ATAZANAVIR SULFATE- atazanavir capsule

Atazanavir Sulfate by

Drug Labeling and Warnings

Atazanavir Sulfate by is a Prescription medication manufactured, distributed, or labeled by Major Pharmaceuticals, Nutra-Med Packaging, Inc.. Drug facts, warnings, and ingredients follow.

Drug Details [pdf]

  • 1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

    Atazanavir capsule  is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection for patients 6 years and older weighing at least 15 kg.

    Limitations of Use:

    • Atazanavir capsules are not recommended for use in pediatric patients below the age of 3 months due to the risk of kernicterus.
    • Use of atazanavir capsules/ritonavir in treatment-experienced patients should be guided by the number of baseline primary protease inhibitor resistance substitutions [see Microbiology (12.4)].
  • 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

    2.1 Overview

    • Atazanavir capsules must be taken with food.
    • Do not open the capsules.
    • The recommended oral dosage of atazanavir capsules depends on the treatment history of the patient and the use of other coadministered drugs. When coadministered with H2-receptor antagonists or proton-pump inhibitors, dose separation may be required [see Dosage and Administration (2.3, 2.4, and  2.6) and Drug Interactions (7)].
    • Atazanavir capsules without ritonavir are not recommended for treatment-experienced adult or pediatric patients with prior virologic failure [see Clinical Studies (14)].
    • Efficacy and safety of atazanavir capsules with ritonavir when ritonavir is administered in doses greater than 100 mg once daily have not been established. The use of higher ritonavir doses may alter the safety profile of atazanavir (cardiac effects, hyperbilirubinemia) and, therefore, is not recommended. Prescribers should consult the complete prescribing information for ritonavir when using ritonavir.

    2.2 Testing Prior to Initiation and During Treatment with Atazanavir Capsules

    Renal laboratory testing should be performed in all patients prior to initiation of atazanavir capsules and continued during treatment with atazanavir capsules. Renal laboratory testing should include serum creatinine, estimated creatinine clearance, and urinalysis with microscopic examination [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5, 5.6)]. 

    Hepatic laboratory testing should be performed in patients with underlying liver disease prior to initiation of atazanavir capsules and continued during treatment with atazanavir capsules [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

    2.3 Dosage of Atazanavir Capsules in Adult Patients

    Table 1 displays the recommended dosage of atazanavir capsules in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced adults. Table 1 also displays recommended dosage of atazanavir capsules and ritonavir when given concomitantly with other antiretroviral drugs and H2-receptor antagonists (H2RA). Ritonavir is required with several atazanavir capsules dosage regimens (see the ritonavir complete prescribing information about the safe and effective use of ritonavir). The use of atazanavir capsules in treatment-experienced adult patients without ritonavir is not recommended.

    Table 1:  Recommended Atazanavir Capsules and Ritonavir Dosage in Adultsa
    a  See Drug Interactions (7) for instructions concerning coadministration of acid-reducing medications (e.g., H2RA or proton pump inhibitors [PPIs]), and other antiretroviral drugs (e.g., efavirenz, tenofovir DF, and didanosine). 

     

    Atazanavir Capsules
     Once Daily
    Dosage

    Ritonavir Once Daily
    Dosage

    Treatment-Naive Adult Patients

       recommended regimen

    300 mg

    100 mg

       unable to tolerate ritonavir

    400 mg

    N/A

       in combination with efavirenz

    400 mg

    100 mg

    Treatment-Experienced Adult Patients

       recommended regimen

    300 mg

    100 mg

       in combination with both H2RA and tenofovir DF

    400 mg

    100 mg

    2.4 Dosage of Atazanavir Capsules in Pediatric Patients

    The recommended daily dosage of atazanavir capsules and ritonavir in pediatric patients (6 years of age to less than 18 years of age) is based on body weight (see Table 2).

    Table 2: Recommended Dosage of Atazanavir Capsules and Ritonavir in Pediatric Patients (6 to less than 18 years of age)a,b
    a  Administer atazanavir capsules and ritonavir simultaneously with food.
    b  The same recommendations regarding the timing and maximum doses of concomitant PPIs and H2RAs in adults also apply to pediatric patients. See Drug Interactions (7) for instructions concerning coadministration of acid-reducing medications (e.g., H2RA or PPIs), and other antiretroviral drugs (e.g., efavirenz, tenofovir DF, and didanosine).
    c  In treatment-experienced patients, atazanavir capsules must be administered with ritonavir.

    Body weight

    Atazanavir Capsules Daily Dosage

    Ritonavir Daily Dosage

    Treatment-Naive and Treatment-Experiencedc

     

    Less than 15 kg

    Capsules not recommended

    N/A

    At least 15 kg to less than 35 kg

    200 mg

    100 mg

    At least 35 kg

    300 mg

    100 mg

    Treatment-Naive, at least 13 years old and cannot tolerate ritonavirc

    At least 40 kg

    400 mg

    N/A


    When transitioning between formulations, a change in dose may be needed. Consult the dosing table for the specific formulation.

    2.6 Dosage Adjustments in Pregnant Patients

    Table 4 includes the recommended dosage of atazanavir capsules and ritonavir in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced pregnant patients. In these patients, atazanavir capsules must be administered with ritonavir. There are no dosage adjustments for postpartum patients (see Table 1 for the recommended atazanavir capsules dosage in adults) [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

    Table 4: Recommended Dosage of Atazanavir Capsules and Ritonavir in Pregnant Patientsa
    a  See Drug Interactions (7) for instructions concerning coadministration of acid-reducing medications (e.g., H2RA or PPIs), and other antiretroviral drugs (e.g., efavirenz, tenofovir DF, and didanosine).
    b  Atazanavir capsules are not recommended for treatment-experienced pregnant patients during the second and third trimester taking atazanavir capsules with both tenofovir DF and H2RA.

     

    Atazanavir Capsules
    Once Daily
    Dosage

    Ritonavir
    Once Daily
    Dosage

    Treatment-Naive and Treatment-Experienced

    Recommended Regimen

    300 mg

    100 mg

    Treatment-Experienced During the Second or Third Trimester When Coadministered with either H2RA or Tenofovir DFb

    In combination with either H2RA or tenofovir DF 

    400 mg

    100 mg

    2.7 Dosage in Patients with Renal Impairment

    For patients with renal impairment, including those with severe renal impairment who are not managed with hemodialysis, no dose adjustment is required for atazanavir capsules. Treatment-naive patients with end-stage renal disease managed with hemodialysis should receive atazanavir capsules 300 mg with ritonavir 100 mg. Atazanavir capsules are not recommended in HIV-treatment-experienced patients with end-stage renal disease managed with hemodialysis  [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].

    2.8 Dosage Adjustments in Patients with Hepatic Impairment

    Table 5 displays the recommended atazanavir capsules dosage in treatment-naive patients with hepatic impairment. The use of atazanavir capsules in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) is not recommended. The coadministration of atazanavir capsules with ritonavir in patients with any degree of hepatic impairment is not recommended. 

    Table 5: Recommended Dosage of Atazanavir Capsules in Treatment-Naive Adults with Hepatic Impairment

     

    Atazanavir Capsules Once Daily Dosage

    Mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A)

    400 mg

    Moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B)

    300 mg

    Severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C)

    Atazanavir capsules with or without
    ritonavir is not recommended
  • 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

    • 100 mg Capsules are blue/white size ‘2’ hard gelatin capsule filled with off-white to pale yellow granular powder and imprinted with ‘100 mg’ on blue cap with white edible ink and ‘T23’ on white body with black edible ink.
    • 150 mg Capsules are blue/powder blue size ‘1’ hard gelatin capsule filled with off-white to pale yellow granular powder and imprinted with ‘150 mg’ on blue cap and ‘T24’ on powder blue body with white edible ink.
    • 200 mg Capsules are blue/blue size ‘0’ hard gelatin capsule filled with off-white to pale yellow granular powder and imprinted with ‘200 mg’ on blue cap and ‘T25’ on blue body with white edible ink.
    •  300 mg Capsules are red/blue size ‘00’ hard gelatin capsule filled with off-white to pale yellow granular powder and imprinted with ‘300 mg’ on red cap and ‘T26’ on blue body with white edible ink.
  • 4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

    Atazanavir capsules are contraindicated:

    • in patients with previously demonstrated clinically significant hypersensitivity (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, or toxic skin eruptions) to any of the components of atazanavir capsules [see Warnings and  Precautions (5.2)].
    • when coadministered with drugs that are highly dependent on CYP3A or UGT1A1 for clearance, and for which elevated plasma concentrations of the interacting drugs are associated with serious and/or life-threatening events (see Table 6).
    • when coadministered with drugs that strongly induce CYP3A and may lead to lower exposure and loss of efficacy of atazanavir capsules (see Table 6).

    Table 6 displays drugs that are contraindicated with atazanavir capsules.  

    Table 6: Drugs that are Contraindicated with Atazanavir Capsules (Information in the table applies to atazanavir capsules with or without ritonavir, unless otherwise indicated) 
    a  See Drug Interactions, Table 16 (7)  for parenterally administered midazolam.
    b  See Drug Interactions, Table 16 (7)  for sildenafil when dosed as VIAGRA® for erectile dysfunction.

    Drug Class

    Drugs within class that are contraindicated with atazanavir capsules

    Clinical Comment

    Alpha 1-‑Adrenoreceptor Antagonist

    Alfuzosin

    Potential for increased alfuzosin concentrations, which can result in hypotension.

    Antimycobacterials

    Rifampin

    Rifampin substantially decreases plasma concentrations of atazanavir, which may result in loss of therapeutic effect and development of resistance.

    Antineoplastics

    Irinotecan

    Atazanavir inhibits UGT1A1 and may interfere with the metabolism of irinotecan, resulting in increased irinotecan toxicities.

    Antipsychotics

    Lurasidone

    Potential for serious and/or life-threatening reactions if atazanavir capsules are coadministered with ritonavir.

     

    Pimozide

    Potential for serious and/or life-threatening reactions such as cardiac arrhythmias.

    Benzodiazepines

    Triazolam, orally administered midazolama

    Triazolam and orally administered midazolam are extensively metabolized by CYP3A4. Coadministration of triazolam or orally administered midazolam with atazanavir capsules may cause large increases in the concentration of these benzodiazepines. Potential for serious and/or life-threatening events such as prolonged or increased sedation or respiratory depression.

    Ergot Derivatives

    Dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, ergonovine, methylergonovine

    Potential for serious and/or life-threatening events such as acute ergot toxicity characterized by peripheral vasospasm and ischemia of the extremities and other tissues.

    GI Motility Agent

    Cisapride

    Potential for serious and/or life-threatening reactions such as cardiac arrhythmias.

    Hepatitis C
    Direct-Acting Antivirals

     
    Elbasvir/grazoprevir


    Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir

    May increase the risk of ALT elevations due to a significant increase in grazoprevir plasma concentrations.

    May increase the risk of ALT elevations due to an increase in glecaprevir and pibrentasvir concentrations.

    Herbal Products

    St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)

    Coadministration of St. John’s wort and atazanavir capsules may result in loss of therapeutic effect and development of resistance.

    HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

    Lovastatin, simvastatin

    Potential for serious reactions such as myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis.

    PDE5 Inhibitor

    Sildenafilb when dosed as REVATIO® for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension

    Potential for sildenafil-associated adverse events (which include visual disturbances, hypotension, priapism, and syncope).

    Protease Inhibitors

    Indinavir

    Both atazanavir capsules and indinavir are associated with indirect (unconjugated) hyperbilirubinemia.

    Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

    Nevirapine

    Nevirapine substantially decreases atazanavir exposure which may result in loss of therapeutic effect and development of resistance. Potential risk for nevirapine- associated adverse reactions due to increased nevirapine exposures.
  • 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

    5.1 Cardiac Conduction Abnormalities

    Atazanavir has been shown to prolong the PR interval of the electrocardiogram in some patients. In healthy volunteers and in patients, abnormalities in atrioventricular (AV) conduction were asymptomatic and generally limited to first-degree AV block. There have been reports of second-degree AV block and other conduction abnormalities [see Adverse Reactions (6.2) and Overdosage (10)]. In clinical trials that included electrocardiograms, asymptomatic first-degree AV block was observed in 5.9% of atazanavir-treated patients (n=920), 5.2% of lopinavir/ritonavir-treated patients (n=252), 10.4% of nelfinavir-treated patients (n=48), and 3.0% of efavirenz‑-treated patients (n=329). In Study AI424-045, asymptomatic first-degree AV block was observed in 5% (6/118) of atazanavir/ritonavir-treated patients and 5% (6/116) of lopinavir/ritonavir-treated patients who had on-study electrocardiogram measurements. Because of limited clinical experience in patients with preexisting conduction system disease (e.g., marked first-degree AV block or second- or third-degree AV block). ECG monitoring should be considered in these patients [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)]. 

