and erythema multiforme to ribavirin or any component of the product
    •   patients with autoimmune hepatitis
    •   patients with hemoglobinopathies (e.g., thalassemia major, sickle-cell anemia)
    •   patients with creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/min [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]
    •   when coadministered with didanosine because exposure to the active metabolite of didanosine (dideoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate) is increased. Fatal hepatic failure, as well as peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, and symptomatic hyperlactatemia/lactic acidosis, has been reported in patients receiving didanosine in combination with ribavirin [see Drug Interactions (7.1)] .
  • 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

    5.1 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity

    Ribairin capsules and oral solution may cause birth defects, miscarriage or stillbirth. Ribavirin therapy should not be started until a report of a negative pregnancy test has been obtained immediately prior to planned initiation of therapy. Patients should use effective contraception and have periodic monitoring with pregnancy tests during treatment and during the 6-month period after treatment has been stopped. Extreme care must be taken to avoid pregnancy in female patients and in female partners of male patients. Ribavirin has demonstrated significant teratogenic and embryocidal effects in all animal species tested. These effects occurred at doses as low as one twentieth of the recommended human dose of ribavirin [see Boxed Warning, Contraindications (4), and Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)].

    5.2 Anemia

    Hemolytic anemia was observed in approximately 10% of ribavirin/INTRON A-treated subjects in clinical trials. The anemia associated with ribavirin occurs within 1 to 2 weeks of initiation of therapy. Because the initial drop in hemoglobin may be significant, obtain hemoglobin or hematocrit levels before the start of treatment and at Week 2 and Week 4 of therapy, or more frequently if clinically indicated. Patients should then be followed as clinically appropriate [see Dosage and Administration (2.5, 2.6)].

    Fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarctions have been reported in patients with anemia caused by ribavirin. Patients should be assessed for underlying cardiac disease before initiation of ribavirin therapy. Patients with pre-existing cardiac disease should have electrocardiograms administered before treatment and should be appropriately monitored during therapy. If there is any deterioration of cardiovascular status, therapy should be suspended or discontinued [see Dosage and Administration (2.5, 2.6)]. Because cardiac disease may be worsened by drug-induced anemia, patients with a history of significant or unstable cardiac disease should not use ribavirin.

    5.3 Pancreatitis

    Suspend ribavirin and INTRON A or PegIntron combination therapy in patients with signs and symptoms of pancreatitis and discontinue in patients with confirmed pancreatitis.

    5.4 Pulmonary Disorders

    Pulmonary symptoms, including dyspnea, pulmonary infiltrates, pneumonitis, pulmonary hypertension, and pneumonia, have been reported during ribavirin with alpha interferon combination therapy; occasional cases of fatal pneumonia have occurred. In addition, sarcoidosis or the exacerbation of sarcoidosis has been reported. If there is evidence of pulmonary infiltrates or pulmonary function impairment, closely monitor the patient, and if appropriate, discontinue combination therapy.

    5.5 Ophthalmologic Disorders

    Ribavirin is used in combination therapy with INTRON A or PegIntron. Refer to labeling for PegIntron for additional information.

    5.6 Laboratory Tests

    PegIntron in combination with ribavirin may cause severe decreases in neutrophil and platelet counts, and hematologic, endocrine (e.g., TSH), and hepatic abnormalities.

    Obtain hematology and blood chemistry testing in patients on PegIntron/ribavirin combination therapy before the start of treatment and then periodically thereafter. In the adult clinical trial, complete blood counts (including hemoglobin, neutrophil, and platelet counts) and chemistries (including AST, ALT, bilirubin, and uric acid) were measured during the treatment period at weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, and then at 6-week intervals, or more frequently if abnormalities developed. In pediatric subjects, the same laboratory parameters were evaluated with additional assessment of hemoglobin at treatment week 6. TSH levels were measured every 12 weeks during the treatment period. HCV-RNA should be measured periodically during treatment [see Dosage and Administration (2)]. 

    5.7 Dental and Periodontal Disorders

    Dental and periodontal disorders have been reported in patients receiving ribavirin and interferon or peginterferon combination therapy. In addition, dry mouth could have a damaging effect on teeth and mucous membranes of the mouth during long-term treatment with the combination of ribavirin and pegylated or nonpegylated interferon alfa-2b. Advise patients to brush their teeth thoroughly twice daily and have regular dental examinations. If vomiting occurs, advise patients to rinse out their mouth thoroughly afterwards.

    5.8 Concomitant Administration of Azathioprine

    Pancytopenia (marked decreases in red blood cells, neutrophils, and platelets) and bone marrow suppression have been reported in the literature to occur within 3 to 7 weeks after the concomitant administration of pegylated interferon/ribavirin and azathioprine. In this limited number of patients (n=8), myelotoxicity was reversible within 4 to 6 weeks upon withdrawal of both HCV antiviral therapy and concomitant azathioprine and did not recur upon reintroduction of either treatment alone. Discontinue PegIntron, ribavirin, and azathioprine for pancytopenia, and do not reintroduce pegylated interferon/ribavirin with concomitant azathioprine [see Drug Interactions (7.4)].

    5.9 Impact on Growth in Pediatric Patients

    Data on the effects of PegIntron and ribavirin on growth come from an open-label study in subjects 3 through 17 years of age, in which weight and height changes were compared to US normative population data. In general, the weight and height gain of pediatric subjects treated with PegIntron and ribavirin lagged behind that predicted by normative population data for the entire length of treatment. Severely inhibited growth velocity (less than 3rd percentile) was observed in 70% of the subjects while on treatment. Following treatment, rebound growth and weight gain occurred in most subjects. Long-term follow-up data in pediatric subjects, however, indicates that PegIntron in combination therapy with ribavirin may induce a growth inhibition that results in reduced adult height in some patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

    Similarly, an impact on growth was seen in subjects after treatment with ribavirin and INTRON A combination therapy for one year. In a long-term follow-up trial of a limited number of these subjects, combination therapy resulted in reduced final adult height in some subjects [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

    5.10 Not Recommended for Monotherapy and Risks Associated with Combination Therapy

    Based on results of clinical trials, ribavirin monotherapy is not effective for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection; therefore, ribavirin capsules must not be used alone. The safety and efficacy of ribavirin capsules have only been established when used together with INTRON A or PegIntron (not other interferons) as combination therapy.

    The safety and efficacy of ribavirin with INTRON A or PegIntron combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection, adenovirus, RSV, parainfluenza, or influenza infections have not been established. Ribavirin capsules should not be used for these indications.

    There are significant adverse reactions caused by ribavirin/INTRON A or PegIntron combination therapy, including severe depression and suicidal or homicidal ideation, hemolytic anemia, suppression of bone marrow function, autoimmune and infectious disorders, pulmonary dysfunction, pancreatitis, and diabetes. Suicidal ideation or attempts occurred more frequently among pediatric patients, primarily adolescents, compared to adult patients (2.4% versus 1%) during treatment and off-therapy follow-up. Labeling for INTRON A and PegIntron should be reviewed in their entirety for additional safety information prior to initiation of combination treatment.

  • 6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

    The following serious adverse drug reactions are discussed in other sections of the labeling:

    •   Embryo-Fetal Toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
    •   Anemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]
    •   Pancreatitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
    •   Pulmonary Disorders [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]
    •   Ophthalmic Disorders [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]
    •   Dental and Periodontal Disorders [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)]
    •   Impact on Growth in Pediatric Patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)]

    6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

    Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

    Clinical trials with ribavirin in combination with PegIntron or INTRON A have been conducted in over 7,800 subjects from 3 to 76 years of age.

    The primary toxicity of ribavirin is hemolytic anemia. Reductions in hemoglobin levels occurred within the first 1 to 2 weeks of oral therapy. Cardiac and pulmonary reactions associated with anemia occurred in approximately 10% of patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

    Greater than 96% of all subjects in clinical trials experienced one or more adverse reactions. The most commonly reported adverse reactions in adult subjects receiving PegIntron or INTRON A in combination with ribavirin were injection site inflammation/reaction, fatigue/asthenia, headache, rigors, fevers, nausea, myalgia and anxiety/emotional lability/irritability. The most common adverse reactions in pediatric subjects, ages 3 and older, receiving ribavirin in combination with PegIntron or INTRON A were pyrexia, headache, neutropenia, fatigue, anorexia, injection site erythema, and vomiting.

    The Adverse Reactions section references the following clinical trials:

    • Ribavirin /PegIntron Combination therapy trials:
      • Clinical Study 1–evaluated PegIntron monotherapy (not further described in this label; see labeling for PegIntron for information about this trial).
      • Study 2–evaluated ribavirin 800 mg/day flat dose in combination with 1.5 mcg/kg/week PegIntron or with INTRON A.
      • Study 3–evaluated PegIntron/weight-based ribavirin in combination with PegIntron/flat dose ribavirin regimen.
      • Study 4–compared two PegIntron (1.5 mcg/kg/week and 1 mcg/kg/week) doses in combination with ribavirin and a third treatment group receiving Pegasys®(180 mcg/week)/Copegus®(1,000 to 1,200 mg/day).
      • Study 5–evaluated PegIntron (1.5 mcg/kg/week) in combination with weight-based ribavirin in prior treatment failure subjects.
    • PegIntron/ribavirin Combination Therapy in Pediatric Patients
    • Ribavirin/INTRON A Combination Therapy trials for adults and pediatrics

    Serious adverse reactions have occurred in approximately 12% of subjects in clinical trials with PegIntron with or without ribavirin [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5)]. The most common serious events occurring in subjects treated with PegIntron and ribavirin were depression and suicidal ideation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)], each occurring at a frequency of less than 1%. Suicidal ideation or attempts occurred more frequently among pediatric patients, primarily adolescents, compared to adult patients (2.4% versus 1%) during treatment and off-therapy follow-up [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)]. The most common fatal reaction occurring in subjects treated with PegIntron and ribavirin was cardiac arrest, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)], all occurring in less than 1% of subjects.

    Adverse Reaction -Ribavivirin/PegIntron Combination Therapy

    Adult Subjects

    Adverse reactions that occurred in the clinical trial at greater than 5% incidence are provided by treatment group from the ribavirin /PegIntron Combination Therapy (Study 2) in Table 5.