    5.2 Severe Skin Reactions

    In controlled clinical trials, rash (all grades, regardless of causality) occurred in approximately 20% of patients treated with atazanavir. The median time to onset of rash in clinical studies was 7.3 weeks and the median duration of rash was 1.4 weeks. Rashes were generally mild-to-moderate maculopapular skin eruptions. Treatment-emergent adverse reactions of moderate or severe rash (occurring at a rate of ≥2%) are presented for the individual clinical studies [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Dosing with atazanavir was often continued without interruption in patients who developed rash. The discontinuation rate for rash in clinical trials was <1%. Cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, and toxic skin eruptions, including drug rash, eosinophilia, and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome, have been reported in patients receiving atazanavir [see Contraindications (4) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Atazanavir should be discontinued if severe rash develops.

    5.4 Hepatotoxicity

    Patients with underlying hepatitis B or C viral infections or marked elevations in transaminases before treatment may be at increased risk for developing further transaminase elevations or hepatic decompensation. In these patients, hepatic laboratory testing should be conducted prior to initiating therapy with atazanavir and during treatment [see Dosage and Administration (2.2), Adverse Reactions (6.1), and Use in Specific Populations (8.8)].

    5.5 Chronic Kidney Disease

    Chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients treated with atazanavir, with or without ritonavir, has been reported during postmarketing surveillance. Reports included biopsy-proven cases of granulomatous interstitial nephritis associated with the deposition of atazanavir drug crystals in the renal parenchyma. Consider alternatives to atazanavir in patients at high risk for renal disease or with preexisting renal disease. Renal laboratory testing (including serum creatinine, estimated creatinine clearance, and urinalysis with microscopic examination) should be conducted in all patients prior to initiating therapy with atazanavir and continued during treatment with atazanavir. Expert consultation is advised for patients who have confirmed renal laboratory abnormalities while taking atazanavir. In patients with progressive kidney disease, discontinuation of atazanavir may be considered [see Dosage and Administration (2.2 and 2.7) and Adverse Reactions (6.2)].

    5.6 Nephrolithiasis and Cholelithiasis

    Cases of nephrolithiasis and/or cholelithiasis have been reported during postmarketing surveillance in HIV-infected patients receiving atazanavir therapy. Some patients required hospitalization for additional management and some had complications.  Because these events were reported voluntarily during clinical practice, estimates of frequency cannot be made. If signs or symptoms of nephrolithiasis and/or cholelithiasis occur, temporary interruption or discontinuation of therapy may be considered [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].

    5.7 Risk of Serious Adverse Reactions Due to Drug Interactions

    Initiation  of atazanavir with ritonavir, a CYP3A inhibitor,  in patients receiving medications metabolized  by CYP3A or initiation  of medications metabolized by CYP3A in patients already receiving atazanavir with ritonavir, may increase plasma concentrations of medications metabolized by CYP3A. Initiation  of medications that inhibit  or induce CYP3A may increase or decrease concentrations of atazanavir with ritonavir, respectively. These interactions may lead to:

    • clinically significant adverse reactions potentially leading to severe, life-threatening, or fatal events from greater exposures of concomitant medications.
    • clinically significant adverse reactions from greater exposures of atazanavir with ritonavir.
    • loss of therapeutic effect of atazanavir with ritonavir and possible development of resistance.

    See Table 16 for steps to prevent or manage these possible and known significant drug interactions, including dosing recommendations [see Drug Interactions (7)]. Consider  the potential for drug interactions prior to and during  atazanavr/ritonavir  therapy;  review concomitant medications during atazanavir /ritonavir therapy; and monitor for the adverse reactions associated with the concomitant medications [see Contraindications (4) and Drug Interactions (7)].

    5.8 Hyperbilirubinemia

    Most patients taking atazanavir experience asymptomatic elevations in indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin related to inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT). This hyperbilirubinemia is reversible upon discontinuation of atazanavir. Hepatic transaminase elevations that occur with hyperbilirubinemia should be evaluated for alternative etiologies. No long-term safety data are available for patients experiencing persistent elevations in total bilirubin >5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN). Alternative antiretroviral therapy to atazanavir may be considered if jaundice or scleral icterus associated with bilirubin elevations presents cosmetic concerns for patients. Dose reduction of atazanavir is not recommended since long-term efficacy of reduced doses has not been established [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

    5.9 Diabetes Mellitus/Hyperglycemia

    New-onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of preexisting diabetes mellitus, and  hyperglycemia have been reported during postmarketing surveillance  in  HIV-infected  patients  receiving protease inhibitor therapy. Some patients required either initiation or dose adjustments of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents for treatment of these events. In some cases, diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred. In those patients who discontinued protease inhibitor therapy, hyperglycemia persisted in some cases. Because these events have been reported voluntarily during clinical practice, estimates of frequency cannot  be made and a causal relationship  between protease inhibitor  therapy and these events has not been established [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].

    5.10 Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

    Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including atazanavir. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, or tuberculosis), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.

    Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves’ disease, polymyositis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution; however, the time to onset is more variable, and can occur many months after initiation of treatment.

    5.11 Fat Redistribution

    Redistribution/accumulation of body fat including central obesity, dorsocervical fat enlargement (buffalo hump), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and “cushingoid appearance” have been observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. The mechanism and long-term consequences of  these  events  are  currently unknown. A causal relationship has not been established.

    5.12 Hemophilia

    There have been reports of increased bleeding, including spontaneous skin hematomas and hemarthrosis, in patients with hemophilia type A and B treated with protease inhibitors. In some patients additional factor VIII was given. In more than half of the reported cases, treatment with protease inhibitors was continued or reintroduced. A causal relationship between protease inhibitor  therapy and these events has not been established.

    5.13 Resistance/Cross-Resistance

    Various degrees of cross-resistance among protease inhibitors have been observed. Resistance to atazanavir may not preclude the subsequent use of other protease inhibitors [see Microbiology (12.4)].

  • 6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

    The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling:

    6.1 Clinical Trial Experience

    Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

    Adverse Reactions in Treatment-Naive Adult Patients

    The safety profile of atazanavir in treatment-naive adults is based on 1625 HIV-1 infected patients in clinical trials. 536 patients received atazanavir 300 mg with ritonavir 100 mg and 1089 patients received atazanavir 400 mg or higher (without ritonavir).

    The most common adverse reactions were nausea, jaundice/scleral icterus, and rash.

    Selected clinical adverse reactions of moderate or severe intensity reported in ≥2% of treatment-naive patients receiving combination therapy including atazanavir 300 mg with ritonavir 100 mg and atazanavir 400 mg (without ritonavir) are presented in Tables 7 and 8, respectively.

    Table 7: Selected Adverse Reactionsa of Moderate or Severe Intensity Reported in ≥2% of Adult Treatment-Naive Patients,b Study AI424-138

     

    96 weeksc
    atazanavir 300 mg
    with ritonavir 100 mg (once
     daily) and tenofovir DF with
     emtricitabined
    (n=441)

    96 weeksc
    lopinavir 400 mg with
     ritonavir 100 mg (twice
    daily) and tenofovir DF with
     emtricitabined
    (n=437)

    Digestive System

     

     

    Nausea

    4%

    8%

    Jaundice/scleral icterus

    5%

    *

    Diarrhea

    2%

    12%

    Skin and Appendages

     

     

    Rash

    3%

    2%

    * None reported in this treatment arm.
    a Includes events of possible, probable, certain, or unknown relationship to treatment regimen.
    b Based on the regimen containing atazanavir.
    c Median time on therapy.
    d As a fixed-dose combination: 300 mg tenofovir DF, 200 mg emtricitabine once daily.
    Table 8: Selected Adverse Reactionsa of Moderate or Severe Intensity Reported in ≥2% of Adult Treatment-Naive Patients,b Studies AI424-034, AI424-007, and AI424-008

    Study AI424-034

    Studies AI424-007, -008

    64 weeksc atazanavir
    400 mg once daily + lamivudine + zidovudinee
    (n=404)

    64 weeksc efavirenz 600 mg once daily + lamivudine + zidovudinee
    (n=401)

    120 weeksc,d atazanavir 400 mg once daily + stavudine + lamivudine or didanosine
    (n=279)

    73 weeksc,d nelfinavir
    750 mg TID or 1250 mg BID+ stavudine + lamivudine or didanosine
    (n=191)

    Body as a Whole

    Headache

    6%

    6%

    1%

    2%

    Digestive System

    Nausea

    14%

    12%

    6%

    4%

    Jaundice/scleral icterus

    7%

    *

    7%

    *

    Vomiting

    4%

    7%

    3%

    3%

    Abdominal pain

    4%

    4%

    4%

    2%

    Diarrhea

    1%

    2%

    3%

    16%

    Nervous System

    Insomnia

    3%

    3%

    <1%

    *

    Dizziness

    2%

    7%

    <1%

    *

    Peripheral neurologic symptoms

    <1%

    1%

    4%

    3%

    Skin and Appendages

     

     

     

     

    Rash

    7%

    10%

    5%

    1%

    * None reported in this treatment arm.
    a Includes events of possible, probable, certain, or unknown relationship to treatment regimen.
    b Based on regimens containing atazanavir.
    c Median time on therapy.
    d Includes long-term follow-up.
    e As a fixed-dose combination: 150 mg lamivudine, 300 mg zidovudine twice daily.

    Adverse Reactions in Treatment-Experienced Adult Patients

    The safety profile of atazanavir in treatment-experienced adults is based on 119 HIV-1 infected patients in clinical trials.

    The most common adverse reactions are jaundice/scleral icterus and myalgia.

    Selected clinical adverse reactions of moderate or severe intensity reported in ≥2% of treatment-experienced patients receiving atazanavir/ritonavir are presented in Table 9.

    Table 9: Selected Adverse Reactionsa of Moderate or Severe Intensity Reported in ≥2% of Adult Treatment-Experienced Patients,b Study AI424-045

    48 weeksc
    atazanavir/ritonavir
    300/100 mg once
    daily + tenofovir DF + NRTI
    (n=119)

    48 weeksc
    lopinavir/ritonavir
    400/100 mg twice dailyd
    + tenofovir DF + NRTI
    (n=118)

    Body as a Whole

    Fever

    2%

    *

    Digestive System

    Jaundice/scleral icterus

    9%

    *

    Diarrhea

    3%

    11%

    Nausea

    3%

    2%

    Nervous System

    Depression

    2%

    <1%

    Musculoskeletal System

    Myalgia

    4%

    *

    * None reported in this treatment arm.
    a Includes events of possible, probable, certain, or unknown relationship to treatment regimen.
    b Based on the regimen containing atazanavir.
    c Median time on therapy.
    d As a fixed-dose combination.

    Laboratory Abnormalities in Treatment-Naive Patients

    The percentages of adult treatment-naive patients treated with combination therapy including atazanavir 300 mg with ritonavir 100 mg and atazanavir 400 mg (without ritonavir) with Grade 3 to 4 laboratory abnormalities are presented in Tables 10 and 11, respectively.

    Table 10: Grade 3 to 4 Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in ≥2% of Adult Treatment-Naive Patients,a Study AI424-138

    Variable

    Limitd

    96 weeksb
    atazanavir
     300 mg with ritonavir
     100 mg (once daily)
     and tenofovir DF with
    emtricitabinec 
    (n=441)

    96 weeksb
    lopinavir 400 mg
    with ritonavir 100 mg (twice daily) and
    tenofovir DF with
    emtricitabinec 
    (n=437)

    Chemistry

    High

    SGOT/AST

    ≥5.1 x ULN

    3%

    1%

    SGPT/ALT

    ≥5.1 x ULN

    3%

    2%

    Total Bilirubin

    ≥2.6 x ULN

    44%

    <1%

    Lipase

    ≥2.1 x ULN

    2%

    2%

    Creatine Kinase

    ≥5.1 x ULN

    8%

    7%

    Total Cholesterol

    ≥240 mg/dL

    11%

    25%

    Hematology

    Low

    Neutrophils

    <750 cells/mm3

    5%

    2%

    a Based on the regimen containing atazanavir.
    b Median time on therapy.
    c As a fixed-dose combination: 300 mg tenofovir DF, 200 mg emtricitabine once daily.
    d ULN = upper limit of normal.
    Table 11: Grade 3 to 4 Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in ≥2% of Adult Treatment-Naive Patients,a Studies AI424-034, AI424-007, and AI424-008

    Variable

    Limitd

    Study AI424-034

    Studies AI424-007, -008

    64 weeksb
    atazanavir
    400 mg
    once daily
    + lamivudine
    + zidovudinee
    (n=404)

    64 weeksb
    efavirenz
    600 mg
    once daily
    + lamivudine
    + zidovudinee
    (n=401)

    120 weeksb,c
    atazanavir
    400 mg
    once daily
    + stavudine
    + lamivudine
    or + stavudine
    + didanosine
    (n=279)

    73 weeksb,c
    nelfinavir
    750 mg TID or
    1250 mg BID
    + stavudine
    + lamivudine or
    + stavudine
    + didanosine
    (n=191)

    Chemistry

    High

    SGOT/AST

    ≥5.1 x ULN

    2%

    2%

    7%

    5%

    SGPT/ALT

    ≥5.1 x ULN

    4%

    3%

    9%

    7%

    Total Bilirubin

    ≥2.6 x ULN

    35%

    <1%

    47%

    3%

    Amylase

    ≥2.1 x ULN

    *

    *

    14%

    10%

    Lipase

    ≥2.1 x ULN

    <1%

    1%

    4%

    5%

    Creatine Kinase

    ≥5.1 x ULN

    6%

    6%

    11%

    9%

    Total Cholesterol

    ≥240 mg/dL

    6%

    24%

    19%

    48%

    Triglycerides

    ≥751 mg/dL

    <1%

    3%

    4%

    2%

    Hematology

    Low

     

     

     

     

    Hemoglobin

    <8.0 g/dL

    5%

    3%

    <1%

    4%

    Neutrophils

    <750 cells/mm3

    7%

    9%

    3%

    7%

    * None reported in this treatment arm.
    a Based on regimen(s) containing atazanavir.
    b Median time on therapy.
    c Includes long-term follow-up.
    d ULN = upper limit of normal.
    e As a fixed-dose combination: 150 mg lamivudine, 300 mg zidovudine twice daily.

    Change in Lipids from Baseline in Treatment-Naive Patients

    For Study AI424-138 and Study AI424-034, changes from baseline in LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides are shown in Tables 12 and 13, respectively. 

    Table 12: Lipid Values, Mean Change from Baseline, Study AI424-138

     

    atazanavir/ritonavira,b

    lopinavir/ritonavirb,c

    Baseline

    Week 48

    Week 96

    Baseline

    Week 48

    Week 96

    mg/dL
    (n=428e)

    mg/dL
    (n=372e)

    Changed
    (n=372e)

    mg/dL
    (n=342e)

    Changed
    (n=342e)

    mg/dL
    (n=424e)

    mg/dL
    (n=335e)

    Changed
    (n=335e)

    mg/dL
    (n=291e)

    Changed
    (n=291e)

    LDL-Cholesterolf

    92

    105

    +14%

    105

    +14%

    93

    111

    +19%

    110

    +17%

    HDL-Cholesterolf

    37

    46

    +29%

    44

    +21%

    36

    48

    +37%

    46

    +29%

    Total Cholesterolf

    149

    169

    +13%

    169

    +13%

    150

    187

    +25%

    186

    +25%

    Triglyceridesf

    126

    145

    +15%

    140

    +13%

    129

    194

    +52%

    184

    +50%

    a Atazanavir 300 mg with ritonavir 100 mg once daily with the fixed-dose combination: 300 mg tenofovir DF, 200 mg emtricitabine once daily.
    b Values obtained after initiation of serum lipid-reducing agents were not included in these analyses. At baseline, serum lipid-reducing agents were used in 1% in the lopinavir/ritonavir treatment arm and 1% in the atazanavir/ritonavir arm. Through Week 48, serum lipid-reducing agents were used in 8% in the lopinavir/ritonavir treatment arm and 2% in the atazanavir/ritonavir arm. Through Week 96, serum lipid-reducing agents were used in 10% in the lopinavir/ritonavir treatment arm and 3% in the atazanavir/ritonavir arm.
    c Lopinavir 400 mg with ritonavir 100 mg twice daily with the fixed-dose combination 300 mg tenofovir DF, 200 mg emtricitabine once daily.
    d The change from baseline is the mean of within-patient changes from baseline for patients with both baseline and Week 48 or Week 96 values and is not a simple difference of the baseline and Week 48 or Week 96 mean values, respectively.
    e Number of patients with LDL-cholesterol measured.
    f Fasting.
    Table 13: Lipid Values, Mean Change from Baseline, Study AI424-034

     

    atazanavira,b

    efavirenzb,c

    Baseline

    Week 48

    Week 48

    Baseline

    Week 48

    Week 48

    mg/dL
    (n=383e)

    mg/dL
    (n=283e)

    Changed
    (n=272e)

    mg/dL
    (n=378e)

    mg/dL
    (n=264e)

    Changed
    (n=253e)

    LDL-Cholesterolf

    98

    98

    +1%

    98

    114

    +18%

    HDL-Cholesterol

    39

    43

    +13%

    38

    46

    +24%

    Total Cholesterol

    164

    168

    +2%

    162

    195

    +21%

    Triglyceridesf

    138

    124

    -9%

    129

    168

    +23%

    a Atazanavir 400 mg once daily with the fixed-dose combination: 150 mg lamivudine, 300 mg zidovudine twice daily.
    bValues obtained after initiation of serum lipid-reducing agents were not included in these analyses. At baseline, serum lipid-reducing agents were used in 0% in the efavirenz treatment arm and <1% in the atazanavir arm. Through Week 48, serum lipid-reducing agents were used in 3% in the efavirenz treatment arm and 1% in the atazanavir arm.
    c Efavirenz 600 mg once daily with the fixed-dose combination: 150 mg lamivudine, 300 mg zidovudine twice daily.
    d The change from baseline is the mean of within-patient changes from baseline for patients with both baseline and Week 48 values and is not a simple difference of the baseline and Week 48 mean values.
    e Number of patients with LDL-cholesterol measured.
    f Fasting.

    Laboratory Abnormalities in Treatment-Experienced Patients

    The percentages of adult treatment-experienced patients treated with combination therapy including  atazanavir/ritonavir  with  Grade  3 to 4  laboratory  abnormalities  are  presented  in Table 14.

    Table 14: Grade 3 to 4 Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in ≥2% of Adult Treatment-Experienced Patients, Study AI424-045a

    Variable

    Limitc

    48 weeksb
    atazanavir
     /ritonavir
    300/100 mg once
     daily + tenofovir DF + NRTI
    (n=119)

    48 weeksb
    lopinavir/ritonavir
    400/100 mg twice
     dailyd + tenofovir DF +
     NRTI
    (n=118)

    Chemistry

    High

     

     

    SGOT/AST

    ≥5.1 x ULN

    3%

    3%

    SGPT/ALT

    ≥5.1 x ULN

    4%

    3%

    Total Bilirubin

    ≥2.6 x ULN

    49%

    <1%

    Lipase

    ≥2.1 x ULN

    5%

    6%

    Creatine Kinase

    ≥5.1 x ULN

    8%

    8%

    Total Cholesterol

    ≥240 mg/dL

    25%

    26%

    Triglycerides

    ≥751 mg/dL

    8%

    12%

    Glucose

    ≥251 mg/dL

    5%

    <1%

    Hematology

    Low

     

     

    Platelets

    <50,000 cells/mm3

    2%

    3%

    Neutrophils

    <750 cells/mm3

    7%

    8%

    a Based on regimen(s) containing atazanavir.
    b Median time on therapy.
    c ULN = upper limit of normal.
    d As a fixed-dose combination.

    Change in Lipids from Baseline in Treatment-Experienced Patients

    For Study AI424-045, changes from baseline in LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides are shown in Table 15. The observed magnitude of dyslipidemia  was less with atazanavir/ritonavir than with lopinavir/ritonavir. However, the clinical impact of such findings has not been demonstrated.

    Table 15: Lipid Values, Mean Change from Baseline, Study AI424-045

    atazanavir/ritonavira,b

    lopinavir/ritonavirb,c

    Baseline
    mg/dL
    (n=111e)

    Week 48
    mg/dL
    (n=75e)

    Week 48
    Changed
    (n=74e)

    Baseline
    mg/dL
    (n=108e)

    Week 48
    mg/dL
    (n=76e)

    Week 48
    Changed
    (n=73e)

    LDL-Cholesterolf

    108

    98

    -10%

    104

    103

    +1%

    HDL-Cholesterol

    40

    39

    -7%

    39

    41

    +2%

    Total Cholesterol

    188

    170

    -8%

    181

    187

    +6%

    Triglyceridesf

    215

    161

    -4%

    196

    224

    +30%

    aAtazanavir 300 mg once daily + ritonavir + tenofovir DF + 1 NRTI.
    bValues obtained after initiation of serum lipid-reducing agents were not included in these analyses. At baseline, serum lipid-reducing agents were used in 4% in the lopinavir/ritonavir treatment arm and 4% in the atazanavir/ritonavir arm. Through Week 48, serum lipid-reducing agents were used in 19% in the lopinavir/ritonavir treatment arm and 8% in the atazanavir/ritonavir arm.
    cLopinavir/ritonavir (400/100 mg) BID + tenofovir DF + 1 NRTI.
    d The change from baseline is the mean of within-patient changes from baseline for patients with both baseline and Week 48 values and is not a simple difference of the baseline and Week 48 mean values.
    e Number of patients with LDL-cholesterol measured.
    f Fasting.

    Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients: Atazanavir Capsules

    The safety and tolerability of atazanavir capsules with and without ritonavir have been established in pediatric patients at least 6 years of age from the open-label, multicenter clinical trial PACTG 1020A.

    The safety profile of atazanavir in pediatric patients (6 to less than 18 years of age) taking the capsule formulation was generally similar to that observed in clinical studies of atazanavir in adults. The most common Grade 2 to 4 adverse events (≥5%, regardless of causality) reported in pediatric patients were cough (21%), fever (18%), jaundice/scleral icterus (15%), rash (14%), vomiting (12%), diarrhea (9%), headache (8%), peripheral edema (7%), extremity pain (6%), nasal congestion (6%), oropharyngeal pain (6%), wheezing (6%), and rhinorrhea (6%). Asymptomatic second-degree atrioventricular block was reported in <2% of patients. The most common Grade 3 to 4 laboratory abnormalities occurring in pediatric patients taking the capsule formulation were elevation of total bilirubin (≥3.2 mg/dL, 58%), neutropenia (9%), and hypoglycemia (4%). All other Grade 3 to 4 laboratory abnormalities occurred with a frequency of less than 3%.

    Adverse Reactions in Patients Co-Infected with Hepatitis B and/or Hepatitis C Virus

    In Study AI424-138, 60 patients treated with atazanavir/ritonavir 300 mg/100 mg once daily, and 51 patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir 400 mg/100 mg twice daily, each with fixed dose tenofovir DF-emtricitabine, were seropositive for hepatitis B and/or C at study entry. ALT levels >5 times ULN developed in 10% (6/60) of the atazanavir/ritonavir-treated patients and 8% (4/50) of the lopinavir/ritonavir-treated patients. AST levels >5 times ULN developed in 10% (6/60) of the atazanavir/ritonavir-treated patients and none (0/50) of the lopinavir/ritonavir-treated patients.

    In Study AI424-045, 20 patients treated with atazanavir/ritonavir 300 mg/100 mg once daily, and 18 patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir 400 mg/100 mg twice daily, were seropositive for hepatitis B and/or C at study entry. ALT levels >5 times ULN developed in 25% (5/20) of the atazanavir/ritonavir-treated patients and 6% (1/18) of the lopinavir/ritonavir-treated patients. AST levels >5 times ULN developed in 10% (2/20) of the atazanavir/ritonavir-treated patients and 6% (1/18) of the lopinavir/ritonavir-treated patients.

    In Studies AI424-008 and AI424-034, 74 patients treated with 400 mg of atazanavir once daily, 58 who received efavirenz, and 12 who received nelfinavir were seropositive for hepatitis B and/or C at study entry. ALT levels >5 times ULN developed in 15% of the atazanavir-treated patients, 14% of the efavirenz-treated patients, and 17% of the nelfinavir-treated patients. AST levels >5 times ULN developed in 9% of the atazanavir-treated patients, 5% of the efavirenz-treated patients, and 17% of the nelfinavir-treated patients. Within atazanavir and control regimens, no difference in frequency of bilirubin elevations was noted between seropositive and seronegative patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].

    6.2 Postmarketing Experience

    The following events have been identified during postmarketing use of atazanavir. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

    Body as a Whole: edema

    Cardiovascular System: second-degree AV block, third-degree AV block, left bundle branch block, QTc prolongation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]

    Gastrointestinal System: pancreatitis

    Hepatic System: hepatic function abnormalities

    Hepatobiliary Disorders: cholelithiasis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)], cholecystitis, cholestasis
     
    Metabolic System and Nutrition Disorders: diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)]

    Musculoskeletal System: arthralgia

    Renal System: nephrolithiasis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)], interstitial nephritis, granulomatous interstitial nephritis, chronic kidney disease [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]

    Skin and Appendages: alopecia, maculopapular rash [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.2)], pruritus, angioedema 

  • 7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

    7.1 Potential for Atazanavir to Affect Other Drugs

    Atazanavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A and UGT1A1. Coadministration of atazanavir and drugs primarily metabolized by CYP3A or UGT1A1 may result in increased plasma concentrations of the other drug that could increase or prolong its therapeutic and adverse effects.

    Atazanavir is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C8. Use of atazanavir without ritonavir is not recommended when coadministered with drugs highly dependent on CYP2C8 with narrow therapeutic indices (e.g., paclitaxel, repaglinide). When atazanavir with ritonavir is coadministered with substrates of CYP2C8, clinically significant interactions are not expected [see Clinical Pharmacology, Table 22 (12.3)].

    The magnitude of CYP3A-mediated drug interactions on coadministered drug may change when atazanavir is coadministered with ritonavir. See the complete prescribing information for ritonavir for information on drug interactions with ritonavir.

    7.2 Potential for Other Drugs to Affect Atazanavir

    Atazanavir is a CYP3A4 substrate; therefore, drugs that induce CYP3A4 may decrease atazanavir plasma concentrations and reduce atazanavir's therapeutic effect.