    Table 5 Adverse Reactions Occurring in Greater Than 5% of Adult Subjects

    * A subject may have reported more than one adverse reaction within a body system/organ class category.
    Adverse Reactions
    		Percentage of Subjects Reporting Adverse Reactions*
    		Adverse Reactions
    		Percentage of Subjects Reporting Adverse Reactions*
    PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg/ Ribavirin (N=511)
    		INTRON A/ Ribavirin (N=505)
    		PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg/ Ribavirin (N=511)
    		INTRON A/ Ribavirin (N=505)
    Application Site
    		Musculoskeletal
    Injection Site Inflammation
    		 25
    		 18
    		 Myalgia
    		 56
    		 50
    Injection Site Reaction
    		 58
    		 36
    		 Arthralgia
    		 34
    		 28
    Autonomic Nervous System
    		Musculoskeletal Pain
    		 21
    		 19
    Dry Mouth
    		 12
    		 8
    		 Psychiatric
    Increased Sweating
    		 11
    		 7
    		 Insomnia
    		 40
    		 41
    Flushing
    		 4
    		 3
    		 Depression
    		 31
    		 34
    Body as a Whole
    		Anxiety/Emotional Lability/Irritability
    		 47
    		 47
    Fatigue/Asthenia
    		 66
    		 63
    		 Concentration Impaired
    		 17
    		 21
    Headache
    		 62
    		 58
    		 Agitation
    		 8
    		 5
    Rigors
    		 48
    		 41
    		 Nervousness
    		 6
    		 6
    Fever
    		 46
    		 33
    		 Reproductive, Female
    Weight Loss
    		 29
    		 20
    		 Menstrual Disorder
    		 7
    		 6
    Right Upper Quadrant Pain
    		 12
    		 6
    		 Resistance Mechanism
    Chest Pain
    		 8
    		 7
    		 Viral Infection
    		 12
    		 12
    Malaise
    		 4
    		 6
    		 Fungal Infection
    		 6
    		 1
    Central/Peripheral Nervous System
    		Respiratory System
    Dizziness
    		 21
    		 17
    		 Dyspnea
    		 26
    		 24
    Endocrine
    		Coughing
    		 23
    		 16
    Hypothyroidism
    		5
    		 4
    		 Pharyngitis
    		 12
    		 13
    Gastrointestinal
    		Rhinitis
    		 8
    		 6
    Nausea
    		 43
    		 33
    		 Sinusitis
    		 6
    		 5
    Anorexia
    		 32
    		 27
    		 Skin and Appendages
    Diarrhea
    		 22
    		 17
    		 Alopecia
    		 36
    		 32
    Vomiting
    		 14
    		 12
    		 Pruritus
    		 29
    		 28
    Abdominal Pain
    		 13
    		 13
    		 Rash
    		 24
    		 23
    Dyspepsia
    		 9
    		 8
    		 Skin Dry
    		 24
    		 23
    Constipation
    		 5
    		 5
    		 Special Senses, Other
    Hematologic Disorders
    		Taste Perversion
    		 9
    		 4
    Neutropenia
    		 26
    		 14
    		 Vision Disorders
    Anemia
    		 12
    		 17
    		 Vision Blurred
    		 5
    		 6
    Leukopenia
    		 6
    		 5
    		 Conjunctivitis
    		 4
    		 5
    Thrombocytopenia
    		 5
    		 2
    Liver and Biliary System
    Hepatomegaly
    		 4
    		 4

    Table 6 summarizes the treatment-related adverse reactions in Study 4 that occurred at a greater than or equal to 10% incidence.

    Table 6 Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions (Greater Than or Equal to 10% Incidence) By Descending Frequency
    Study 4 Percentage of Subjects Reporting Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions
    Adverse Reactions
    		PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg with Ribavirin (N=1019)
    		PegIntron 1 mcg/kg with Ribavirin (N=1016)
    		Pegasys 180 mcg with Copegus (N=1035)
    Fatigue
    		 67
    		 68
    		 64
    Headache
    		 50
    		 47
    		 41
    Nausea
    		 40
    		 35
    		 34
    Chills
    		 39
    		 36
    		 23
    Insomnia
    		 38
    		 37
    		 41
    Anemia
    		 35
    		 30
    		 34
    Pyrexia
    		 35
    		 32
    		 21
    Injection Site Reactions
    		 34
    		 35
    		 23
    Anorexia
    		 29
    		 25
    		 21
    Rash
    		 29
    		 25
    		 34
    Myalgia
    		 27
    		 26
    		 22
    Neutropenia
    		 26
    		 19
    		 31
    Irritability
    		 25
    		 25
    		 25
    Depression
    		 25
    		 19
    		 20
    Alopecia
    		 23
    		 20
    		 17
    Dyspnea
    		 21
    		 20
    		 22
    Arthralgia
    		 21
    		 22
    		 22
    Pruritus
    		 18
    		 15
    		 19
    Influenza-like Illness
    		 16
    		 15
    		 15
    Dizziness
    		 16
    		 14
    		 13
    Diarrhea
    		 15
    		 16
    		 14
    Cough
    		 15
    		 16
    		 17
    Weight Decreased
    		 13
    		 10
    		 10
    Vomiting
    		 12
    		 10
    		 9
    Unspecified Pain
    		 12
    		 13
    		 9
    Dry Skin
    		 11
    		 11
    		 12
    Anxiety
    		 11
    		 11
    		 10
    Abdominal Pain
    		 10
    		 10
    		 10
    Leukopenia
    		 9
    		 7
    		 10

    The incidence of serious adverse reactions was comparable in all trials. In Study 2, the incidence of serious adverse reactions was 17% in the PegIntron/ ribavirin groups compared to 14% in the INTRON A/ ribavirin group. In Study 3, there was a similar incidence of serious adverse reactions reported for the weight-based ribavirin group (12%) and for the flat-dose ribavirin regimen.

    In many but not all cases, adverse reactions resolved after dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy. Some subjects experienced ongoing or new serious adverse reactions during the 6-month follow-up period. In Study 2, many subjects continued to experience adverse reactions several months after discontinuation of therapy. By the end of the 6-month follow-up period, the incidence of ongoing adverse reactions by body class in the PegIntron 1.5/ ribavirin group was 33% (psychiatric), 20% (musculoskeletal), and 10% (for endocrine and for GI). In approximately 10 to 15% of subjects, weight loss, fatigue, and headache had not resolved.

    There have been 28 subject deaths that occurred during treatment or follow-up in Studies 2, 3, and 4. In Study 2, there was 1 suicide in a subject receiving PegIntron/ribavirin combination therapy; and 1 subject death in the INTRON A/ribavirin group (motor vehicle accident). In Study 3, there were 14 deaths, 2 of which were probable suicides and 1 was an unexplained death in a person with a relevant medical history of depression. In Study 4, there were 12 deaths, 6 of which occurred in subjects who received PegIntron/ribavirin combination therapy, 5 in the PegIntron 1.5 mcg/ ribavirin arm (N=1,019) and 1 in the PegIntron 1 mcg/ribavirin arm (N=1,016), and 6 of which occurred in subjects receiving Pegasys/Copegus (N=1,035); there were 3 suicides that occurred during the off treatment follow-up period in subjects who received PegIntron (1.5 mcg/kg)/ribavirin combination therapy.

    In Studies 1 and 2, 10 to 14% of subjects receiving PegIntron, alone or in combination with ribavirin, discontinued therapy compared with 6% treated with INTRON A alone and 13% treated with INTRON A in combination with ribavirin. In Study 3, 15% of subjects receiving PegIntron in combination with weight-based ribavirin and 14% of subjects receiving PegIntron with flat dose ribavirin discontinued therapy due to an adverse reaction. The most common reasons for discontinuation were related to known interferon effects of psychiatric, systemic (e.g., fatigue, headache), or gastrointestinal adverse reactions. In Study 4, 13% of subjects in the PegIntron 1.5 mcg/ribavirin arm, 10% in the PegIntron 1 mcg/ribavirin arm and 13% in the Pegasys 180 mcg/Copegus arm discontinued due to adverse events.

    In Study 2, dose reductions for ribavirin were similar across all three groups [see Clinical Studies (14.1)], 33 to 35%. The most common reasons for dose modifications were neutropenia (18%), or anemia (9%) (see Laboratory Values). Other common reasons included depression, fatigue, nausea, and thrombocytopenia. In Study 3, dose modifications due to adverse reactions occurred more frequently with weight-based ribavirin dosing compared to flat dosing (29% and 23%, respectively). In Study 4, 16% of subjects had a dose reduction of PegIntron to 1 mcg/kg in combination with ribavirin, with an additional 4% requiring the second dose reduction of PegIntron to 0.5 mcg/kg due to adverse events compared to 15% of subjects in the Pegasys/Copegus arm, who required a dose reduction to 135 mcg/week with Pegasys, with an additional 7% in the Pegasys/Copegus arm requiring second dose reduction to 90 mcg/week with Pegasys.

    In the PegIntron/ribavirin combination trials the most common adverse reactions were psychiatric, which occurred among 77% of subjects in Study 2 and 68% to 69% of subjects in Study 3. These psychiatric adverse reactions included most commonly depression, irritability, and insomnia, each reported by approximately 30% to 40% of subjects in all treatment groups. Suicidal behavior (ideation, attempts, and suicides) occurred in 2% of all subjects during treatment or during follow-up after treatment cessation [see Warnings and Precautions (5)]. In Study 4, psychiatric adverse reactions occurred in 58% of subjects in the PegIntron 1.5 mcg/ribavirin arm, 55% of subjects in the PegIntron 1 mcg/ribavirin arm, and 57% of subjects in the Pegasys 180 mcg/Copegus arm.

    In Study 2, PegIntron/ribavirin combination therapy induced fatigue or headache in approximately two-thirds of subjects, with fever or rigors in approximately half of the subjects. The severity of some of these systemic symptoms (e.g., fever and headache) tended to decrease as treatment continued.

    Subjects receiving ribavirin/PegIntron as re-treatment after failing a previous interferon combination regimen reported adverse reactions similar to those previously associated with this regimen during clinical trials of treatment-naïve subjects.

    Pediatric Subjects

    In general, the adverse reaction profile in the pediatric population was similar to that observed in adults. In the pediatric trial, the most prevalent adverse reactions were pyrexia (80%), headache (62%), neutropenia (33%), fatigue (30%), anorexia (29%), injection-site erythema (29%) and vomiting (27%). The majority of adverse reactions were mild or moderate in severity. Severe adverse reactions were reported in 7% (8/107) of all subjects and included injection site pain (1%), pain in extremity (1%), headache (1%), neutropenia (1%), and pyrexia (4%). Important adverse reactions that occurred in this subject population were nervousness (7%; 7/107), aggression (3%; 3/107), anger (2%; 2/107), and depression (1%; 1/107). Five subjects received levothyroxine treatment, three with clinical hypothyroidism and two with asymptomatic TSH elevations. Weight and height gain of pediatric subjects treated with PegIntron plus ribavirin lagged behind that predicted by normative population data for the entire length of treatment. Severely inhibited growth velocity (less than 3rd percentile) was observed in 70% of the subjects while on treatment.

    Dose modifications of PegIntron and/or ribavirin were required in 25% of subjects due to treatment-related adverse reactions, most commonly for anemia, neutropenia and weight loss. Two subjects (2%; 2/107) discontinued therapy as the result of an adverse reaction.

    Adverse reactions that occurred with a greater than or equal to 10% incidence in the pediatric trial subjects are provided in Table 7.

    Table 7 Percentage of Pediatric Subjects with Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions (in At Least 10% of All Subjects)
    System Organ Class
    Preferred Term
    		 All Subjects
    (N=107)
    Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders
    Neutropenia
    		 33%
    Anemia
    		 11%
    Leukopenia
    		 10%
    Gastrointestinal Disorders
    Abdominal Pain
    		 21%
    Abdominal Pain Upper
    		 12%
    Vomiting
    		 27%
    Nausea
    		 18%
    General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions
    Pyrexia
    		 80%
    Fatigue
    		 30%
    Injection-site Erythema
    		 29%
    Chills
    		 21%
    Asthenia
    		 15%
    Irritability
    		 14%
    Investigations
    Weight Loss
    		 19%
    Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders
    Anorexia
    		 29%
    Decreased Appetite
    		 22%
    Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
    Arthralgia
    		 17%
    Myalgia
    		 17%
    Nervous System Disorders
    Headache
    		 62%
    Dizziness
    		 14%
    Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
    Alopecia
    		 17%

    Ninety-four of 107 subjects enrolled in a 5-year follow-up trial. The long-term effects on growth were less in subjects treated for 24 weeks than in those treated for 48 weeks. Twenty-four percent of subjects (11/46) treated for 24 weeks and 40% of subjects (19/48) treated for 48 weeks had a >15 percentile height-for-age decrease from pre-treatment baseline to the end of 5-year follow-up. Eleven percent of subjects (5/46) treated for 24 weeks and 13% of subjects (6/48) treated for 48 weeks had a >30 percentile height-for-age decrease from pre-treatment baseline to the end of the 5-year follow-up. While observed across all age groups, the highest risk for reduced height at the end of long-term follow-up appeared to be initiation of combination therapy during the years of expected peak growth velocity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].