    Atazanavir solubility decreases as pH increases. Reduced plasma concentrations of atazanavir are expected if proton-pump inhibitors, antacids, buffered medications, or H2-receptor antagonists are administered with atazanavir [see Dosage and Administration (2.3, 2.4, and 2.6)].

    7.3 Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions

    Table 16 provides dosing recommendations in adults as a result of drug interactions with atazanavir. These recommendations are based on either drug interaction studies or predicted interactions due to the expected magnitude of interaction and potential for serious events or loss of efficacy.

    Table 16: Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions: Alteration in Dose or Regimen May Be Recommended Based on Drug Interaction Studiesa or Predicted Interactions (Information in the table applies to atazanavir with or without ritonavir, unless otherwise indicated)
    Concomitant Drug Class:
    Specific Drugs
    		Effect on Concentration
    of Atazanavir or Concomitant Drug
    		Clinical Comment

    HIV Antiviral Agents

    Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs):
    didanosine buffered formulations enteric-coated (EC) capsules

    ↓ atazanavir
    ↓ didanosine

    Coadministration of atazanavir with didanosine buffered tablets resulted in a marked decrease in atazanavir exposure. It is recommended that atazanavir be given (with food) 2 h before or 1 h after didanosine buffered formulations. Simultaneous administration of didanosine EC and atazanavir with food results in a decrease in didanosine exposure. Thus, atazanavir and didanosine EC should be administered at different times.

    Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors:
    tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF)

    ↓ atazanavir
    ↑ tenofovir

    Tenofovir DF may decrease the AUC and Cmin of atazanavir. When coadministered with tenofovir DF in adults, it is recommended that atazanavir 300 mg be given with ritonavir 100 mg and tenofovir DF  300 mg (all as a single daily dose with food). Atazanavir increases tenofovir concentrations. The mechanism of this interaction is unknown. Higher tenofovir concentrations could potentiate tenofovir‑-associated adverse reactions, including renal disorders. Patients receiving atazanavir and tenofovir DF should be monitored for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. For pregnant women taking atazanavir with ritonavir and tenofovir DF, see Dosage and Administration (2.6).

    Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs): efavirenz

    ↓ atazanavir

    Efavirenz decreases atazanavir exposure.
    In treatment-naive adult patients:
    If atazanavir is combined with efavirenz, atazanavir 400 mg (two 200 mg capsules) should be administered with ritonavir 100 mg simultaneously once daily with food, and efavirenz 600 mg should be administered once daily on an empty stomach, preferably at bedtime.
     
    In treatment-experienced adult patients:
    Coadministration of atazanavir with efavirenz in treatment-experienced patients is not recommended due to decreased atazanavir exposure.

    Protease Inhibitors:
    saquinavir (soft gelatin capsules)

    ↑ saquinavir

    Appropriate dosing recommendations for this combination, with or without ritonavir, with respect to efficacy and safety have not been established. In a clinical study, saquinavir 1200 mg coadministered with atazanavir 400 mg and tenofovir DF 300 mg (all given once daily) plus nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors did not provide adequate efficacy [see Clinical Studies (14.2)].

    Ritonavir

    ↑ atazanavir

    If atazanavir is coadministered with ritonavir, it is recommended that atazanavir 300 mg once daily be given with ritonavir 100 mg once daily with food in adults. See the complete prescribing information for ritonavir for information on drug interactions with ritonavir.

    Others

    ↑ other protease inhibitor

    Although not studied, the coadministration of atazanavir/ritonavir and an additional protease inhibitor would be expected to increase exposure to the other protease inhibitor. Such coadministration is not recommended.

    HCV Antiviral Agents

    Protease Inhibitors:
    boceprevir
     
     
     
     

    ↓ atazanavir
    ↓ ritonavir
     
     
     

    Concomitant administration of boceprevir and atazanavir/ritonavir resulted in reduced steady-state exposures to atazanavir and ritonavir. Coadministration of atazanavir/ ritonavir and boceprevir is not recommended.

    sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, voxilaprevir

    ↑ voxilaprevir

    Coadministration with atazanavir is not recommended.

    Other Agents

    Antacids and buffered medications

    ↓ atazanavir

    Reduced plasma concentrations of atazanavir are expected if antacids, including buffered medications, are administered with atazanavir. Atazanavir should be administered 2 hours before or 1 hour after these medications.

    Antiarrhythmics: amiodarone, bepridil, lidocaine (systemic), quinidine

    ↑ amiodarone, bepridil, lidocaine (systemic), quinidine

    Coadministration with atazanavir has the potential to produce serious and/or life-threatening adverse events and has not been studied. Caution is warranted and therapeutic concentration monitoring of these drugs is recommended if they are used concomitantly with atazanavir.

    Anticoagulants: warfarin

    ↑ warfarin
     

    Coadministration with atazanavir has the potential to produce serious and/or life-threatening bleeding and has not been studied. It is recommended that International Normalized Ratio (INR) be monitored.

    Antidepressants: tricyclic antidepressants

    ↑ tricyclic
    antidepressants

    Coadministration with atazanavir has the potential to produce serious and/or life-threatening adverse events and has not been studied. Concentration monitoring of these drugs is recommended if they are used concomitantly with atazanavir.

    Trazodone

    ↑ trazodone

    Concomitant use of trazodone and atazanavir with or without ritonavir may increase plasma concentrations of trazodone. Nausea, dizziness, hypotension, and syncope have been observed following coadministration of trazodone and ritonavir. If trazodone is used with a CYP3A4 inhibitor such as atazanavir, the combination should be used with caution and a lower dose of trazodone should be considered.

    Antiepileptics:
    carbamazepine

    ↓ atazanavir
    ↑ carbamazepine

    Plasma concentrations of atazanavir may be decreased when carbamazepine is administered with atazanavir without ritonavir. Coadministration of carbamazepine and atazanavir without ritonavir is not recommended. Ritonavir may increase plasma levels of carbamazepine. If patients beginning treatment with atazanavir/ritonavir have been titrated to a stable dose of carbamazepine, a dose reduction for carbamazepine may be necessary.

    phenytoin, phenobarbital

    ↓ atazanavir
    ↓ phenytoin
    ↓ phenobarbital

    Plasma concentrations of atazanavir may be decreased when phenytoin or phenobarbital is administered with atazanavir without ritonavir. Coadministration of phenytoin or phenobarbital and atazanavir without ritonavir is not recommended. Ritonavir may decrease plasma levels of phenytoin and phenobarbital. When atazanavir with ritonavir is coadministered with either phenytoin or phenobarbital, a dose adjustment of
    phenytoin or phenobarbital may be required.

    Lamotrigine

    ↓ lamotrigine

    Coadministration of lamotrigine and atazanavir with ritonavir may decrease lamotrigine plasma concentrations. Dose adjustment of lamotrigine may be required when coadministered with atazanavir and ritonavir. Coadministration of lamotrigine and atazanavir without ritonavir is not expected to decrease lamotrigine plasma concentrations. No dose adjustment of lamotrigine is required when coadministered with atazanavir without ritonavir.

    Antifungals:
    ketoconazole, itraconazole

    atazanavir/ritonavir:
    ↑ ketoconazole
    ↑ itraconazole

    Coadministration of ketoconazole has only been studied with atazanavir without ritonavir (negligible increase in atazanavir AUC and Cmax). Due to the effect of ritonavir on ketoconazole, high doses of ketoconazole and itraconazole (>200 mg/day) should be used cautiously with atazanavir/ritonavir.

    Voriconazole

    atazanavir/ritonavir
    in subjects with a
    functional CYP2C19
    allele:
    ↓ voriconazole
     
     
     
     
     
     
    ↓ atazanavir
     
     
     
    atazanavir/ritonavir
    in subjects without a
    functional CYP2C19
    allele:
    ↑ voriconazole
    ↓ atazanavir

    The use of voriconazole in patients receiving atazanavir/ritonavir is not recommended unless an assessment of the benefit/risk to the patient justifies the use of voriconazole. Patients should be carefully monitored for voriconazole-associated adverse reactions and loss of either voriconazole or atazanavir efficacy during the coadministration of voriconazole and atazanavir/ritonavir.
    Coadministration of voriconazole with atazanavir (without ritonavir) may affect atazanavir concentrations; however, no data are available.

    Antigout: colchicine

    ↑ colchicine

    The coadministration of atazanavir with colchicine in patients with renal or hepatic impairment is not recommended.
     
    Recommended adult dosage of colchicine when administered with atazanavir:
    Treatment of gout flares:
    0.6 mg (1 tablet) for 1 dose, followed by 0.3 mg (half tablet) 1 hour later. Not to be repeated before 3 days.
     
    Prophylaxis of gout flares:
    If the original regimen was 0.6 mg twice a day, the regimen should be adjusted to 0.3 mg once a day.
     
    If the original regimen was 0.6 mg once a day, the regimen should be adjusted to 0.3 mg once every other day.
    Treatment of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF):
    Maximum daily dose of 0.6 mg (may be given as 0.3 mg twice a day).

    Antimycobacterials: rifabutin

    ↑ rifabutin

    A rifabutin dose reduction of up to 75% (e.g., 150 mg every other day or 3 times per week) is recommended. Increased monitoring for rifabutin-associated adverse reactions including neutropenia is warranted.

    Antipsychotics: quetiapine and lurasidone

    ↑ quetiapine
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    Atazanavir
    ↑lurasidone
     
     
    Atazanavir/ritonavir
    ↑ lurasidone

    Initiation of atazanavir with ritonavir in patients taking quetiapine: Consider alternative antiretroviral therapy to avoid increases in quetiapine exposures. If coadministration is necessary, reduce the quetiapine dose to 1/6 of the current dose and monitor for quetiapine-associated adverse reactions. Refer to the quetiapine prescribing information for recommendations on adverse reaction monitoring.
     
    Initiation of quetiapine in patients taking atazanavir with ritonavir:
    Refer to the quetiapine prescribing information for initial dosing and titration of quetiapine.
     
    Atazanavir without ritonavir
    If coadministration is necessary, reduce the lurasidone dose. Refer to the lurasidone prescribing information for concomitant use with moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors.
     
    Atazanavir/ritonavir
    Use of lurasidone is contraindicated.

    Benzodiazepines: parenterally administered
    midazolamb

    ↑ midazolam

    Concomitant use of parenteral midazolam with atazanavir may increase plasma concentrations of midazolam. Coadministration should be done in a setting which ensures close clinical monitoring and appropriate medical management in case of respiratory depression and/or prolonged sedation. Dosage reduction for midazolam should be considered, especially if more than a single dose of midazolam is administered. Coadministration of oral midazolam with atazanavir is CONTRAINDICATED.

    Calcium channel blockers: diltiazem
     

    ↑ diltiazem and
    desacetyl-
    diltiazem

    Caution is warranted. A dose reduction of diltiazem by 50% should be considered. ECG monitoring is recommended. Coadministration of atazanavir/ritonavir with diltiazem has not been studied.

    felodipine, nifedipine, nicardipine, and verapamil

    ↑ calcium
    channel blocker

    Caution is warranted. Dose titration of the calcium channel blocker should be considered. ECG monitoring is recommended.

    Endothelin receptor antagonists: Bosentan

    ↓ atazanavir
    ↑ bosentan

    Plasma concentrations of atazanavir may be decreased when bosentan is administered with atazanavir without ritonavir. Coadministration of bosentan and atazanavir without ritonavir is not recommended.
     
    Coadministration of bosentan in adult patients on atazanavir/ritonavir:
    For patients who have been receiving atazanavir/ritonavir for at least 10 days, start bosentan at 62.5 mg once daily or every other day based on individual tolerability.
     
    Coadministration of atazanavir/ritonavir in adult patients on bosentan:
    Discontinue bosentan at least 36 hours before starting atazanavir/ritonavir. At least 10 days after starting atazanavir/ritonavir, resume bosentan at         62.5 mg once daily or every other day based on individual tolerability.

    HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: atorvastatin, rosuvastatin

    ↑ atorvastatin
    ↑ rosuvastatin

    Titrate atorvastatin dose carefully and use the lowest necessary dose. Rosuvastatin dose should not exceed 10 mg/day.  The risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis, may be increased when HIV protease inhibitors, including atazanavir, are used in combination with these drugs.

    H2-Receptor antagonists

    ↓ atazanavir

    Plasma concentrations of atazanavir were substantially decreased when atazanavir 400 mg once daily was administered simultaneously with famotidine 40 mg twice daily in adults, which may result in loss of therapeutic effect and development of resistance.
     
    In treatment-naive adult patients:
    Atazanavir 300 mg with ritonavir 100 mg once daily with food should be administered simultaneously with, and/or at least 10 hours after, a dose of the H2-receptor antagonist (H2RA). An H2RA dose comparable to famotidine 20 mg once daily up to a dose comparable to famotidine 40 mg twice daily can be used with atazanavir 300 mg with ritonavir 100 mg in treatment-naive patients.
     
    OR
     
    For patients unable to tolerate ritonavir, atazanavir 400 mg once daily with food should be administered at least 2 hours before and at least 10 hours after a dose of the H2RA. No single dose of the H2RA should exceed a dose comparable to famotidine 20 mg, and the total daily dose should not exceed a dose comparable to famotidine 40 mg. The use of atazanavir without ritonavir in pregnant women is not recommended.
     
    In treatment-experienced adult patients:
    Whenever an H2RA is given to a patient receiving atazanavir with ritonavir, the H2RA dose should not exceed a dose comparable to famotidine 20 mg twice daily, and the atazanavir and ritonavir doses should be administered simultaneously with, and/or at least 10 hours after, the dose of the H2RA.
       Atazanavir 300 mg with ritonavir 100 mg once daily (all as a single dose with food) if taken with an H2RA.
       Atazanavir 400 mg with ritonavir 100 mg once daily (all as a single dose with food) if taken with both tenofovir DF and an H2RA.
       Atazanavir 400 mg with ritonavir 100 mg once daily (all as a single dose with food) if taken with either tenofovir  DF or an H2RA for pregnant women during the second and third trimester. Atazanavir is not recommended for pregnant women during the second and third trimester taking atazanavir with both tenofovir DF and an H2RA.

    Hormonal contraceptives: ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate or norethindrone

    ↓ ethinyl estradiol
     
     
    ↑ norgestimatec
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    ↑ ethinyl estradiol
     
    ↑ norethindroned

    Use with caution if coadministration of atazanavir or atazanavir/ritonavir with oral contraceptives is considered. If an oral contraceptive is administered with atazanavir plus ritonavir, it is recommended that the oral contraceptive contain at least 35 mcg of ethinyl estradiol. If atazanavir is administered without ritonavir, the oral contraceptive should contain no more than 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol.
     
    Potential safety risks include substantial increases in progesterone exposure. The long-term effects of increases in concentration of the progestational agent are unknown and could increase the risk of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and acne.
     
    Coadministration of atazanavir or atazanavir/ritonavir with other hormonal contraceptives (e.g., contraceptive patch, contraceptive vaginal ring, or injectable contraceptives) or oral contraceptives containing progestogens other than norethindrone or norgestimate, or less than 25 mcg of ethinyl estradiol, has not been studied; therefore, alternative methods of contraception are recommended.

    Immunosuppressants: cyclosporine, sirolimus, tacrolimus

    ↑ immunosuppressants

    Therapeutic concentration monitoring is recommended for these immunosuppressants when coadministered with atazanavir.

    Inhaled beta agonist: Salmeterol

    ↑ salmeterol

    Coadministration of salmeterol with atazanavir is not recommended. Concomitant use of salmeterol and atazanavir may result in increased risk of cardiovascular adverse reactions associated with salmeterol, including QT prolongation, palpitations, and sinus tachycardia.

    Inhaled/nasal steroid: fluticasone

    atazanavir
    ↑ fluticasone

    Concomitant use of fluticasone propionate and atazanavir (without ritonavir) may increase plasma concentrations of fluticasone propionate. Use with caution. Consider alternatives to fluticasone propionate, particularly for long-term use.

    atazanavir/ritonavir
    ↑ fluticasone

    Concomitant use of fluticasone propionate and atazanavir/ritonavir may increase plasma concentrations of fluticasone propionate, resulting in significantly reduced serum cortisol concentrations. Systemic corticosteroid effects, including Cushing’s syndrome and adrenal suppression, have been reported during postmarketing use in patients receiving ritonavir and inhaled or intranasally administered fluticasone propionate. Coadministration of fluticasone propionate and atazanavir/ritonavir is not recommended unless the potential benefit to the patient outweighs the risk of systemic corticosteroid side effects [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    Macrolide antibiotics: clarithromycin

    ↑ clarithromycin
    ↓ 14-OH clarithromycin
    ↑ atazanavir

    Increased concentrations of clarithromycin may cause QTc prolongations; therefore, a dose reduction of clarithromycin by 50% should be considered when it is coadministered with atazanavir. In addition, concentrations of the active metabolite 14-OH clarithromycin are significantly reduced; consider alternative therapy for indications other than infections due to Mycobacterium avium complex. Coadministration of atazanavir/ritonavir with clarithromycin has not been studied.

    Opioids: Buprenorphine

    ↑ buprenorphine
    ↑ norbuprenorphine

    Coadministration of buprenorphine and atazanavir with or without ritonavir increases the plasma concentration of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine. Coadministration of atazanavir plus ritonavir with buprenorphine warrants clinical monitoring for sedation and cognitive effects. A dose reduction of buprenorphine may be considered. Coadministration of buprenorphine and atazanavir with ritonavir is not expected to decrease atazanavir plasma concentrations. Coadministration of buprenorphine and atazanavir without ritonavir may decrease atazanavir plasma concentrations. The coadministration of atazanavir and buprenorphine without ritonavir is not recommended.

    PDE5 inhibitors: sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil

    ↑ sildenafil
    ↑ tadalafil
    ↑ vardenafil

    Coadministration with atazanavir has not been studied but may result in an increase in PDE5 inhibitor-associated adverse reactions, including hypotension, syncope, visual disturbances, and priapism.
     
    Use of PDE5 inhibitors for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH):
    Use of REVATIO® (sildenafil) for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PAH) is contraindicated with atazanavir [see Contraindications (4)].
     
    The following dose adjustments are recommended for the use of ADCIRCA® (tadalafil) with atazanavir:
     
    Coadministration of ADCIRCA® in patients on atazanavir (with or without ritonavir):
     

    •  For patients receiving atazanavir (with or without ritonavir) for at least one week, start ADCIRCA® at 20 mg once daily. Increase to 40 mg once daily based on individual tolerability.

     
    Coadministration of atazanavir (with or without ritonavir) in patients on ADCIRCA®:
     

    • Avoid the use of ADCIRCA® when starting atazanavir (with or without ritonavir). Stop ADCIRCA® at least 24 hours before starting atazanavir (with or without ritonavir). At least one week after starting atazanavir (with or without ritonavir), resume ADCIRCA® at 20 mg once daily. Increase to 40 mg once daily based on individual tolerability.

     
    Use of PDE5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction:
    Use VIAGRA® (sildenafil) with caution at reduced doses of 25 mg every 48 hours with increased monitoring for adverse events.
     
    Use CIALIS® (tadalafil) with caution at reduced doses of 10 mg every 72 hours with increased monitoring for adverse events.
     
    Atazanavir/ritonavir: Use vardenafil with caution at reduced doses of no more than 2.5 mg every 72 hours with increased monitoring for adverse reactions.
     
    Atazanavir: Use vardenafil with caution at reduced doses of no more than 2.5 mg every 24 hours with increased monitoring for adverse reactions.

    Proton-pump inhibitors: omeprazole

    ↓ atazanavir

    Plasma concentrations of atazanavir were substantially decreased when atazanavir 400 mg or atazanavir 300 mg/ritonavir 100 mg once daily was administered with omeprazole 40 mg once daily in adults, which may result in loss of therapeutic effect and development of resistance.
     
    In treatment-naive adult patients:
    The proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) dose should not exceed a dose comparable to omeprazole 20 mg and must be taken approximately 12 hours prior to the atazanavir 300 mg with ritonavir 100 mg dose.
     
    In treatment-experienced adult patients:
    The use of PPIs in treatment-experienced patients receiving atazanavir is not recommended.

    a For magnitude of interactions see Clinical Pharmacology, Tables 21 and 22 (12.3).
    bSee Contraindications (4), Table 6 for orally administered midazolam.
    c In combination with atazanavir 300 mg and ritonavir 100 mg once daily.
    d In combination with atazanavir 400 mg once daily.

    7.4 Drugs with No Observed Interactions with Atazanavir

    No clinically significant drug interactions were observed when atazanavir was coadministered with methadone, fluconazole, acetaminophen, atenolol, or the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors lamivudine or zidovudine [see Clinical Pharmacology, Tables 21 and 22 (12.3)].

  • 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

    8.1 Pregnancy

    Pregnancy Exposure Registry

    There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to atazanavir during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) at 1-800-258-4263.

    Risk Summary

    Atazanavir has been evaluated in a limited number of women during pregnancy. Available human and animal data suggest that atazanavir does not increase the risk of major birth defects overall compared to the background rate [see Data]. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. No treatment-related malformations were observed in rats and rabbits, for which the atazanavir exposures were 0.7 to 1.2 times of those at the human clinical dose (300 mg/day atazanavir boosted with 100 mg/day ritonavir). When atazanavir was administered to rats during pregnancy and throughout lactation, reversible neonatal growth retardation was observed [see Data].

    Clinical Considerations

    Dose Adjustments during Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period

    • Atazanavir must be administered with ritonavir in pregnant women.
    • For pregnant patients, no dosage adjustment is required for atazanavir with the following exceptions:
      • For treatment-experienced pregnant women during the second or third trimester, when atazanavir is coadministered with either an H2-receptor antagonist or tenofovir DF, atazanavir 400 mg with ritonavir 100 mg once daily is recommended. There are insufficient data to recommend a atazanavir dose for use with both an H2-receptor antagonist and  tenofovir DF in treatment-experienced pregnant women.
    • No dosage adjustment is required for postpartum patients. However, patients should be closely monitored for adverse events because atazanavir exposures could be higher during the first 2 months after delivery [see Dosage and Administration (2.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

    Maternal Adverse Reactions

    Cases of lactic acidosis syndrome, sometimes fatal, and symptomatic hyperlactatemia have occurred in pregnant women using atazanavir in combination with nucleoside analogues, which are associated with an increased risk of lactic acidosis syndrome.

    Hyperbilirubinemia occurs frequently in patients who take atazanavir [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)], including pregnant women [see Data].

    Advise pregnant women of the potential risks of lactic acidosis syndrome and hyperbilirubinemia.

    Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions

    All infants, including neonates exposed to atazanavir in utero, should be monitored for the development of severe hyperbilirubinemia during the first few days of life [see Data].

    Data

    Human Data

    In clinical trial AI424-182, atazanavir/ritonavir (300/100 mg or 400/100 mg) in combination with zidovudine/lamivudine was administered to 41 HIV-infected pregnant women during the second or third trimester. Among the 39 women who completed the study, 38 women achieved an HIV RNA less than 50 copies/mL at time of delivery. Six of 20 (30%) women on atazanavir/ritonavir 300/100 mg and 13 of 21 (62%) women on atazanavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg experienced hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubin greater than or equal to 2.6 times ULN). There were no cases of lactic acidosis observed in clinical trial AI424-182.

    Atazanavir drug concentrations in fetal umbilical cord blood were approximately 12% to 19% of maternal concentrations. Among the 40 infants born to 40 HIV-infected pregnant women, all had test results that were negative for HIV-1 DNA at the time of delivery and/or during the first 6 months postpartum. All 40 infants received antiretroviral prophylactic treatment containing zidovudine. No evidence of severe hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubin levels greater than 20 mg/dL) or acute or chronic bilirubin encephalopathy was observed among neonates in this study. However, 10/36 (28%) infants (6 greater than or equal to 38 weeks gestation and 4 less than 38 weeks gestation) had bilirubin levels of 4 mg/dL or greater within the first day of life.

    Lack of ethnic diversity was a study limitation. In the study population, 33/40 (83%) infants were Black/African American, who have a lower incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia than Caucasians and Asians. In addition, women with Rh incompatibility were excluded, as well as women who had a previous infant who developed hemolytic disease and/or had neonatal pathologic jaundice (requiring phototherapy).

    Additionally, of the 38 infants who had glucose samples collected in the first day of life, 3 had adequately collected serum glucose samples with values of less than 40 mg/dL that could not be attributed to maternal glucose intolerance, difficult delivery, or sepsis.

    Based on prospective reports from the APR of approximately 1600 live births following exposure to atazanavir-containing regimens (including 1037 live births in infants exposed in the first trimester and 569 exposed in second/third trimesters), there was no difference between atazanavir and overall birth defects compared with the background birth defect rate. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4%.

    Animal Data

    In animal reproduction studies, there was no evidence of mortality or teratogenicity in offspring born to animals at systemic drug exposure levels (AUC) 0.7 (in rabbits) to 1.2 (in rats) times those observed at the human clinical dose (300 mg/day atazanavir boosted with 100 mg/day ritonavir). In pre- and postnatal development studies in the rat, atazanavir caused neonatal growth retardation during lactation that reversed after weaning. Maternal drug exposure at this dose was 1.3 times the human exposure at the recommended clinical exposure. Minimal maternal toxicity occurred at this exposure level.

    8.2 Lactation

    Risk Summary

    The  Centers for  Disease  Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-1 infected mothers not breastfeed their  infants  to avoid risking postnatal transmission of  HIV-1. Atazanavir has been detected in human milk. No data are available regarding atazanavir effects on milk production. Atazanavir was present in the milk of lactating rats and was associated with neonatal growth retardation that reversed after weaning.

    Because of both the potential for HIV-1 transmission and the potential for serious adverse reactions in breastfed infants, advise women not to breastfeed.

    8.4 Pediatric Use

    Atazanavir capsule is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for  the  treatment  of HIV-1 infection in  pediatric  patients  at least 6 years  of  age  and  older and weighing at least 15 kg. Atazanavir is not recommended for use in pediatric patients below the age of 3 months due to the risk of kernicterus [see Indications and Usage (1)]. All atazanavir contraindications, warnings, and precautions apply to pediatric patients [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5)].