    Laboratory Values

    Adult and Pediatric Subjects

    The adverse reaction profile in Study 3, which compared PegIntron/weight-based ribavirin combination to a PegIntron/flat dose ribavirin regimen, revealed an increased rate of anemia with weight-based dosing (29% vs. 19% for weight-based vs. flat dose regimens, respectively). However, the majority of cases of anemia were mild and responded to dose reductions.

    Changes in selected laboratory values during treatment in combination with ribavirin treatment are described below. Decreases in hemoglobin, leukocytes, neutrophils, and platelets may require dose reduction or permanent discontinuation from therapy [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)]. Changes in selected laboratory values during therapy are described in Table 8. Most of the changes in laboratory values in the PegIntron/ribavirin trial with pediatrics were mild or moderate.

    Table 8 Selected Laboratory Abnormalities During Treatment with Ribavirin and PegIntron or Ribavirin and INTRON A in Previously Untreated Subjects

    * The table summarizes the worst category observed within the period per subject per laboratory test. Only subjects with at least one treatment value for a given laboratory test are included.

    † ULN=Upper limit of normal.
    Laboratory Parameters*
    		Percentage of Subjects
    Adults (Study 2)
    		Pediatrics
    PegIntron/Ribavirin (N=511)
    		INTRON A/ Ribavirin (N=505)
    		PegIntron/Ribavirin (N=107)*
    Hemoglobin (g/dL)
    9.5 to <11
    		 26
    		 27
    		 30
    8 to <9.5
    		 3
    		 3
    		 2
    6.5 to 7.9
    		 0.2
    		 0.2
    		 -
    Leukocytes (x 109/L)
    2 to 2.9
    		 46
    		 41
    		 39
    1.5 to <2
    		 24
    		 8
    		 3
    1 to 1.4
    		 5
    		 1
    		 -
    Neutrophils (x 109/L)
    1 to 1.5
    		 33
    		 37
    		 35
    0.75 to <1
    		 25
    		 13
    		 26
    0.5 to <0.75
    		 18
    		 7
    		 13
    <0.5
    		 4
    		 2
    		 3
    Platelets (x 109/L)
    70 to 100
    		 15
    		 5
    		 1
    50 to <70
    		 3
    		 0.8
    		 -
    30 to 49
    		 0.2
    		 0.2
    		 -
    25 to <50
    		 -
    		 -
    		 1
    Total Bilirubin                                         (mg/dL)
    		(μmole/L)
    1.5 to 3
    		 10
    		 13
    		 -
    1.26 to 2.59 x ULN†
    		-
    		 -
    		 7
    3.1 to 6
    		 0.6
    		 0.2
    		 -
    2.6 to 5 x ULN†
    		-
    		 -
    		 -
    6.1 to 12
    		 0
    		 0.2
    		 -
    ALT (U/L)
    2 x Baseline
    		 0.6
    		 0.2
    		 1
    2.1 to 5 x Baseline
    		 3
    		 1
    		 5
    5.1 to 10 x Baseline
    		 0
    		 0
    		 3

    Hemoglobin. In Study 2, hemoglobin levels decreased to less than 11 g/dL in about 30% of subjects. In Study 3, 47% of subjects receiving weight-based dosing of ribavirin and 33% on flat-dose ribavirin had decreases in hemoglobin levels to less than 11 g/dL. Reductions in hemoglobin to less than 9 g/dL occurred more frequently in subjects receiving weight-based dosing compared to flat dosing (4% and 2%, respectively). In Study 2, dose modification was required in 9% and 13% of subjects in the PegIntron/ribavirin and INTRON A/ribavirin groups. In Study 4, subjects receiving PegIntron (1.5 mcg/kg)/ribavirin had decreases in hemoglobin levels to between 8.5 to less than 10 g/dL (28%) and to less than 8.5 g/dL (3%), whereas in patients receiving Pegasys 180 mcg/Copegus these decreases occurred in 26% and 4% of subjects, respectively. On average, hemoglobin levels became stable by treatment Weeks 4-6. The typical pattern observed was a decrease in hemoglobin levels by treatment Week 4 followed by stabilization and a plateau, which was maintained to the end of treatment [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)].

    Neutrophils. In Study 2, decreases in neutrophil counts were observed in a majority of adult subjects treated with PegIntron/ribavirin (85%) and INTRON A/ribavirin (60%). Severe, potentially life-threatening neutropenia (less than 0.5 x 109/L) occurred in approximately 4% of subjects treated with PegIntron/ribavirin and 2% of subjects treated with INTRON A/ribavirin. Eighteen percent of subjects receiving PegIntron/ribavirin required modification of interferon dosage. Few subjects (less than 1%) required permanent discontinuation of treatment. Neutrophil counts generally returned to pre-treatment levels 4 weeks after cessation of therapy [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)].

    Platelets. In Study 2, platelet counts decreased to less than 100,000/mm3 in approximately 20% of subjects treated with PegIntron alone or with ribavirin and in 6% of adult subjects treated with INTRON A/ribavirin. Severe decreases in platelet counts (less than 50,000/mm3) occur in less than 4% of adult subjects. In Study 2, 1% or 3% of subjects required dose modification of INTRON A or PegIntron, respectively. Platelet counts generally returned to pretreatment levels 4 weeks after the cessation of therapy [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)].

    Thyroid Function. In Study 2, clinically apparent thyroid disorders occurred among subjects treated with either INTRON A or PegIntron (with or without ribavirin) at a similar incidence (5% for hypothyroidism and 3% for hyperthyroidism). Subjects developed new onset TSH abnormalities while on treatment and during the follow-up period. At the end of the follow-up period, 7% of subjects still had abnormal TSH values.

    Bilirubin and Uric Acid. In Study 2, 10 to 14% of subjects developed hyperbilirubinemia and 33 to 38% developed hyperuricemia in association with hemolysis. Six subjects developed mild to moderate gout.

    Adverse Reactions with ribavirin/INTRON A Combination Therapy

    Adult Subjects

    In clinical trials, 19% and 6% of previously untreated and relapse subjects, respectively, discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions in the combination arms compared to 13% and 3% in the interferon-only arms. Selected treatment-related adverse reactions that occurred in the US trials with incidence 5% or greater are provided by treatment group (see Table 9). In general, the selected treatment-related adverse reactions were reported with lower incidence in the international trials as compared to the US trials, except for asthenia, influenza-like symptoms, nervousness, and pruritus.

    Pediatric Subjects

    In clinical trials of 118 pediatric subjects 3 to 16 years of age, 6% discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions. Dose modifications were required in 30% of subjects, most commonly for anemia and neutropenia. In general, the adverse-reaction profile in the pediatric population was similar to that observed in adults. Injection site disorders, fever, anorexia, vomiting, and emotional lability occurred more frequently in pediatric subjects compared to adult subjects. Conversely, pediatric subjects experienced less fatigue, dyspepsia, arthralgia, insomnia, irritability, impaired concentration, dyspnea, and pruritus compared to adult subjects. Selected treatment-related adverse reactions that occurred with incidence 5% or greater among all pediatric subjects who received the recommended dose of ribavirin/INTRON A combination therapy are provided in Table 9.

    Table 9 Selected Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions: Previously Untreated and Relapse Adult Subjects and Previously Untreated Pediatric Subjects
  • * Subjects reporting one or more adverse reactions. A subject may have reported more than one adverse reaction within a body system/organ class category.
    • Subjects Reporting Adverse Reactions*
    		Percentage of Subjects
    US Previously Untreated Study
    		US Relapse Study
    		Pediatric Subjects
    24 weeks of treatment
    		48 weeks of treatment
    		24 weeks of treatment
    		48 weeks of treatment
    INTRON A/Ribavirin (N=228)
    		INTRON A/Placebo (N=231)
    		 INTRON A/ Ribavirin (N=228)
    		 INTRON A/ Placebo (N=225)
    		 INTRON A/ Ribavirin (N=77)
    		 INTRON A/ Placebo (N=76)
    		 INTRON A/ Ribavirin (N=118)
    Application Site Disorder s
    Injection Site Inflammation
    		13
    		 10
    		 12
    		 14
    		 6
    		 8
    		 14
    Injection Site Reaction
    		7
    		 9
    		 8
    		 9
    		 5
    		 3
    		 19
    Body as a Whole - General Disorders
    Headache
    		63
    		 63
    		 66
    		 67
    		 66
    		 68
    		 69
    Fatigue
    		68
    		 62
    		 70
    		 72
    		 60
    		 53
    		 58
    Rigors
    		40
    		 32
    		 42
    		 39
    		 43
    		 37
    		 25
    Fever
    		37
    		 35
    		 41
    		 40
    		 32
    		 36
    		 61
    Influenza-like Symptoms
    		14
    		 18
    		 18
    		 20
    		 13
    		 13
    		 31
    Asthenia
    		9
    		 4
    		 9
    		 9
    		 10
    		 4
    		 5
    Chest Pain
    		5
    		 4
    		 9
    		 8
    		 6
    		 7
    		 5
    Central & Peripheral Nervous System Disorders
    Dizziness
    		 17
    		 15
    		 23
    		 19
    		 26
    		 21
    		 20
    Gastrointestinal System Disorders
    Nausea
    		38
    		 35
    		 46
    		 33
    		 47
    		 33
    		 33
    Anorexia
    		27
    		 16
    		 25
    		 19
    		 21
    		 14
    		 51
    Dyspepsia
    		14
    		 6
    		 16
    		 9
    		 16
    		 9
    		 <1
    Vomiting
    		11
    		 10
    		 9
    		 13
    		 12
    		 8
    		 42
    Musculoskeletal System Disorders
    Myalgia
    		61
    		 57
    		 64
    		 63
    		 61
    		 58
    		 32
    Arthralgia
    		30
    		 27
    		 33
    		 36
    		 29
    		 29
    		 15
    Musculoskeletal Pain
    		20
    		 26
    		 28
    		 32
    		 22
    		 28
    		 21
    Psychiatric Disorders
    Insomnia
    		39
    		 27
    		 39
    		 30
    		 26
    		 25
    		 14
    Irritability
    		23
    		 19
    		 32
    		 27
    		 25
    		 20
    		 10
    Depression
    		32
    		 25
    		 36
    		 37
    		 23
    		 14
    		 13
    Emotional Lability
    		7
    		 6
    		 11
    		 8
    		 12
    		 8
    		 16
    Concentration Impaired
    		11
    		 14
    		 14
    		 14
    		 10
    		 12
    		 5
    Nervousness
    		 4
    		 2
    		 4
    		 4
    		 5
    		 4
    		 3
    Respiratory System Disorders
    Dyspnea
    		19
    		 9
    		 18
    		 10
    		 17
    		 12
    		 5
    Sinusitis
    		9
    		 7
    		 10
    		 14
    		 12
    		 7
    		 <1
    Skin and Appendages Disorders
    Alopecia
    		28
    		 27
    		 32
    		 28
    		 27
    		 26
    		 23
    Rash
    		20
    		 9
    		 28
    		 8
    		 21
    		 5
    		 17
    Pruritus
    		21
    		 9
    		 19
    		 8
    		 13
    		 4
    		 12
    Special Senses, Other Disorders

    Taste Perversion
    		 7
    		 4
    		 8
    		 4
    		 6
    		 5
    		 <1

    During a 48-week course of therapy there was a decrease in the rate of linear growth (mean percentile assignment decrease of 7%) and a decrease in the rate of weight gain (mean percentile assignment decrease of 9%). A general reversal of these trends was noted during the 24-week post-treatment period. Long-term data in a limited number of patients, however, suggests that combination therapy may induce a growth inhibition that results in reduced final adult height in some patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].