    The safety, pharmacokinetic profile, and virologic response of atazanavir in pediatric patients at least 6 years of age and older and weighing at least 15 kg were established in an open-label, multicenter  clinical   trial:   PACTG   1020A   [see   Clinical Pharmacology  (12.3)  and Clinical Studies (14.3)]. The safety profile in pediatric patients was generally similar to that observed in adults [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. See Dosage and Administration (2.4) for dosing recommendations  for the use of atazanavir capsules.

    8.5 Geriatric Use

    Clinical studies of atazanavir did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. Based on a comparison of mean single-dose pharmacokinetic values for Cmax and AUC, a dose adjustment based upon age is not recommended. In general, appropriate caution should be exercised in the administration and monitoring of atazanavir in elderly patients reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

    8.6 Age/Gender

    A study of the pharmacokinetics of atazanavir was performed in young (n=29; 18 to 40 years) and elderly (n=30; ≥65 years) healthy subjects. There were no clinically significant pharmacokinetic differences observed due to age or gender.

    8.7 Impaired Renal Function

    Atazanavir is not recommended for use in HIV-treatment-experienced patients with end-stage renal disease managed with hemodialysis [see Dosage and Administration (2.7) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

    8.8 Impaired Hepatic Function

    Atazanavir is not recommended for use in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Atazanavir/ritonavir is not recommended in patients with any degree of hepatic impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.8) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

  • 10 OVERDOSAGE

    Human experience of acute overdose with atazanavir is limited. Single doses up to 1200 mg (three times the 400 mg maximum recommended dose) have been taken by healthy volunteers without symptomatic untoward effects. A single self-administered overdose of 29.2 g of atazanavir in an HIV-infected patient (73 times the 400 mg recommended dose) was associated with asymptomatic bifascicular block and PR interval prolongation. These events resolved spontaneously. At atazanavir doses resulting in high atazanavir exposures, jaundice due to indirect (unconjugated) hyperbilirubinemia (without associated liver function test changes) or PR interval prolongation may be observed [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.8) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)].
     
    Treatment of overdosage with atazanavir should consist of general supportive measures, including monitoring of vital signs and ECG, and observations of the patient's clinical status. If indicated, elimination of unabsorbed atazanavir should be achieved by emesis or gastric lavage. Administration of activated charcoal may also be used to aid removal of unabsorbed drug. There is no specific antidote for overdose with atazanavir. Since atazanavir is extensively metabolized by the liver and is highly protein bound, dialysis is unlikely to be beneficial in significant removal of this medicine.

  • 11 DESCRIPTION

    The active ingredient  in atazanavir capsules is atazanavir sulfate, which is  an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.

    The  chemical  name  for  atazanavir  sulfate  is  (3S,8S,9S,12S)-3,12-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-8-hydroxy-4,11-dioxo-9-(phenylmethyl)-6-[[4-(2-pyridinyl)phenyl]methyl]-2,5,6,10,13-pentaazatetradecanedioic    acid   dimethyl    ester,   sulfate   (1:1).    Its   molecular    formula    is C38H52N6O7H2SO4, which corresponds to a molecular weight of 802.9 (sulfuric  acid salt). The free base molecular weight is 704.9. Atazanavir sulfate has the following structural formula:

    Chemical Structure

    Atazanavir sulfate is a white to pale-yellow crystalline powder. It is slightly soluble in water (4 to 5 mg/mL, free base equivalent) with the pH of a saturated solution in  water being about 1.9 at 24±3°C.

    Atazanavir capsules are available for oral administration in strengths of 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, or 300 mg of atazanavir, which are equivalent to 113.903 mg, 170.854 mg, 227.805 mg, or 341.708 mg of atazanavir sulfate, respectively. The capsules also contain the following inactive ingredients: crospovidone, lactose monohydrate, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shells contain the following inactive ingredients: FD&C blue 2, gelatin, iron oxide black, iron oxide red, iron oxide yellow, and titanium dioxide. The capsules are printed with ink containing black iron oxide, potassium hydroxide, propylene glycol, shellac, and titanium dioxide.

  • 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

    12.1 Mechanism of Action

    Atazanavir is an HIV-1 antiretroviral drug [see Microbiology (12.4)].

    12.2 Pharmacodynamics

    Cardiac Electrophysiology 

    Concentration- and dose-dependent prolongation of the PR interval in the electrocardiogram has been observed in healthy volunteers receiving atazanavir. In a placebo-controlled study (AI424-076), the mean (±SD) maximum change in PR interval from the predose value was 24 (±15) msec following oral dosing with 400 mg of atazanavir (n=65) compared to 13 (±11) msec following dosing with placebo (n=67). The PR interval prolongations in this study were asymptomatic. There is limited information on the potential for a pharmacodynamic interaction in humans between atazanavir and other drugs that prolong the PR interval of the electrocardiogram [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    Electrocardiographic effects of atazanavir were determined in a clinical pharmacology study of 72 healthy subjects. Oral doses of 400 mg (maximum recommended dosage) and 800 mg (twice the maximum recommended dosage) were compared with placebo; there was no concentration-dependent effect of atazanavir on the QTc interval (using Fridericia’s correction). In 1793 HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral regimens, QTc prolongation was comparable in the atazanavir and comparator regimens. No atazanavir-treated healthy subject or HIV-infected patient in clinical trials had a QTc interval >500 msec [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    12.3 Pharmacokinetics

    The pharmacokinetics of atazanavir were evaluated in healthy adult volunteers and in HIV- infected patients after administration of atazanavir 400 mg once daily and after administration of atazanavir 300 mg with ritonavir 100 mg once daily (see Table 17).
     

    Table 17:       Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of Atazanavir in Healthy Subjects or HIV-Infected Patients in the Fed State

    400 mg once daily

    300 mg with ritonavir
    100 mg once daily

     
     
    Parameter

    Healthy
    Subjects
    (n=14)

    HIV-Infected Patients
    (n=13)

    Healthy
    Subjects
    (n=28)

    HIV-Infected Patients
    (n=10)

    Cmax (ng/mL)

    Geometric mean (CV%)

    5199 (26)

    2298 (71)

    6129 (31)

    4422 (58)

    Mean (SD)

    5358 (1371)

    3152 (2231)

    6450 (2031)

    5233 (3033)

    Tmax (h)

    Median

    2.5

    2.0

    2.7

    3.0

    AUC (ngh/mL)

    Geometric mean (CV%)

    28132 (28)

    14874 (91)

    57039 (37)

    46073 (66)

    Mean (SD)

    29303 (8263)

    22262 (20159)

    61435 (22911)

    53761 (35294)

    T-half (h)

    Mean (SD)

    7.9 (2.9)

    6.5 (2.6)

    18.1 (6.2)a

    8.6 (2.3)

    Cmin (ng/mL)

    Geometric mean (CV%)

    159 (88)

    120 (109)

    1227 (53)

    636 (97)

    Mean (SD)

    218 (191)

    273 (298)b

    1441 (757)

    862 (838)

    a n=26.
    b n=12.

     

    Figure 1 displays the mean plasma concentrations of atazanavir at steady state after atazanavir 400 mg once daily (as two 200 mg capsules) with a light meal and after atazanavir 300 mg (as two 150 mg capsules) with ritonavir 100 mg once daily with a light meal in HIV-infected adult patients.

    figure-1

    Absorption

    Atazanavir is rapidly absorbed with a Tmax of approximately 2.5 hours. Atazanavir demonstrates nonlinear pharmacokinetics with greater than dose-proportional increases in AUC  and  Cmax values over the dose range of 200 to 800 mg once  daily.  Steady state  is  achieved between Days 4 and 8, with an accumulation of approximately 2.3 fold.

    Food Effect

    Administration of atazanavir with food enhances bioavailability and reduces pharmacokinetic variability.  Administration of a single 400 mg dose of atazanavir with a light meal (357 kcal, 8.2 g fat, 10.6 g protein) resulted in a 70% increase in AUC and 57% increase in Cmax relative to the  fasting state.  Administration of  a  single  400 mg dose of atazanavir with a high-fat meal (721 kcal, 37.3 g fat, 29.4 g protein) resulted in a mean increase in AUC of 35% with no change in  Cmax relative to  the  fasting state. Administration of atazanavir with either a light meal or high-fat meal decreased the coefficient of variation of AUC and Cmax by approximately one-half compared to the fasting state.

    Coadministration of a single 300 mg dose of atazanavir and a 100 mg dose of ritonavir with a light  meal (336 kcal, 5.1 g fat, 9.3 g protein)  resulted in a 33% increase in the AUC and a 40% increase in both the Cmax and the 24-hour concentration of atazanavir relative to the fasting state. Coadministration with a high-fat meal (951 kcal, 54.7 g fat, 35.9 g protein) did not affect the  AUC  of  atazanavir  relative  to fasting conditions and the Cmax was within 11% of fasting values. The 24-hour  concentration following  a high-fat  meal was increased by approximately 33% due   to   delayed   absorption;   the   median   Tmax increased   from   2.0   to   5.0   hours. Coadministration of  atazanavir  with ritonavir with either a  light or  a  high-fat meal decreased the coefficient  of variation  of AUC and Cmax by approximately  25%  compared to the fasting state.

    Distribution

    Atazanavir is 86% bound to human serum proteins and protein binding is independent of concentration. Atazanavir binds to both alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) and albumin  to  a similar extent (89% and 86%, respectively). In a multiple-dose study in HIV-infected patients dosed with atazanavir 400 mg once daily with a light meal for 12 weeks, atazanavir was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid and semen. The cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratio for atazanavir (n=4) ranged between 0.0021 and 0.0226 and seminal fluid/plasma  ratio (n=5) ranged between 0.11 and 4.42.

    Metabolism

    Atazanavir is extensively metabolized in humans. The major biotransformation pathways of atazanavir in humans consisted of monooxygenation and dioxygenation. Other minor biotransformation pathways for atazanavir or its metabolites consisted of glucuronidation, N-dealkylation, hydrolysis, and oxygenation with dehydrogenation. Two minor metabolites of atazanavir in plasma have been characterized. Neither metabolite demonstrated in vitro antiviral activity. In vitro studies using human liver microsomes suggested that atazanavir is metabolized by CYP3A.

    Elimination

    Following a  single 400 mg dose of 14C-atazanavir, 79%  and 13%  of the total radioactivity was recovered in the feces and urine, respectively.  Unchanged drug accounted for approximately 20% and 7% of the administered dose in the feces and urine, respectively. The mean elimination half-life of  atazanavir in healthy volunteers (n=214) and HIV-infected adult patients (n=13) was approximately 7 hours at steady state following a dose of 400 mg daily with a light meal.

    Specific Populations

    Renal Impairment

    In healthy subjects, the renal elimination of unchanged atazanavir was approximately 7% of the administered dose. Atazanavir has been studied in adult subjects with severe renal impairment (n=20),  including  those  on  hemodialysis, at  multiple  doses  of  400  mg once  daily.  The  mean atazanavir Cmax was 9% lower, AUC was 19% higher, and Cmin was 96% higher in subjects with severe renal   impairment   not undergoing   hemodialysis  (n=10),  than  in  age-,  weight-,  and gender-matched subjects with  normal renal function.  In  a  4-hour  dialysis session, 2.1%  of the administered dose was removed. When atazanavir was administered either prior to, or following hemodialysis  (n=10), the geometric means for Cmax, AUC, and Cmin were approximately 25% to 43% lower compared to subjects with normal renal function. The mechanism of this decrease is unknown. Atazanavir is not recommended for use in HIV-treatment-experienced patients with end-stage renal disease managed with hemodialysis [see Dosage and Administration (2.7)].

    Hepatic Impairment

    Atazanavir has been studied in adult subjects with moderate-to-severe hepatic impairment (14 Child-Pugh B and 2 Child-Pugh C subjects) after a single 400 mg dose. The mean AUC(0-∞) was 42%  greater  in subjects  with impaired hepatic  function than in healthy volunteers.  The mean half-life of atazanavir in hepatically impaired subjects was 12.1 hours compared to 6.4 hours in healthy volunteers. A dose reduction to 300 mg is recommended for patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B) who have not experienced prior virologic failure as increased concentrations of atazanavir are expected. Atazanavir is not recommended for use in patients with severe hepatic impairment. The pharmacokinetics of  atazanavir  in  combination with ritonavir has not been studied in subjects with hepatic impairment; thus, coadministration of atazanavir with ritonavir is not recommended for use in patients with any degree of hepatic impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.8)].

    Pediatrics

    The pharmacokinetic parameters for atazanavir at steady state in pediatric patients taking the capsule formulation were predicted by a  population pharmacokinetic model and are summarized in Table 19 by weight ranges that correspond to the recommended doses [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)].

    Table 19: Predicted Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of Atazanavir (capsule formulation) with Ritonavir in HIV-Infected Pediatric Patients

    Body Weight
    (range in kg)

    atazanavir/ritonavir Dose (mg)

    Cmax ng/mL Geometric Mean
    (CV%)

    AUC ngh/mL Geometric Mean
    (CV%)

    Cmin ng/mL Geometric Mean (CV%)

    15 to <35

    200/100

    3303 (86%)

    37235 (84%)

    538 (99%)

    ≥35

    300/100

    2980 (82%)

    37643 (83%)

    653 (89%)

    Pregnancy

    The pharmacokinetic  data from HIV-infected pregnant women receiving atazanavir capsules with ritonavir are presented in Table 20.