    Laboratory Values

    Changes in selected hematologic values (hemoglobin, white blood cells, neutrophils, and platelets) during therapy are described below (see Table 10).

    Hemoglobin.

    Hemoglobin decreases among subjects receiving ribavirin therapy began at Week 1, with stabilization by Week 4. In previously untreated subjects treated for 48 weeks, the mean maximum decrease from baseline was 3.1 g/dL in the US trial and 2.9 g/dL in the international trial. In relapse subjects, the mean maximum decrease from baseline was 2.8 g/dL in the US trial and 2.6 g/dL in the international trial. Hemoglobin values returned to pretreatment levels within 4 to 8 weeks of cessation of therapy in most subjects.

    Bilirubin and Uric Acid.

    Increases in both bilirubin and uric acid, associated with hemolysis, were noted in clinical trials. Most changes were moderate reversed within 4 weeks after treatment discontinuation. This observation occurred most frequently in subjects with a previous diagnosis of Gilbert's syndrome. This has not been associated with hepatic dysfunction or clinical morbidity.

    Table 10 Selected Laboratory Abnormalities During Treatment With Ribavirin and INTRON A: Previously Untreated and Relapse Adult Subjects and Previously Untreated Pediatric Subjects

    		Percentage of Subjects
    US Previously Untreated Study
    		US Relapse Study
    		Pediatric Subjects
    24 weeks of treatment
    		48 weeks of treatment
    		24 weeks of treatment
    		48 weeks of treatment
    INTRON A  Ribavirin (N=228)
    		INTRON A  Placebo (N=231)
    		INTRON A  Ribavirin
    (N=228)
    		INTRON A  Placebo (N=225)
    		INTRON A  Ribavirin
    (N=77)
    		INTRON A  Placebo (N=76)
    		INTRON A  Ribavirin (N=118)
    Hemoglobin (g/dL)
    9.5 to 10.9
    		24
    		 1
    		 32
    		 1
    		 21
    		 3
    		 24
    8.0 to 9.4
    		5
    		 0
    		 4
    		 0
    		 4
    		 0
    		 3
    6.5 to 7.9
    		0
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0.4
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    < 6.5
    		0
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    Leukocytes (x109/L)
    2.0 to 2.9
    		40
    		 20
    		 38
    		 23
    		 45
    		 26
    		 35
    1.5 to 1.9
    		4
    		 1
    		 9
    		 2
    		 5
    		 3
    		 8
    1.0 to 1.4
    		0.9
    		 0
    		 2
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    < 1.0
    		0
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    Neutrophils (x109/L)
    1.0 to 1.49
    		30
    		 32
    		 31
    		 44
    		 42
    		 34
    		 37
    0.75 to 0.99
    		14
    		 15
    		 14
    		 11
    		 16
    		 18
    		 15
    0.5 to 0.74
    		9
    		 9
    		 14
    		 7
    		 8
    		 4
    		 16
    < 0.5
    		11
    		 8
    		 11
    		 5
    		 5
    		 8
    		 3
    Platelets (x109/L)
    70 to 99
    		9
    		 11
    		 11
    		 14
    		 6
    		 12
    		 0.8
    50 to 69
    		2
    		 3
    		 2
    		 3
    		 0
    		 5
    		 2
    30 to 49
    		0
    		 0.4
    		 0
    		 0.4
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    < 30
    		0.9
    		 0
    		 1
    		 0.9
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    Total Bilirubin (mg/dL)
    1.5 to 3.0
    		27
    		 13
    		 32
    		 13
    		 21
    		 7
    		 2
    3.1 to 6.0
    		0.9
    		 0.4
    		 2
    		 0
    		 3
    		 0
    		 0
    6.1 to 12.0
    		0
    		 0
    		 0.4
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    > 12.0
    		0
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0
    		 0

    6.3 Postmarketing Experiences

    The following adverse reactions have been identified and reported during post approval use of ribavirin in combination with INTRON A or PegIntron. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

    Blood and Lymphatic System disorders:

    Pure red cell aplasia, aplastic anemia

    Ear and Labyrinth disorders:

    Hearing disorder, vertigo

    Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal disorders:

    Pulmonary hypertension

    Eye disorders:

    Serous retinal detachment

    Endocrine disorders:

    Diabetes

  • 7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

    7.1 Didanosine

    Exposure to didanosine or its active metabolite (dideoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate) is increased when didanosine is coadministered with ribavirin, which could cause or worsen clinical toxicities; therefore, coadministration of ribavirin capsules and didanosine is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4)]. Reports of fatal hepatic failure, as well as peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, and symptomatic hyperlactatemia/lactic acidosis have been reported in clinical trials.

    7.2 Nucleoside Analogues

    Hepatic decompensation (some fatal) has occurred in cirrhotic HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV and interferon alpha and ribavirin. Patients receiving interferon with ribavirin and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) should be closely monitored for treatment- associated toxicities, especially hepatic decompensation and anemia. Discontinuation of NRTIs should be considered as medically appropriate [see labeling for individual NRTI product]. Dose reduction or discontinuation of interferon, ribavirin, or both should also be considered if worsening clinical toxicities are observed, including hepatic decompensation (e.g., Child-Pugh greater than 6).

    Ribavirin may antagonize the cell culture antiviral activity of stavudine and zidovudine against HIV. Ribavirin has been shown in cell culture to inhibit phosphorylation of lamivudine, stavudine and zidovudine, which could lead to decreased antiretroviral activity. However, in a study with another pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin, no pharmacokinetic (e.g., plasma concentrations or intracellular triphosphorylated active metabolite concentrations) or pharmacodynamic (e.g., loss of HIV/HCV virologic suppress) interaction was observed when ribavirin and lamivudine (n=18), stavudine (n=10), or zidovudine (n=6) were coadministered as part of a multidrug regimen in HIV/HCV co-infected subjects. Concomitant use of ribavirin with any of these drugs should be done with caution.

    7.3 Drugs Metabolized by Cytochrome P-450

    Results of in vitro studies using both human and rat liver microsome preparations indicated little or no cytochrome P-450 enzyme-mediated metabolism of ribavirin, with minimal potential for P-450 enzyme-based drug interactions.

    No pharmacokinetic interactions were noted between INTRON A and ribavirin capsules in a multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study.

    7.4 Azathioprine

    The use of ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in patients receiving azathioprine has been reported to induce severe pancytopenia and may increase the risk of azathioprine-related myelotoxicity. Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMDH) is required for one of the metabolic pathways of azathioprine. Ribavirin is known to inhibit IMDH, thereby leading to accumulation of an azathioprine metabolite, 6-methylthioinosine monophosphate (6-MTITP), which is associated with myelotoxicity (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia). Patients receiving azathioprine with ribavirin should have complete blood counts, including platelet counts, monitored weekly for the first month, twice monthly for the second and third months of treatment, then monthly or more frequently if dosage or other therapy changes are necessary [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].

  • 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

    8.1 Pregnancy

    Pregnancy Exposure Registry

    There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to ribavirin during pregnancy or within 6 months following cessation of treatment with ribavirin. Healthcare providers and patients are encouraged to report such cases by calling 1-800-593-2214.

    Risk Summary

    Ribavirin is contraindicated for use in pregnant women and in men whose female partners are pregnant [see Contraindications (4)]. Based on animal data, ribavirin use in pregnancy may be associated with birth defects. Interim data from the ongoing Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry are insufficient to identify a drug-associated risk of birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes (see Data). Ribavirin is known to accumulate in intracellular components from where it is cleared very slowly. In animal studies, ribavirin exposure was shown to have teratogenic and/or embryocidal effects (see Data).

    All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.

    Data

    Human Data

    Available interim data from the Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry on 88 live births from pregnancies in women directly exposed and 98 live births from pregnancies in women indirectly exposed (by a male partner) to ribavirin during pregnancy or during the 6 months prior to pregnancy show a higher rate of birth defects (9.09% and 5.01%, respectively) compared to a background birth defect rate of 2.72% in the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) birth defects surveillance system. No pattern of birth defects can be identified from these reports. The miscarriage rate was approximately 21%. The current sample size is insufficient for reaching definitive conclusions based on statistical analysis. Trends suggesting a common etiology or relationship with ribavirin exposure were not observed. Methodologic limitations of the Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry include the use of MACDP as the external comparator group. Limitations of using an external comparator include differences in methodology and populations, as well as confounding due to the underlying disease and comorbidities.

    Animal Data

    Embryotoxicity/teratogenicity studies with ribavirin were conducted in rats (oral doses of 0.3, 1.0 and 10 mg/kg on Gestation Days 6-15) and rabbits (oral dose of 0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg on Gestation Days 6-18).Ribavirin demonstrated significant embryocidal and teratogenic effects at doses well below the recommended human dose in all animal species in which adequate studies have been conducted. Malformations of the skull, palate, eye, jaw, limbs, skeleton, and gastrointestinal tract were noted. The incidence and severity of teratogenic effects increased with escalation of the drug dose. Survival of fetuses and offspring was reduced [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    8.2 Lactation

    Risk Summary

    There are no data on the presence of ribavirin in human milk or the effects on the breastfed infant or milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for ribavirin and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from ribavirin or from the underlying maternal condition.

    8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

    Ribavirin may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

    Pregnancy Testing

    Ribavirin therapy should not be started until a report of a negative pregnancy test has been obtained immediately prior to planned initiation of treatment. Patients should have periodic pregnancy tests during treatment and during the 6-month period after treatment has been stopped [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    Contraception

    Females of reproductive potential should use effective contraception during treatment and during 6 months post-therapy based on a multiple-dose half-life (t1/2) of ribavirin of 12 days (e.g., 15 half-lives for ribavirin clearance from the body).

    Male patients and their female partners should use effective contraception during treatment with ribavirin and for the 6-month post-therapy period [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    Infertility

    Based on animal data, ribavirin may impair male fertility. In animal studies, these effects were mostly reversible within a few months after drug cessation [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].

    8.4 Pediatric Use

    Safety and effectiveness of ribavirin in combination with PegIntron has not been established in pediatric patients below the age of 3 years. For treatment with ribavirin/INTRON A, evidence of disease progression, such as hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, as well as prognostic factors for response, HCV genotype and viral load should be considered when deciding to treat a pediatric patient. The benefits of treatment should be weighed against the observed safety findings.

    Long-term follow-up data in pediatric subjects indicates that ribavirin in combination with PegIntron or with INTRON A may induce a growth inhibition that results in reduced height in some patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

    Suicidal ideation or attempts occurred more frequently among pediatric patients, primarily adolescents, compared to adult patients (2.4% vs. 1%) during treatment and off-therapy follow-up [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)]. As in adult patients, pediatric patients experienced other psychiatric adverse reactions (e.g., depression, emotional lability, somnolence), anemia, and neutropenia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

    8.5 Geriatric Use

    Clinical trials of ribavirin combination therapy did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine if they respond differently from younger subjects.

    Ribavirin is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients often have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection. Renal function should be monitored and dosage adjustments should be made accordingly. Ribavirin should not be used in patients with creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/min [see Contraindications (4)].

    In general, ribavirin capsules should be administered to elderly patients cautiously, starting at the lower end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic and cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. In clinical trials, elderly subjects had a higher frequency of anemia (67%) than younger patients (28%) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]. 

    8.6 Organ Transplant Recipients

    The safety and efficacy of INTRON A and PegIntron alone or in combination with ribavirin for the treatment of hepatitis C in liver or other organ transplant recipients have not been established. In a small (n=16) single-center, uncontrolled case experience, renal failure in renal allograft recipients receiving interferon alpha and ribavirin combination therapy was more frequent than expected from the center's previous experience with renal allograft recipients not receiving combination therapy. The relationship of the renal failure to renal allograft rejection is not clear.

    8.7 HIV or HBV Co-infection

    The safety and efficacy of PegIntron/ribavirin and INTRON A/ribavirin for the treatment of patients with HCV co-infected with HIV or HBV have not been established.

  • 10 OVERDOSAGE

    There is limited experience with overdosage. Acute ingestion of up to 20 g of ribavirin capsules, INTRON A ingestion of up to 120 million units, and subcutaneous doses of INTRON A up to 10 times the recommended doses have been reported. Primary effects that have been observed are increased incidence and severity of the adverse reactions related to the therapeutic use of INTRON A and ribavirin capsules. However, hepatic enzyme abnormalities, renal failure, hemorrhage, and myocardial infarction have been reported with administration of single subcutaneous doses of INTRON A that exceed dosing recommendations.

    There is no specific antidote for INTRON A or ribavirin overdose, and hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are not effective for treatment of overdose of these agents.

  • 11 DESCRIPTION

    Ribavirin is a synthetic nucleoside analogue (purine analogue). The chemical name of ribavirin is 1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide and has the following structural formula (see Figure 1).

    Figure 1: Structural Formula

    Structured formula for Ribavirin Capsule

    Ribavirin, USP is a white, crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in water and slightly soluble in dehydrated alcohol. The molecular formula is C8H12N4O5 and the molecular weight is 244.21.

    Each ribavirin capsule, USP intended for oral administration contains 200 mg of ribavirin, USP in white, hard gelatin capsule shells. In addition, each capsule contains the following inactive ingredients: crospovidone, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, and silicon dioxide. The capsule shell consists of gelatin and titanium dioxide. It may also contain sodium lauryl sulfate. The capsule is printed with black pharmaceutical ink.

  • 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

    12.1 Mechanism of Action

    Ribavirin is an anti-HCV agent [see Microbiology (12.4)].

    12.3 Pharmacokinetics

    Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic properties in adults are summarized in Table 11. Ribavirin was rapidly and extensively absorbed following oral administration. However, due to first-pass metabolism, the absolute bioavailability averaged 64% (44%). There was a linear relationship between dose and AUCtf (AUC from time zero to last measurable concentration) following single doses of 200 to 1200 mg ribavirin. The relationship between dose and Cmax was curvilinear, tending to asymptote above single doses of 400 to 600 mg.

    Upon multiple oral dosing, based on AUC12hr, a 6 fold accumulation of ribavirin was observed in plasma. Following oral dosing with 600 mg twice daily, steady-state was reached by approximately 4 weeks, with mean steady-state plasma concentrations of 2200 ng/mL (37%). Upon discontinuation of dosing, the mean half-life was 298 (30%) hours, which probably reflects slow elimination from nonplasma compartments.

    Effect of Antacid on Absorption of Ribavirin

    Coadministration of ribavirin capsules with an antacid containing magnesium, aluminum, and simethicone resulted in a 14% decrease in mean ribavirin AUCtf. The clinical relevance of results from this single-dose study is unknown.

    Table 11 Mean (% CV) Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Ribavirin When Administered Individually to Adults

    * N = 11.

    †Data obtained from a single-dose pharmacokinetic study using 14C labeled ribavirin; N = 5.

    ‡N = 6.
    Parameter
    		Ribavirin


    		Single-Dose
    600mg Capsules

    (N=12)
    		Multiple-Dose
    600 mg
    Capsules twice daily
    (N=12)
    Tmax (hr)
    		1.7 (46) *
    		3 (60)
    Cmax (ng/mL)
    		782 (37)
    		 3,680 (85)
    AUCtf (ng.hr/mL)
    		13400 (48)
    		 228,000 (25)
    T1/2 (hr)
    		43.6 (47)
    		 298 (30)
    Apparent Volume of Distribution (L)
    		2825 (9) †
    Apparent Clearance (L/hr)
    		38.2 (40)
    Absolute Bioavailability
    		64% (44) ‡

    Tissue Distribution

    Ribavirin transport into nonplasma compartments has been most extensively studied in red blood cells and has been identified to be primarily via an es-type equilibrative nucleoside transporter. This type of transporter is present on virtually all cell types and may account for the extensive volume of distribution. Ribavirin does not bind to plasma proteins.

    Metabolism and Excretion

    Ribavirin has two pathways of metabolism: (i) a reversible phosphorylation pathway in nucleated cells; and (ii) a degradative pathway involving deribosylation and amide hydrolysis to yield a triazole carboxylic acid metabolite. Ribavirin and its triazole carboxamide and triazole carboxylic acid metabolites are excreted renally. After oral administration of 600 mg of 14C-ribavirin, approximately 61% and 12% of the radioactivity was eliminated in the urine and feces, respectively, in 336 hours. Unchanged ribavirin accounted for 17% of the administered dose.

    Special Populations

    Renal Dysfunction

    The pharmacokinetics of ribavirin were assessed after administration of a single oral dose (400 mg) of ribavirin to non-HCV-infected subjects with varying degrees of renal dysfunction. The mean AUCtf value was threefold greater in subjects with creatinine clearance values between 10 to 30 mL/min when compared to control subjects (creatinine clearance greater than 90 mL/min). In subjects with creatinine clearance values between 30 to 60 mL/min, AUCtf was twofold greater when compared to control subjects. The increased AUCtf appears to be due to reduction of renal and nonrenal clearance in these subjects. Phase 3 efficacy trials included subjects with creatinine clearance values greater than 50 mL/min. The multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ribavirin cannot be accurately predicted in patients with renal dysfunction. Ribavirin is not effectively removed by hemodialysis. Patients with creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/min should not be treated with ribavirin [see Contraindications (4)]. 

    Hepatic Dysfunction

    The effect of hepatic dysfunction was assessed after a single oral dose of ribavirin (600 mg). The mean AUCtf values were not significantly different in subjects with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pugh Classification A, B, or C) when compared to control subjects. However, the mean Cmax values increased with severity of hepatic dysfunction and was twofold greater in subjects with severe hepatic dysfunction when compared to control subjects.

    Elderly Patients

    Pharmacokinetic evaluations in elderly subjects have not been performed.

    Gender

    There were no clinically significant pharmacokinetic differences noted in a single-dose trial of 18 male and 18 female subjects.

    Pediatric Patients

    Multiple-dose pharmacokinetic properties for Ribavirin Capsules and INTRON A in pediatric subjects with chronic hepatitis C between 5 and 16 years of age are summarized in Table 12. The pharmacokinetics of ribavirin and INTRON A (dose-normalized) are similar in adults and pediatric subjects.

    Complete pharmacokinetic characteristics of Ribavirin Oral Solution have not been determined in pediatric subjects. Ribavirin Cmin values were similar following administration of Ribavirin Oral Solution or Ribavirin Capsules during 48 weeks of therapy in pediatric subjects (3 to 16 years of age).

    Table 12 Mean (% CV) Multiple-dose Pharmacokinetic Parameters for INTRON A and Ribavirin Capsules When Administered to Pediatric Subjects with Chronic Hepatitis C

    * AUC12 (ng·hr/mL) for ribavirin; AUC0-24 (IU·hr/mL) for INTRON A.

    † ND=not done.

    Note: numbers in parenthesis indicate % coefficient of variation.
    Parameter
    		Ribavirin 15 mg/kg/day as 2 divided doses
    (N=17)
    		INTRON A 3 MIU/m2 three times weekly
    (N=54)
    Tmax (hr)
    		1.9 (83)
    		 5.9 (36)
    Cmax (ng/mL)
    		3275 (25)
    		 51 (48)
    AUC*
    		29,774 (26)
    		 622 (48)
    Apparent Clearance L/hr/kg
    		0.27 (27)
    		 ND†

    A clinical trial in pediatric subjects with chronic hepatitis C between 3 and 17 years of age was conducted in which pharmacokinetics for PegIntron and ribavirin (capsules and oral solution) were evaluated. In pediatric subjects receiving body surface area-adjusted dosing of PegIntron at 60 mcg/m2/week, the log transformed ratio estimate of exposure during the dosing interval was predicted to be 58% [90% CI: 141%, 177%] higher than observed in adults receiving 1.5 mcg/kg/week. The pharmacokinetics of ribavirin (dose-normalized) in this trial were similar to those reported in a prior study of ribavirin in combination with INTRON A in pediatric subjects and in adults.

    Effect of Food on Absorption of Ribavirin

    Both AUCtf and Cmax increased by 70% when ribavirin capsules were administered with a high-fat meal (841 kcal, 53.8 g fat, 31.6 g protein, and 57.4 g carbohydrate) in a single-dose pharmacokinetic study [see Dosage and Administration (2)].

    12.4 Microbiology

    Mechanism of Action

    The mechanism by which ribavirin contributes to its antiviral efficacy in the clinic is not fully understood. Ribavirin has direct antiviral activity in cell culture against many RNA viruses. Ribavirin increases the mutation frequency in the genomes of several RNA viruses and ribavirin triphosphate inhibits HCV polymerase in a biochemical reaction.

    Antiviral Activity in Cell Culture

    The antiviral activity of ribavirin in the HCV replicon is not well understood and has not been defined because of the cellular toxicity of ribavirin. Direct antiviral activity has been observed in cell culture of other RNA viruses. The anti-HCV activity of interferon was demonstrated in cell culture using self-replicating HCV RNA (HCV replicon cells) or HCV infection.

    Resistance

    HCV genotypes show wide variability in their response to pegylated recombinant human interferon/ribavirin therapy. Genetic changes associated with the variable response have not been identified.

    Cross-resistance

    There is no reported cross-resistance between pegylated/non-pegylated interferons and ribavirin.

  • 13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

    13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

    Carcinogenesis

    Ribavirin did not cause an increase in any tumor type when administered for 6 months in the transgenic p53 deficient mouse model at doses up to 300 mg/kg (estimated human equivalent of 25 mg/kg based on body surface area adjustment for a 60 kg adult; approximately 1.9 times the maximum recommended human daily dose). Ribavirin was noncarcinogenic when administered for 2 years to rats at doses up to 40 mg/kg (estimated human equivalent of 5.71 mg/kg based on body surface area adjustment for a 60 kg adult).