    Table 20: Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of Atazanavir with Ritonavir in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women in the Fed State

    Pharmacokinetic Parameter

    Atazanavir 300 mg with ritonavir 100 mg

    2nd Trimester
    (n=5a)

    3rd Trimester
    (n=20)

    Postpartumb
    (n=34)

    Cmax ng/mL

    3078.85

    3291.46

    5721.21

    Geometric mean (CV%)

    (50)

    (48)

    (31)

    AUC ngh/mL

    27657.1

    34251.5

    61990.4

    Geometric mean (CV%)

    (43)

    (43)

    (32)

    Cmin ng/mLc

    538.70

    668.48

    1462.59

    Geometric mean (CV%)

    (46)

    (50)

    (45)

    aAvailable data during the 2nd trimester are limited.
    b Atazanavir peak concentrations and AUCs were found to be approximately 28% to 43% higher during the postpartum period (4 to 12 weeks) than those observed historically in HIV-infected, non-pregnant patients. Atazanavir plasma trough concentrations were approximately 2.2-fold higher during the postpartum period when compared to those observed historically in HIV-infected, non‑-pregnant patients.
    c Cmin is concentration 24 hours post-dose.

    Drug Interaction Data

    Atazanavir is a metabolism-dependent CYP3A inhibitor, with a Kinact value of 0.05 to 0.06 min-1 and Ki value of 0.84 to 1.0 µM. Atazanavir is also a direct inhibitor for UGT1A1 (Ki=1.9 µM) and CYP2C8 (Ki=2.1 µM).

    Atazanavir has been shown in vivo not to induce its own metabolism nor to increase the biotransformation of some drugs metabolized by CYP3A. In a multiple-dose study, atazanavir decreased the urinary ratio of endogenous 6β-OH cortisol to cortisol versus baseline, indicating that CYP3A production was not induced.

    Clinically significant interactions are not expected between atazanavir and  substrates  of CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2B6, CYP2A6, CYP1A2, or CYP2E1. Clinically significant interactions are not expected between atazanavir when administered with ritonavir and substrates of CYP2C8. See the complete prescribing information for ritonavir for information on other potential drug interactions with ritonavir.

    Based on known metabolic profiles, clinically significant drug interactions are not expected between atazanavir and dapsone, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, azithromycin, or erythromycin. Atazanavir does not interact with substrates of CYP2D6 (e.g., nortriptyline, desipramine, metoprolol).

    Drug interaction studies were performed with atazanavir and other drugs likely to be coadministered and some drugs commonly used as probes for pharmacokinetic interactions. The effects of coadministration of atazanavir on the AUC, Cmax, and Cmin are summarized in Tables 21 and 22. Neither didanosine EC nor diltiazem had a significant effect on atazanavir exposures (see Table 22 for effect of atazanavir on didanosine EC or diltiazem exposures). Atazanavir did not have a significant effect on the exposures of didanosine (when administered as the buffered tablet), stavudine, or fluconazole. For information regarding clinical recommendations, see Drug Interactions (7).

    Table 21: Drug Interactions: Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Atazanavir in the Presence of Coadministered Drugsa

    Coadministered Drug

    Coadministered Drug Dose/Schedule

    Atazanavir Dose/Schedule

    Ratio (90% Confidence Interval) of Atazanavir Pharmacokinetic Parameters with/without Coadministered Drug;
    No Effect = 1.00

    Cmax

    AUC

    Cmin

    atenolol

    50 mg QD, d 7 to 11
    (n=19) and d 19 to 23

    400 mg QD, d 1 to 11
    (n=19)

    1.00
    (0.89, 1.12)

    0.93
    (0.85, 1.01)

    0.74
    (0.65, 0.86)

    boceprevir

    800 mg TID,
    d 1 to 6, 25 to 31

    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 10 to 31
     
     

    atazanavir: 0.75
    (0.64 to 0.88)
     
    ritonavir:
    0.73
    (0.64 to 0.83)

    atazanavir: 0.65
    (0.55 to 0.78)
     
    ritonavir:
    0.64
    (0.58 to 0.72)

    atazanavir: 0.51
    (0.44 to 0.61)
     
    ritonavir:
    0.55
    (0.45 to 0.67)

    clarithromycin

    500 mg BID, d 7 to 10
    (n=29) and d 18 to 21

    400 mg QD, d 1 to 10
    (n=29)

    1.06
    (0.93, 1.20)

    1.28
    (1.16, 1.43)

    1.91
    (1.66, 2.21)

    didanosine (ddI)
    (buffered tablets)
    plus stavudine
     (d4T)b

    ddI: 200 mg x 1 dose,
    d4T: 40 mg x 1 dose
    (n=31)

    400 mg x 1 dose
    simultaneously with
    ddI and d4T
    (n=31)

    0.11
    (0.06, 0.18)

    0.13
    (0.08, 0.21)

    0.16
    (0.10, 0.27)

    ddI: 200 mg x 1 dose,
    d4T: 40 mg x 1 dose
    (n=32)

    400 mg x 1 dose
    1 h after ddI + d4T
    (n=32)

    1.12
    (0.67, 1.18)
     

    1.03
    (0.64, 1.67)

    1.03
    (0.61, 1.73)

    efavirenz

    600 mg QD, d 7 to 20 (n=27)

    400 mg QD, d 1 to 20
    (n=27)

    0.41
    (0.33, 0.51)

    0.26
    (0.22, 0.32)

    0.07
    (0.05, 0.10)

    600 mg QD, d 7 to 20
    (n=13)

    400 mg QD, d 1 to 6 (n=23)
    then 300 mg/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, 2 h before
    efavirenz, d 7 to 20 (n=13)

    1.14
    (0.83, 1.58)

    1.39
    (1.02, 1.88)

    1.48
    (1.24, 1.76)

    600 mg QD,
    d 11 to 24 (pm)
    (n=14)

    300 mg  QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 1 to 10 (pm)
    (n=22), then 400 mg
    QD/ritonavir 100 mg QD,
    d 11 to 24 (pm),
    (simultaneously with
    efavirenz)
    (n=14)

    1.17
    (1.08, 1.27)

    1.00
    (0.91, 1.10)

    0.58
    (0.49, 0.69)

    famotidine

    40 mg BID,
    d 7 to 12 (n=15)

    400 mg QD, d 1 to 6 (n=45),
    d 7 to 12 (simultaneous
    administration)
    (n=15)

    0.53
    (0.34, 0.82)

    0.59
    (0.40, 0.87)

    0.58
    (0.37, 0.89)

    40 mg BID, d 7 to 12
    (n=14)

    400 mg QD (pm), d 1 to 6
    (n=14), d 7 to 12 (10 h
    after, 2 h before
    famotidine)
    (n=14)

    1.08
    (0.82, 1.41)

    0.95
    (0.74, 1.21)

    0.79
    (0.60, 1.04)

    40 mg BID, d 11 to 20
    (n=14)c

    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 1 to 10
    (n=46), d 11 to 20d
    (simultaneous administration)
    (n=14)

    0.86
    (0.79, 0.94)

    0.82
    (0.75, 0.89)

    0.72
    (0.64, 0.81)

    20 mg BID, d 11 to 17
    (n=18)

    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD/tenofovir DF
    300 mg QD, d 1 to 10 (am)
    (n=39), d 11 to 17 (am)
    (simultaneous
    administration with am famotidine) (n=18)d,e

    0.91
    (0.84, 0.99)

    0.90
    (0.82, 0.98)

    0.81
    (0.69, 0.94)

    40 mg QD (pm),
    d 18 to 24
    (n=20)

    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD/tenofovir DF
    300 mg QD, d 1 to 10 (am)
    (n=39), d 18 to 24 (am)
    (12 h after pm famotidine)
    (n=20)e

    0.89
    (0.81, 0.97)

    0.88
    (0.80, 0.96)

    0.77
    (0.63, 0.93)

    40 mg BID,
    d 18 to 24 (n=18)

    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD/tenofovir DF
    300 mg QD, d 1 to 10 (am)
    (n=39), d 18 to 24 (am)
    (10 h after pm famotidine
    and 2 h before am
    famotidine) (n=18)e

    0.74
    (0.66, 0.84)

    0.79
    (0.70, 0.88)

    0.72
    (0.63, 0.83)

    40 mg BID,
    d 11 to 20 (n=15)

    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 1 to 10 (am)
    (n=46), then 400 mg
    QD/ritonavir 100 mg QD,
    d 11 to 20 (am) (n=15)

    1.02
    (0.87, 1.18)

    1.03
    (0.86, 1.22)

    0.86
    (0.68, 1.08)

    grazoprevir/elbasvir
     

    grazoprevir 200 mg QD d 1 to 35 (n = 11)

    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 1 to 35
    (n = 11) 

    1.12
    (1.01, 1.24)

    1.43
    (1.30, 1.57)

    1.23
    (1.13, 1.34)

    elbasvir 50 mg QD
         d 1 to 35 (n = 8)

    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD,
    d 1 to 35
    (n = 8)

    1.02
    (0.96, 1.08)

    1.07
    (0.98, 1.17)

    1.15
    (1.02, 1.29)

    ketoconazole

    200 mg QD,
    d 7 to 13 (n=14)

    400 mg QD, d 1 to 13
    (n=14)

    0.99
    (0.77, 1.28)

    1.10
    (0.89, 1.37)

    1.03
    (0.53, 2.01)

    nevirapinef,g

    200 mg BID, d 1 to 23
    (n=23)

    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 4 to 13, then
    400 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 14 to 23
    (n=23)h

    0.72
    (0.60, 0.86)
     
    1.02
    (0.85, 1.24)

    0.58
    (0.48, 0.71)
     
    0.81
    (0.65, 1.02)

    0.28
    (0.20, 0.40)
     
    0.41
    (0.27, 0.60)

    omeprazole

    40 mg QD, d 7 to 12
    (n=16)i
     
     
    40 mg QD, d 11 to 20
    (n=15)i
     
     
    20 mg QD, d 17 to 23
    (am) (n=13)
     
     
     
    20 mg QD, d 17 to 23
    (am) (n=14)

    400 mg QD, d 1 to 6 (n=48),
    d 7 to 12 (n=16)
     
    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 1 to 20
    (n=15)
     
    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 7 to 16 (pm)
    (n=27), d 17 to 23 (pm)
    (n=13)j,k
     
    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 7 to 16 (am)
    (n=27), then 400 mg
    QD/ritonavir 100 mg QD,
    d 17 to 23 (am) (n=14)l,m

    0.04
    (0.04, 0.05)
     
    0.28
    (0.24, 0.32)
     
     
    0.61
    (0.46, 0.81)
     
     
     
    0.69
    (0.58, 0.83)

    0.06
    (0.05, 0.07)
     
    0.24
    (0.21, 0.27)
     
     
    0.58
    (0.44, 0.75)
     
     
     
    0.70
    (0.57, 0.86)

    0.05
    (0.03, 0.07)
     
    0.22
    (0.19, 0.26)
     
     
    0.54
    (0.41, 0.71)
     
     
     
    0.69
    (0.54, 0.88)

    pitavastatin

    4 mg QD
    for 5 days

    300 mg QD
    for 5 days

    1.13
    (0.96, 1.32)

    1.06
    (0.90, 1.26)

    NA

    rifabutin

    150 mg QD,
    d 15 to 28
    (n=7)

    400 mg QD, d 1 to 28
    (n=7)

    1.34
    (1.14, 1.59)

    1.15
    (0.98, 1.34)

    1.13
    (0.68, 1.87)

    rifampin

    600 mg QD,
    d 17 to 26
    (n=16)

    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 7 to 16
    (n=48), d 17 to 26 (n=16)

    0.47
    (0.41, 0.53)

    0.28
    (0.25, 0.32)

    0.02
    (0.02, 0.03)

    ritonavirn

    100 mg QD,
    d 11 to 20
    (n=28)

    300 mg QD, d 1 to 20
    (n=28)

    1.86
    (1.69, 2.05)

    3.38
    (3.13, 3.63)

    11.89
    (10.23, 13.82)

    tenofovir DFo


    300 mg QD, d 9 to 16
    (n=34)
     
    300 mg QD,
    d 15 to 42
    (n=10)

    400 mg QD, d 2 to 16
    (n=34)
     
    300 mg/ritonavir 100 mg
    QD, d 1 to 42
    (n=10)

    0.79
    (0.73, 0.86)
     
    0.72p
    (0.50, 1.05)

    0.75
    (0.70, 0.81)
     
    0.75p
    (0.58, 0.97)

    0.60
    (0.52, 0.68)
     
    0.77p
    (0.54, 1.10)

    voriconazole
    (Subjects with at least one functional
    CYP2C19 allele)

    200 mg BID,
    d 2 to 3, 22 to 30;
    400 mg BID, d 1, 21
    (n=20)

    300 mg/ritonavir 100 mg
    QD, d 11 to 30
    (n=20)