    Mutagenesis

    Ribavirin demonstrated increased incidences of mutation and cell transformation in multiple genotoxicity assays. Ribavirin was active in the Balb/3T3 In Vitro Cell Transformation Assay. Mutagenic activity was observed in the mouse lymphoma assay, and at doses of 20 to 200 mg/kg (estimated human equivalent of 1.67 to 16.7 mg/kg, based on body surface area adjustment for a 60 kg adult; 0.1 to 1 times the maximum recommended human 24-hour dose of ribavirin) in a mouse micronucleus assay. A dominant lethal assay in rats was negative, indicating that if mutations occurred in rats they were not transmitted through male gametes.

    Impairment of Fertility

    In studies in mice to evaluate the time course and reversibility of ribavirin-induced testicular degeneration at doses of 15 to 150 mg/kg/day (estimated human equivalent of 1.25 to 12.5 mg/kg/day, based on body surface area adjustment for a 60-kg adult; 0.1 to 0.8 times the maximum human 24-hour dose of ribavirin) administered for 3 or 6 months, abnormalities in sperm occurred. Upon cessation of treatment, recovery from ribavirin-induced testicular toxicity was mostly apparent within 1 or 2 spermatogenesis cycles.

    13.2 Animal Toxicology and Pharmacology

    Long-term studies in the mouse and rat [18 to 24 months; doses of 20 to 75 and 10 to 40 mg/kg/day, respectively (estimated human equivalent doses of 1.67 to 6.25 and 1.43 to 5.71 mg/kg/day, respectively, based on body surface area adjustment for a 60 kg adult; approximately 0.1 to 0.4 times the maximum human 24-hour dose of ribavirin)] have demonstrated a relationship between chronic ribavirin exposure and increased incidences of vascular lesions (microscopic hemorrhages) in mice. In rats, retinal degeneration occurred in controls, but the incidence was increased in ribavirintreated rats.

    In a study in which rat pups were dosed postnatally with ribavirin at doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day, drug-related deaths occurred at 50 mg/kg (at rat pup plasma concentrations below human plasma concentrations at the human therapeutic dose) between study Days 13 and 48. Rat pups dosed from postnatal Days 7 through 63 demonstrated a minor, dose-related decrease in overall growth at all doses, which was subsequently manifested as slight decreases in body weight, crown-rump length, and bone length. These effects showed evidence of reversibility, and no histopathological effects on bone were observed. No ribavirin effects were observed regarding neurobehavioral or reproductive development.

  • 14 CLINICAL STUDIES

    Clinical Study 1 evaluated PegIntron monotherapy. See PegIntron labeling for information about this trial.

    14.1 Ribavirin /PegIntron Combination Therapy

    Adult Subjects

    Study 2

    A randomized trial compared treatment with two PegIntron/ribavirin regimens [PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg subcutaneously once weekly/ribavirin 800 mg orally daily (in divided doses); PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg subcutaneously once weekly for 4 weeks then 0.5 mcg/kg subcutaneously once weekly for 44 weeks/ribavirin 1,000 or 1,200 mg orally daily (in divided doses)] with INTRON A [3 MIU subcutaneously three times weekly/ribavirin 1,000 or 1,200 mg orally daily (in divided doses)] in 1,530 adults with chronic hepatitis C. Interferon-naïve subjects were treated for 48 weeks and followed for 24 weeks post-treatment. Eligible subjects had compensated liver disease, detectable HCV-RNA, elevated ALT, and liver histopathology consistent with chronic hepatitis.

    Response to treatment was defined as undetectable HCV-RNA at 24 weeks post-treatment (see Table 13). The response rate to the PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg and ribavirin 800 mg dose was higher than the response rate to INTRON A/ribavirin (see Table 13).The response rate to PegIntron 1.5→0.5 mcg/kg/ribavirin was essentially the same as the response to INTRON A/ribavirin (data not shown).

    Table 13 Rates of Response to Combination Treatment – Study 2

    * Serum HCV-RNA was measured with a research-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay by a central laboratory.

    † Difference in overall treatment response (PegIntron/ribavirin vs. INTRON A/ribavirin) is 6% with 95% confidence interval of (0.18, 11.63) adjusted for viral genotype and presence of cirrhosis at baseline. Response to treatment was defined as undetectable HCV-RNA at 24 weeks post-treatment.

    		PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg once weekly
    Ribavirin 800 mg once daily
    		INTRON A 3 MIU three times weekly
    Ribavirin 1,000/1,200 mg once daily
    Overall response*,†
    		52% (264/511)
    		 46% (231/505)
    Genotype 1
    		 41% (141/348)
    		 33% (112/343)
    Genotype 2 to 6
    		 75% (123/163)
    		 73% (119/162)

    Subjects with viral genotype 1, regardless of viral load, had a lower response rate to PegIntron (1.5 mcg/kg)/ribavirin (800 mg) compared to subjects with other viral genotypes. Subjects with both poor prognostic factors (genotype 1 and high viral load) had a response rate of 30% (78/256) compared to a response rate of 29% (71/247) with INTRON A/ribavirin combination therapy.

    Subjects with lower body weight tended to have higher adverse-reaction rates [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] and higher response rates than subjects with higher body weights. Differences in response rates between treatment arms did not substantially vary with body weight.

    Treatment response rates with PegIntron/ribavirin combination therapy were 49% in men and 56% in women. Response rates were lower in African American and Hispanic subjects and higher in Asians compared to Caucasians. Although African Americans had a higher proportion of poor prognostic factors compared to Caucasians, the number of non-Caucasians studied (11% of the total) was insufficient to allow meaningful conclusions about differences in response rates after adjusting for prognostic factors in this trial.

    Liver biopsies were obtained before and after treatment in 68% of subjects. Compared to baseline, approximately two-thirds of subjects in all treatment groups were observed to have a modest reduction in inflammation.

    Study 3

    In a large United States community-based trial, 4,913 subjects with chronic hepatitis C were randomized to receive PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg subcutaneously once weekly in combination with a ribavirin dose of 800 to 1,400 mg (weight-based dosing [WBD]) or 800 mg (flat) orally daily (in divided doses) for 24 or 48 weeks based on genotype. Response to treatment was defined as undetectable HCV-RNA (based on an assay with a lower limit of detection of 125 IU/mL) at 24 weeks post-treatment.

    Treatment with PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg and ribavirin 800 to 1,400 mg resulted in a higher sustained virologic response compared to PegIntron in combination with a flat 800 mg daily dose of ribavirin. Subjects weighing greater than 105 kg obtained the greatest benefit with WBD, although a modest benefit was also observed in subjects weighing greater than 85 to 105 kg (see Table 14). The benefit of WBD in subjects weighing greater than 85 kg was observed with HCV genotypes 1 to 3. Insufficient data were available to reach conclusions regarding other genotypes. Use of WBD resulted in an increased incidence of anemia [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

    Table 14 SVR Rate by Treatment and Baseline Weight -Study 3

    * P=0.01, primary efficacy comparison (based on data from subjects weighing 65 kg or higher at baseline and utilizing a logistic regression analysis that includes treatment [WBD or Flat], genotype and presence/absence of advanced fibrosis, in the model).

    Treatment Group
    		Subject Baseline Weight
    <65 kg
    (<143 lb)
    		65 to 85 kg (143 to 188 lb)
    		>85 to 105 kg (>188 to 231 lb)
    		>105 kg
    (>231 lb)
    WBD*
    		50% (173/348)
    		 45% (449/994)
    		 42% (351/835)
    		 47% (138/292)
    Flat
    		 51% (173/342)
    		 44% (443/1,011)
    		 39% (318/819)
    		 33% (91/272)

    A total of 1,552 subjects weighing greater than 65 kg in Study 3 had genotype 2 or 3 and were randomized to 24 or 48 weeks of therapy. No additional benefit was observed with the longer treatment duration.

    Study 4

    A large randomized trial compared the safety and efficacy of treatment for 48 weeks with two PegIntron/ribavirin regimens [PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg and 1 mcg/kg subcutaneously once weekly both in combination with ribavirin 800 to 1,400 mg PO daily (in two divided doses)] and Pegasys 180 mcg subcutaneously once weekly in combination with Copegus 1,000 to 1,200 mg PO daily (in two divided doses) in 3,070 treatment-naïve adults with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1. In this trial, lack of early virologic response (undetectable HCV-RNA or greater than or equal to 2 log10 reduction from baseline) by treatment Week 12 was the criterion for discontinuation of treatment. SVR was defined as undetectable HCV-RNA (Roche COBAS TaqMan assay, a lower limit of quantitation of 27 IU/mL) at 24 weeks post-treatment (see Table 15).

    Table 15 SVR Rate by Treatment – Study 4
    % (number) of Subjects
    PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg/ Ribavirin
    		PegIntron 1 mcg/kg/ Ribavirin
    		Pegasys 180 mcg/Copegus
    40 (406/1,019)
    		 38 (386/1,016)
    		 41 (423/1,035)

    Overall SVR rates were similar among the three treatment groups. Regardless of treatment group, SVR rates were lower in subjects with poor prognostic factors. Subjects with poor prognostic factors randomized to PegIntron (1.5 mcg/kg)/ribavirin or Pegasys/Copegus, however, achieved higher SVR rates compared to similar subjects randomized to PegIntron 1 mcg/kg/ribavirin. For the PegIntron 1.5 mcg/kg and ribavirin dose, SVR rates for subjects with and without the following prognostic factors were as follows: cirrhosis (10% vs. 42%), normal ALT levels (32% vs. 42%), baseline viral load greater than 600,000 IU/mL (35% vs. 61%), 40 years of age and older (38% vs. 50%), and African American race (23% vs. 44%). In subjects with undetectable HCV-RNA at treatment Week 12 who received PegIntron (1.5 mcg/kg)/ribavirin, the SVR rate was 81% (328/407).

    Study 5 - Ribavirin /PegIntron Combination Therapy in Prior Treatment Failures

    In a noncomparative trial, 2293 subjects with moderate to severe fibrosis who failed previous treatment with combination alpha interferon/ribavirin were re-treated with PegIntron, 1.5 mcg/kg subcutaneously, once weekly, in combination with weight adjusted ribavirin. Eligible subjects included prior nonresponders (subjects who were HCV-RNA positive at the end of a minimum 12 weeks of treatment) and prior relapsers (subjects who were HCV-RNA negative at the end of a minimum 12 weeks of treatment and subsequently relapsed after post-treatment follow-up). Subjects who were negative at Week 12 were treated for 48 weeks and followed for 24 weeks post-treatment. Response to treatment was defined as undetectable HCV-RNA at 24 weeks post-treatment (measured using a research-based test, limit of detection 125 IU/mL). The overall response rate was 22% (497/2,293) (99% CI: 19.5, 23.9). Subjects with the following characteristics were less likely to benefit from re-treatment: previous nonresponse, previous pegylated interferon treatment, significant bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis, and genotype 1 infection.

    The re-treatment sustained virologic response rates by baseline characteristics are summarized in Table 16.

    Table 16 SVR Rates by Baseline Characteristics of Prior Treatment Failures -Study 5
    HCV Genotype/ Metavir Fibrosis Score
    		Overall SVR by Previous Response and Treatment
    Nonresponder
    		Relapser
    interferon alfa/ribavirin % (number of subjects)
    		peginterferon (2a and 2b combined)/ribavirin % (number of subjects)
    		interferon alfa/ribavirin % (number of subjects)
    		peginterferon (2a and 2b combined)/ribavirin % (number of subjects)
    Overall
    		 18 (158/903)
    		 6 (30/476)
    		 43 (130/300)
    		 35 (113/344)
    HCV 1
    		 13 (98/761)
    		 4 (19/431)
    		 32 (67/208)
    		 23 (56/243)
    F2
    		 18 (36/202)
    		 6 (7/117)
    		 42 (33/79)
    		 32 (23/72)
    F3
    		 16 (38/233)
    		 4 (4/112)
    		 28 (16/58)
    		 21 (14/67)
    F4
    		 7 (24/325)
    		 4 (8/202)
    		 26 (18/70)
    		 18 (19/104)
    HCV 2/3
    		 49 (53/109)
    		 36 (10/28)
    		 67 (54/81)
    		 57 (52/92)
    F2
    		 68 (23/34)
    		 56 (5/9)
    		 76 (19/25)
    		 61 (11/18)
    F3
    		 39 (11/28)
    		 38 (3/8)
    		 67 (18/27)
    		 62 (18/29)
    F4
    		 40 (19/47)
    		 18 (2/11)
    		 59 (17/29)
    		 51 (23/45)
    HCV 4
    		 17 (5/29)
    		 7 (1/15)
    		 88 (7/8)
    		 50 (4/8)

    Achievement of an undetectable HCV-RNA at treatment Week 12 was a strong predictor of SVR. In this trial, 1,470 (64%) subjects did not achieve an undetectable HCV-RNA at treatment Week 12, and were offered enrollment into long-term treatment trials, due to an inadequate treatment response. Of the 823 (36%) subjects who were HCV-RNA undetectable at treatment Week 12, those infected with genotype 1 had an SVR of 48% (245/507), with a range of responses by fibrosis scores (F4-F2) of 39 to 55%. Subjects infected with genotype 2/3 who were HCV-RNA undetectable at treatment Week 12 had an overall SVR of 70% (196/281), with a range of responses by fibrosis scores (F4-F2) of 60-83%. For all genotypes, higher fibrosis scores were associated with a decreased likelihood of achieving SVR.

    Pediatric Subjects

    Previously untreated pediatric subjects 3 to 17 years of age with compensated chronic hepatitis C and detectable HCV-RNA were treated with ribavirin 15 mg/kg per day and PegIntron 60 mcg/m2 once weekly for 24 or 48 weeks based on HCV genotype and baseline viral load. All subjects were to be followed for 24 weeks post-treatment. A total of 107 subjects received treatment, of which 52% were female, 89% were Caucasian, and 67% were infected with HCV Genotype 1. Subjects infected with Genotypes 1, 4 or Genotype 3 with HCV-RNA greater than or equal to 600,000 IU/mL received 48 weeks of therapy while those infected with Genotype 2 or Genotype 3 with HCV-RNA less than 600,000 IU/mL received 24 weeks of therapy. The trial results are summarized in Table 17.

    Table 17 Sustained Virologic Response Rates by Genotype and Assigned Treatment Duration – Pediatric Trial

    * Response to treatment was defined as undetectable HCV-RNA at 24 weeks post-treatment.

    † N=number of responders/number of subjects with given genotype, and assigned treatment duration.

    ‡ Subjects with genotype 3 low viral load (less than 600,000 IU/mL) were to receive 24 weeks of treatment while those with genotype 3 and high viral load were to receive 48 weeks of treatment.
    Genotype
    		All Subjects
    N=107
    24 Weeks
    		48 Weeks
    Virologic Response
    N*,† (%)
    		Virologic Response
    N*,† (%)
    All
    		26/27 (96.3)
    		44/80 (55)
    1
    		-
    		38/72 (52.8)
    2
    		14/15 (93.3)
    		-
    3‡
    		12/12 (100)
    		2/3 (66.7)
    4
    		-
    		4/5 (80)

    14.2 Ribavirin/INTRON A Combination Therapy

    Adult Subjects

    Previously Untreated Subjects

    Adults with compensated chronic hepatitis C and detectable HCV-RNA (assessed by a central laboratory using a research-based RT-PCR assay) who were previously untreated with alpha interferon therapy were enrolled into two multicenter, double-blind trials (US and international) and randomized to receive ribavirin capsules 1200 mg/day (1000 mg/day for subjects weighing less than or equal to 75 kg) and INTRON A 3 MIU three times weekly or INTRON A and placebo for 24 or 48 weeks followed by 24 weeks of off-therapy follow-up. The international trial did not contain a 24-week INTRON A and placebo treatment arm. The US trial enrolled 912 subjects who, at baseline, were 67% male, 89% Caucasian with a mean Knodell HAI score (I+II+III) of 7.5, and 72% genotype 1. The international trial, conducted in Europe, Israel, Canada, and Australia, enrolled 799 subjects (65% male, 95% Caucasian, mean Knodell score 6.8, and 58% genotype 1).

    Trial results are summarized in Table 18.

    Table 18 Virologic and Histologic Responses: Previously Untreated Subjects*

    *Number (%) of subjects.

    †Defined as HCV-RNA below limit of detection using a research-based RT-PCR assay at end of treatment and during follow-up period.

    ‡Defined as post-treatment (end of follow-up) minus pretreatment liver biopsy Knodell HAI score (I+II+III) improvement of greater than or equal to 2 points.

    		US Trial
    		International Trial

    		24 weeks of treatment
    		48 weeks of treatment
    		24 weeks of treatment
    		48 weeks of treatment

    		INTRON A  Ribavirin (N=228)
    		INTRON A Placebo (N=231)
    		INTRON A  Ribavirin (N=228)
    		INTRON A  Placebo (N=225)
    		INTRON A  Ribavirin (N=265)
    		INTRON A
    Ribavirin (N=268)
    		INTRON A  Placebo (N=266)
    Virologic Response
    Responder†
    		65 (29)
    		 13 (6)
    		 85 (37)
    		 27 (12)
    		 86 (32)
    		 113 (42)
    		 46 (17)
    Nonresponder
    		147 (64)
    		 194 (84)
    		 110 (48)
    		 168 (75)
    		 158 (60)
    		 120 (45)
    		 196 (74)
    Missing Data
    		16 (7)
    		 24 (10)
    		 33 (14)
    		 30 (13)
    		 21 (8)
    		 35 (13)
    		 24 (9)
    Histologic Response
    Improvement‡
    		102 (45)
    		 77 (33)
    		 96 (42)
    		 65 (29)
    		 103 (39)
    		 102 (38)
    		 69 (26)
    No improvement
    		77 (34)
    		 99 (43)
    		 61 (27)
    		 93 (41)
    		 85 (32)
    		 58 (22)
    		 111 (41)
    Missing Data
    		49 (21)
    		 55 (24)
    		 71 (31)
    		 67 (30)
    		 77 (29)
    		 108 (40)
    		 86 (32)

    Of subjects who had not achieved HCV-RNA below the limit of detection of the research-based assay by Week 24 of ribavirin/INTRON A treatment, less than 5% responded to an additional 24 weeks of combination treatment.

    Among subjects with HCV Genotype 1 treated with ribavirin/INTRON A therapy who achieved HCV-RNA below the detection limit of the research-based assay by 24 weeks, those randomized to 48 weeks of treatment had higher virologic responses compared to those in the 24-week treatment group. There was no observed increase in response rates for subjects with HCV non-genotype 1 randomized to ribavirin/INTRON A therapy for 48 weeks compared to 24 weeks.

    Relapse Subjects

    Subjects with compensated chronic hepatitis C and detectable HCV-RNA (assessed by a central laboratory using a research-based RT-PCR assay) who had relapsed following one or two courses of interferon therapy (defined as abnormal serum ALT levels) were enrolled into two multicenter, double-blind trials (US and international) and randomized to receive ribavirin 1200 mg/day (1000 mg/day for subjects weighing ≤ 75 kg) and INTRON A 3 MIU three times weekly or INTRON A and placebo for 24 weeks followed by 24 weeks of off-therapy follow-up. The US trial enrolled 153 subjects who, at baseline, were 67% male, 92% Caucasian with a mean Knodell HAI score (I+II+III) of 6.8, and 58% genotype 1. The international trial, conducted in Europe, Israel, Canada, and Australia, enrolled 192 subjects (64% male, 95% Caucasian, mean Knodell score 6.6, and 56% genotype 1). Trial results are summarized in Table 19.

    Table 19Virologic and Histologic Responses: Relapse Subjects*

    *Number (%) of subjects.

    †Defined as HCV-RNA below limit of detection using a research-based RT-PCR assay at end of treatment and during follow-up period.

    ‡Defined as post-treatment (end of follow-up) minus pretreatment liver biopsy Knodell HAI score (I+II+III) improvement of greater than or equal to 2 points.

    		US Trial
    		International Trial

    		INTRON A Ribavirin capsules (N=77)
    		 INTRON A  Placebo (N=76)
    		 INTRON A  R ibavirin capsules (N=96)
    		 INTRON A  Placebo (N=96)
    Virologic Response




    Responder†
    		33 (43)
    		 3 (4)
    		 46 (48)
    		 5 (5)
    Nonresponder
    		36 (47)
    		 66 (87)
    		 45 (47)
    		 91 (95)
    Missing Data
    		8 (10)
    		 7 (9)
    		 5 (5)
    		 0 (0)
    Histologic Response
    Improvement‡
    		38 (49)
    		 27 (36)
    		 49 (51)
    		 30 (31)
    No improvement
    		23 (30)
    		 37 (49)
    		 29 (30)
    		 44 (46)
    Missing Data
    		16 (21)
    		 12 (16)
    		 18 (19)
    		 22 (23)

    Virologic and histologic responses were similar among male and female subjects in both the previously untreated and relapse trials.

    Pediatric Subjects

    Pediatric subjects 3 to 16 years of age with compensated chronic hepatitis C and detectable HCV-RNA (assessed by a central laboratory using a research-based RT-PCR assay) were treated with ribavirin 15 mg/kg per day and INTRON A 3 MIU/m2three times weekly for 48 weeks followed by 24 weeks of off-therapy follow-up. A total of 118 subjects received treatment, of which 57% were male, 80% Caucasian, and 78% genotype 1. Subjects less than 5 years of age received Ribavirin Oral Solution and those  5 years of age or older received either Ribavirin Oral Solution or Capsules.

    Trial results are summarized in Table 20.

    Table 20 Virologic Response: Previously Untreated Pediatric Subjects*

    * Number (%) of subjects.

    † Defined as HCV-RNA below limit of detection using a research-based RT-PCR assay at end of treatment and during follow-up period.
    INTRON A 3 MIU/m2 three times weekly/ribavirin 15 mg/kg/day
    Overall Response† (N=118)
    		 54 (46)
    Genotype 1 (N=92)
    		 33 (36)
    Genotype non-1 (N=26)
    		 21 (81)

    Subjects with viral genotype 1, regardless of viral load, had a lower response rate to INTRON A/ribavirin combination therapy compared to subjects with genotype non-1, 36% vs. 81%. Subjects with both poor prognostic factors (genotype 1 and high viral load) had a response rate of 26% (13/50).

  • 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

    Ribavirin capsules USP, 200 mg are white to off-white granular powder filled in size '0' hard gelatin capsules with white colored cap printed with "ZA-12" in black ink and white colored body printed with "200mg" in black ink and are supplied as follows:

    NDC: 68382-260-04 in bottle of 42 capsules

    NDC: 68382-260-07 in bottle of 56 capsules

    NDC: 68382-260-09 in bottle of 70 capsules

    NDC: 68382-260-12 in bottle of 84 capsules

    NDC: 68382-260-13 in bottle of 140 capsules

    NDC: 68382-260-03 in bottle of 168 capsules

    NDC: 68382-260-28 in bottle of 180 capsules

    NDC: 68382-260-10 in bottle of 1000 capsules

    NDC: 68382-260-77 in unit-dose blister cartons of 100 (10 x 10) unit-dose capsules

    Dispense in a tight container.

    Storage Conditions:

    Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° - 30°C (59° - 86°F) [See USP Controlled  Room Temperature].

  • 17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

    Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).

    Anemia

    The most common adverse experience occurring with ribavirin capsules is anemia, which may be severe [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Adverse Reactions (6)]. Advise patients that laboratory evaluations are required prior to starting therapy and periodically thereafter [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)]. Advise patients to be well hydrated, especially during the initial stages of treatment.

    Embryo-Fetal Toxicity

    Inform females of reproductive potential and pregnant women that ribavirin capsules and oral solution may cause birth defects, miscarriage, and stillbirth. Advise females of reproductive potential that they must have a pregnancy test prior to initiating treatment and periodically during therapy. Advise females of reproductive potential and male patients with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with ribavirin and for 6 months post therapy. Advise patients to notify the physician immediately in the event of a pregnancy [see Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.1), and Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)].

    Advise patients that there is a pregnancy registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to ribavirin during pregnancy. Patients may enroll in the Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry by calling 1-800-593-2214.

    Missed Dose

    Inform patients that in the event a dose is missed, the missed dose should be taken as soon as possible during the same day. Patients should not double the next dose. Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider if they have questions.

    Dental and Periodontal Disorders

    Advise patients to brush their teeth thoroughly twice daily and have regular dental examinations. If vomiting occurs, advise patients to rinse out their mouth thoroughly afterwards [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].

    Trademarks depicted herein are the property of their respective owners.

    Manufactured by:

    Cadila Healthcare Limited

    Ahmedabad, India.

    Distributed by:

    Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc.

    Pennington, NJ 08534

    Rev.:05/19

  • MEDICATION GUIDE

    MEDICATION GUIDE

    Ribavirin (rye" ba vye' rin) Capsules, USP

    What is the most important information I should know about ribavirin?

    1. Ribavirin may cause birth defects, miscarriage or death of your unborn baby. Do not take ribavirin if you or your sexual partner is pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Do not become pregnant during treatment or within 6 months after stopping treatment with ribavirin. You must use effective birth control during treatment with ribavirin and for 6 months after stopping treatment.
    • Females must have a pregnancy test before starting ribavirin, during treatment with ribavirin, and for 6 months after the last dose of ribavirin.
    • If you or your female sexual partner becomes pregnant during treatment with ribavirin or within 6 months after you stop taking ribavirin, tell your healthcare provider right away. You or your healthcare provider should contact the ribavirin pregnancy exposure registry by calling 1-800-593-2214. The ribavirin pregnancy exposure registry collects information about what happens to mothers and their babies if the mother takes ribavirin while she is pregnant.

    2.      Ribavirin may cause a significant drop in your red blood cell count and cause anemia insome cases. Anemia has been associated with worsening of heart problems, and in rarecases can cause a heart attack and death. Tell your healthcare provider if you have ever had any heart problems. Ribavirin may not be right for you. Get medical help right away if you experience chest pain.

    3.      Do not take ribavirin alone to treat chronic hepatitis C infection. Ribavirin should be used in combination with either interferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2b to treat chronic hepatitis C infection.

    What are ribavirin capsules?

    Ribavirin capsules are a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.

    It is not known if ribavirin capsules use for longer than 1 year is safe and will work.

    It is not known if ribavirin capsules use in children younger than 3 years old is safe and will work.

    Who should not take ribavirin capsules?

    See "What is the most important information I should know about ribavirin capsules?"

    Do not take ribavirin capsules if you have:

    •   ever had serious allergic reactions to the ingredients in ribavirin capsules. See the end of this Medication Guide for a complete list of ingredients.
    •   certain types of hepatitis (autoimmune hepatitis).
    •   certain blood disorders (hemoglobinopathies).
    •   severe kidney disease.
    •   taken or currently take didanosine.

    Talk to your health care provider before taking ribavirin capsules if you have any of these conditions.

    What should I tell my health care provider before taking Ribavirin capsules?

    Before you take ribavirin capsules, tell your health care provider if you have or ever had:

    •   treatment for hepatitis C that did not work for you.
    •   breathing problems. Ribavirin capsules may cause or worsen breathing problems you already have.
    •   vision problems. Ribavirin capsules may cause eye problems or worsen eye problems you already have. You should have an eye exam before you start treatment with ribavirin capsules.
    •   certain blood disorders such as anemia (low red blood cell count).
    •   high blood pressure, heart problems, or have had a heart attack. Your health care provider should check your blood and heart before you start treatment with ribavirin capsules.
    •   thyroid problems.
    •   liver problems other than hepatitis C infection.
    •   human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or any immunity problems.
    •   mental health problems, including depression and thoughts of hurting yourself or others.
    •   kidney problems.
    •   an organ transplant.
    •   diabetes. Ribavirin capsules may make your diabetes worse or harder to treat.
    •   any other medical condition.
    •   are breastfeeding. It is not known if ribavirin passes into your breast milk. You and your health care provider should decide if you will take ribavirin capsules or breastfeed.

    Tell your health care provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Ribavirin capsules may affect the way other medicines work.

    Especially tell your health care provider if you take didanosine or a medicine that contains azathioprine.

    Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your health care provider or pharmacist when you get a new medicine.

    How should I take Ribavirin capsules?

    •   Take ribavirin capsules exactly as your health care provider tells you. Your health care provider will tell you how much ribavirin capsules to take and when to take it.
    •   Take ribavirin capsules with food.
    •   Take ribavirin capsules whole. Do not open, break, or crush ribavirin capsules before swallowing. If you cannot swallow ribavirin capsules whole, tell your health care provider.
    •   If you miss a dose of ribavirin capsules, take the missed dose as soon as possible during the same day. Do not double the next dose. If you have questions about what to do, call your health care provider.
    •   If you take too much ribavirin capsules, call your health care provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away.

    What are the possible side effects of Ribavirin capsules?

    Ribavirin capsules may cause serious side effects, including:

    See "What is the most important information I should know about ribavirin capsules?"

    •   Swelling and irritation of your pancreas (pancreatitis). Symptoms may include: stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
    •   Serious breathing problems. Difficulty breathing may be a sign of a serious lung infection (pneumonia) that can lead to death.
    •   Serious eye problems that may lead to vision loss or blindness.
    •   Dental problems. Brush your teeth well 2 times each day. Get regular dental exams. If you vomit at any time during treatment with ribavirin, rinse out your mouth well.
    •   Severe blood disorders. You may have an increased risk of developing severe blood disorders when ribavirin capsules is used in combination with pegylated alpha interferons and azathioprine. Your healthcare provider should do blood tests during your treatment with ribavirin capsules in combination with pegylated alpha interferon and azathioprine to check you for these problems.
    •   Growth problems in children. Weight loss and slowed growth are common in children during combination treatment with ribavirin capsules and peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b. Most children will go through a growth spurt and gain weight after treatment stops. Some children may not reach the height that they were expected to have before treatment. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are concerned about your child's growth during treatment with ribavirin capsules and peginterferon alfa-2b or with Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2b.
    •   Severe depression.
    •   Thoughts of hurting yourself or others, and suicide attempts. Adults and children who take ribavirin capsules, especially teenagers, are more likely to have suicidal thoughts or attempt to hurt themselves while taking ribavirin capsules. Call your health care provider right away or go to the nearest hospital emergency room if you have new or worse depression or thoughts about hurting yourself or others or dying.

    The most common side effects of ribavirin capsules in adults include:

    •   flu-like symptoms - feeling tired or weak, headache, shaking chills along with high temperature (fever), nausea, and muscle aches.
    •   mood changes, feeling irritable.

    The most common side effects of ribavirin capsules in children include:

    •   fever
    •   headache
    •   a decrease in blood cells that fight infection (neutropenia).
    •   tiredness
    •   decreased appetite.
    •   vomiting.

    These are not all the possible side effects of ribavirin capsules. For more information ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist.

    Call your healthcare provider if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away, and for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

    How should I store Ribavirin capsules?

    •   Store ribavirin capsules at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).

    Keep ribavirin capsules and all medicines out of the reach of children.

    General information about the safe and effective use of ribavirin capsules.

    It is not known if treatment with ribavirin capsules will cure hepatitis C virus infections or prevent cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer that can be caused by hepatitis C virus infections. It is not known if taking ribavirin capsules will prevent you from infecting another person with the hepatitis C virus.

    Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use ribavirin capsules for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give ribavirin capsules to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them.

    You can ask your pharmacist or health care provider for information about ribavirin capsules that is written for health professionals.

    What are the ingredients in ribavirin capsules, USP?

    Active ingredients: ribavirin, USP

    Inactive ingredients: crospovidone, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, and silicon dioxide. The capsule shell consists of gelatin and titanium dioxide. It may also contain sodium lauryl sulfate. The capsule is printed with black pharmaceutical ink.

    This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

    Manufactured by:

    Cadila Healthcare Limited

    Ahmedabad, India.

    Distributed by:

    Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc.

    Pennington, NJ 08534

    Rev.: 05/19

  • PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL

    NDC: 68382-260-12 in bottle of 84 capsules

     

    Ribavirin Capsules USP, 200 mg

     

    Rx only

     

    84 capsules

     

    ZYDUS

    Ribavirin Capsules, 200 mg
  • INGREDIENTS AND APPEARANCE
    RIBAVIRIN 
    ribavirin capsule
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 68382-260
    Route of AdministrationORAL
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    RIBAVIRIN (UNII: 49717AWG6K) (RIBAVIRIN - UNII:49717AWG6K) RIBAVIRIN200 mg
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30)  
    CELLULOSE, MICROCRYSTALLINE (UNII: OP1R32D61U)  
    POVIDONE (UNII: FZ989GH94E)  
    SILICON DIOXIDE (UNII: ETJ7Z6XBU4)  
    TITANIUM DIOXIDE (UNII: 15FIX9V2JP)  
    GELATIN (UNII: 2G86QN327L)  
    SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE (UNII: 368GB5141J)  
    CROSPOVIDONE (UNII: 2S7830E561)  
    Product Characteristics
    ColorWHITE (WHITE) Scoreno score
    ShapeCAPSULE (CAPSULE) Size22mm
    FlavorImprint Code ZA;12;200mg
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 68382-260-77100 in 1 CARTON01/25/2006
    1NDC: 68382-260-301 in 1 BLISTER PACK; Type 0: Not a Combination Product
    2NDC: 68382-260-0442 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product01/25/2006
    3NDC: 68382-260-0756 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product01/25/2006
    4NDC: 68382-260-0970 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product01/25/2006
    5NDC: 68382-260-1284 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product01/25/2006
    6NDC: 68382-260-13140 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product01/25/2006
    7NDC: 68382-260-03168 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product01/25/2006
    8NDC: 68382-260-28180 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product01/25/2006
    9NDC: 68382-260-101000 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product01/25/2006
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    ANDAANDA07722401/25/2006
    Labeler - Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. (156861945)
    Registrant - Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. (156861945)
    Establishment
    NameAddressID/FEIBusiness Operations
    Cadila Healthcare Limited918596198ANALYSIS(68382-260) , MANUFACTURE(68382-260)
    • © 2024 FDA.report
    This site is not affiliated with or endorsed by the FDA.