    0.87
    (0.80, 0.96)

    0.88
    (0.82, 0.95)

    0.80
    (0.72, 0.90)

    voriconazole
    (Subjects without
    a functional
    CYP2C19 allele)

    50 mg BID,
    d 2 to 3, 22 to 30;
    100 mg BID, d 1, 21
    (n=8)

    300 mg/ritonavir 100 mg
    QD, d 11 to 30
    (n=8)

    0.81
    (0.66, 1.00)

    0.80
    (0.65, 0.97)

    0.69
    (0.54, 0.87)

    a Data provided are under fed conditions unless otherwise noted.
    b All drugs were given under fasted conditions.
    c Atazanavir 300 mg plus ritonavir 100 mg once daily coadministered with famotidine 40 mg twice daily resulted in atazanavir geometric mean Cmax that was similar and AUC and Cmin values that were 1.79- and 4.46-fold higher relative to atazanavir 400 mg once daily alone.
    d Similar results were noted when famotidine 20 mg BID was administered 2 hours after and 10 hours before atazanavir 300 mg and ritonavir 100 mg plus tenofovir DF 300 mg.
    e Atazanavir/ritonavir/tenofovir DF was administered after a light meal.
    f Study was conducted in HIV-infected individuals.
    g Compared with atazanavir 400 mg historical data without nevirapine (n=13), the ratio of geometric means (90% confidence intervals) for Cmax, AUC, and Cmin were 1.42 (0.98, 2.05), 1.64 (1.11, 2.42), and 1.25 (0.66, 2.36), respectively, for atazanavir/ritonavir 300/100 mg; and 2.02 (1.42, 2.87), 2.28 (1.54, 3.38), and 1.80 (0.94, 3.45), respectively, for atazanavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg.
    h Parallel group design; n=23 for atazanavir/ritonavir plus nevirapine, n=22 for atazanavir 300 mg/ritonavir 100 mg without nevirapine. Subjects were treated with nevirapine prior to study entry.
    i Omeprazole 40 mg was administered on an empty stomach 2 hours before atazanavir.
    j Omeprazole 20 mg was administered 30 minutes prior to a light meal in the morning and atazanavir 300 mg plus ritonavir 100 mg in the evening after a light meal, separated by 12 hours from omeprazole.
    k Atazanavir 300 mg plus ritonavir 100 mg once daily separated by 12 hours from omeprazole 20 mg daily resulted in increases in atazanavir geometric mean AUC (10%) and Cmin (2.4-fold), with a decrease in Cmax (29%) relative to atazanavir 400 mg once daily in the absence of omeprazole (study days 1 to 6).
    l Omeprazole 20 mg was given 30 minutes prior to a light meal in the morning and atazanavir 400 mg plus ritonavir 100 mg once daily after a light meal, 1 hour after omeprazole. Effects on atazanavir concentrations were similar when atazanavir 400 mg plus ritonavir 100 mg was separated from omeprazole 20 mg by 12 hours.
    m atazanavir 400 mg plus ritonavir 100 mg once daily administered with omeprazole 20 mg once daily resulted in increases in atazanavir geometric mean AUC (32%) and Cmin (3.3-fold), with a decrease in Cmax (26%) relative to atazanavir 400 mg once daily in the absence of omeprazole (study days 1 to 6).
    n Compared with atazanavir 400 mg QD historical data, administration of atazanavir/ritonavir 300/100 mg QD increased the atazanavir geometric mean values of Cmax, AUC, and Cmin by 18%, 103%, and 671%, respectively.
    o Note that similar results were observed in studies where administration of tenofovir DF and atazanavir was separated by 12 hours.
    p Ratio of atazanavir plus ritonavir plus tenofovir DF to atazanavir plus ritonavir. Atazanavir 300 mg plus ritonavir 100 mg results in higher atazanavir exposure than atazanavir 400 mg (see footnote o). The geometric mean values of atazanavir pharmacokinetic parameters when coadministered with ritonavir and tenofovir DF were: Cmax = 3190 ng/mL, AUC = 34459 ngh/mL, and Cmin = 491 ng/mL. Study was conducted in HIV-infected individuals.
    NA = not available.
    Table 22: Drug Interactions: Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Coadministered Drugs in the Presence of Atazanavira

    Coadministered Drug

    Coadministered Drug Dose/Schedule

    Atazanavir Dose/Schedule

    Ratio (90% Confidence Interval) of Coadministered Drug Pharmacokinetic Parameters with/without Atazanavir;
    No Effect = 1.00

     

     

     

    Cmax

    AUC

    Cmin

    acetaminophen

    1 gm BID, d 1 to 20
    (n=10)

    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 11 to 20
    (n=10)

    0.87
    (0.77, 0.99)

    0.97
    (0.91, 1.03)

    1.26
    (1.08, 1.46)

    atenolol

    50 mg QD, d 7 to 11
    (n=19) and
    d 19 to 23

    400 mg QD, d 1 to 11
    (n=19)

    1.34
    (1.26, 1.42)

    1.25
    (1.16, 1.34)

    1.02
    (0.88, 1.19)

    boceprevir

    800 mg TID,
    d 1 to 6, 25 to 31

    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD,
    d 10 to 31

    0.93
    (0.80, 1.08)

    0.95
    (0.87, 1.05)

    0.82
    (0.68, 0.98)

    clarithromycin

    500 mg BID,
    d 7 to 10 (n=21)
    and d 18 to 21

    400 mg QD,
    d 1 to 10
    (n=21)

    1.50
    (1.32, 1.71)
    OH-clarithromycin:
    0.28
    (0.24, 0.33)

    1.94
    (1.75, 2.16)
    OH-clarithromycin:
    0.30
    (0.26, 0.34)

    2.60
    (2.35, 2.88)
    OH-clarithromycin:
    0.38
    (0.34, 0.42)


    ddI
    (enteric-coated [EC] capsules)b

     
    400 mg d 1
    (fasted), d 8 (fed)
    (n = 34)

    400 mg QD, d 2 to 8
    (n = 34)

    0.64
    (0.55, 0.74)

    0.66
    (0.60, 0.74)

    1.13
    (0.91, 1.41)

     
    400 mg d 1
    (fasted), d 19 (fed)
    (n = 31)
     

    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 9 to 19
    (n = 31)

    0.62
    (0.52, 0.74)

    0.66
    (0.59, 0.73)

    1.25
    (0.92, 1.69)

    diltiazem

    180 mg QD,
    d 7 to 11
    (n=28) and
    d 19 to 23

    400 mg QD, d 1 to 11
    (n=28)

    1.98
    (1.78, 2.19)
    desacetyl-diltiazem:
    2.72
    (2.44, 3.03)

    2.25
    (2.09, 2.16)
    desacetyl-diltiazem:
    2.65
    (2.45, 2.87)

    2.42
    (2.14, 2.73)
    desacetyl-diltiazem:
    2.21
    (2.02, 2.42)

    ethinyl estradiol
    & norethindronec

    Ortho-Novum®
    7/7/7 QD, d
    1 to 29
    (n=19)

    400 mg QD,
    d 16 to 29
    (n=19)

    ethinyl estradiol: 1.15
    (0.99, 1.32)
    norethindrone: 1.67
    (1.42, 1.96)

    ethinyl estradiol: 1.48
    (1.31, 1.68)
    norethindrone: 2.10
    (1.68, 2.62)

    ethinyl estradiol: 1.91
    (1.57, 2.33) norethindrone: 3.62
    (2.57, 5.09)

    ethinyl estradiol &
     norgestimated
     

    Ortho Tri-Cyclen®
    QD, d 1 to 28 (n=18),
    then Ortho Tri-
    Cyclen®
    LO QD, d 29 to 42e
    (n=14)

    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD,
    d 29 to 42
    (n=14)

    ethinyl estradiol: 0.84
    (0.74, 0.95)
    17-deacetyl
    norgestimate:f
    1.68
    (1.51, 1.88)

    ethinyl estradiol: 0.81
    (0.75, 0.87)
    17-deacetyl
    norgestimate:f
    1.85
    (1.67, 2.05)

    ethinyl estradiol: 0.63
    (0.55, 0.71)
    17-deacetyl
    norgestimate:f
    2.02
    (1.77, 2.31)

    glecaprevir/ pibrentasvir


    300 mg glecaprevir (n=12)
     

    300 mg QD/ritonavir 100 mg QD (n=12)

    ≥4.06g
    (3.15, 5.23)

    ≥6.53g
    (5.24, 8.14)

    ≥14.3g
    (9.85, 20.7)

    120 mg pibrentasvir (n=12)
     

    300 mg QD/ritonavir 100 mg QD (n=12)

    ≥1.29g
    (1.15, 1.45)

    ≥1.64g
    (1.48, 1.82)

    ≥2.29g
    (1.95, 2.68)

    grazoprevir/ elbasvir
     

    grazoprevir 200 mg QD d 1 to 35 (n = 12)

    300 mg QD/ritonavir 100 mg QD
    d 1 to 35 (n=12) 

    6.24
    (4.42, 8.81)

    10.58
    (7.78, 14.39)

    11.64
    (7.96, 17.02)

    elbasvir 50 mg QD
    d 1 to 35 (n = 10)

    300 mg QD/ritonavir 100 mg QD,d 1 to 35 (n=10)

    4.15
    (3.46, 4.97)

    4.76
    (4.07, 5.56)

    6.45
    (5.51, 7.54)

    methadone

    Stable maintenance
    dose, d 1 to 15
    (n=16)

    400 mg QD,
    d 2 to 15
    (n=16)

    (R)-methadoneh
    0.91
    (0.84, 1.0)
    total: 0.85
    (0.78, 0.93)

    (R)-methadoneh
    1.03
    (0.95, 1.10)
    total: 0.94
    (0.87, 1.02)

    (R)-methadoneh
    1.11
    (1.02, 1.20)
    total: 1.02
    (0.93, 1.12)

    nevirapinei,j

    200 mg BID,
    d 1 to 23
    (n=23)

    300 mg QD/
    ritonavir 100 mg
    QD, d 4 to 13, then
    400 mg QD/ritonavir 100 mg QD, d 14 to 23 (n=23)

    1.17
    (1.09, 1.25)
     
    1.21
    (1.11, 1.32)

    1.25
    (1.17, 1.34)
     
    1.26
    (1.17, 1.36)

    1.32
    (1.22, 1.43)
     
    1.35
    (1.25, 1.47)

    omeprazolek

    40 mg single dose,
    d 7 and d 20
    (n=16)

    400 mg QD, d 1 to 12
    (n=16)

    1.24
    (1.04, 1.47)

    1.45
    (1.20, 1.76)

    NA

    rifabutin

    300 mg QD,
    d 1 to 10
    then 150 mg QD,
    d 11 to 20
    (n=3)

    600 mg QD,l
    d 11 to 20
    (n=3)

    1.18
    (0.94, 1.48)
    25-O-desacetyl-
    rifabutin: 8.20
    (5.90, 11.40)

    2.10
    (1.57, 2.79)
    25-O-desacetyl-
    rifabutin: 22.01
    (15.97, 30.34)

    3.43
    (1.98, 5.96)
    25-O-desacetyl-
    rifabutin: 75.6
    (30.1, 190.0)

    150 mg twice
    weekly, d 1 to 15
    (n=7)

    300 mg QD/
    ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 1 to 17
     (n=7)

    2.49m (2.03, 3.06) 25-O-desacetyl-rifabutin: 7.77 (6.13, 9.83)

    1.48m (1.19, 1.84) 25-O-desacetyl-rifabutin: 10.90
    (8.14, 14.61)

    1.40m (1.05, 1.87) 25-O-desacetyl-rifabutin: 11.45 (8.15, 16.10)

    pitavastatin

    4 mg QD
    for 5 days

    300 mg QD
    for 5 days

    1.60
    (1.39, 1.85)

    1.31
    (1.23, 1.39)

    NA

    rosiglitazonen

    4 mg single dose,
    d 1, 7, 17
    (n=14)

    400 mg QD,
    d 2 to 7, then
    300 mg QD/
    ritonavir 100 mg
    QD, d 8 to 17
    (n=14)

    1.08
    (1.03, 1.13)
    0.97
    (0.91, 1.04)

    1.35
    (1.26, 1.44)
    0.83
    (0.77, 0.89)

    NA
     
    NA

    rosuvastatin

    10 mg single dose

    300 mg QD/
    ritonavir 100 mg
    QD for 7 days

    ↑7-foldo

    ↑3-foldo

    NA

    saquinavirp (soft
    gelatin capsules)

    1200 mg QD,
    d 1 to 13
    (n=7)

    400 mg QD, d 7 to 13
    (n=7)

    4.39
    (3.24, 5.95)

    5.49
    (4.04, 7.47)

    6.86
    (5.29, 8.91)

    sofosbuvir/ velpatasvir/ voxilaprevir

    400 mg sofosbuvir single dose
    (n=15)

    300 mg/100 mg ritonavir single dose (n=15)

    1.29 (1.09, 1.52) sofosbuvir metabolite
    GS-331007
    1.05
    (0.99, 1.12)

    1.40 (1.25, 1.57) sofosbuvir metabolite
    GS-331007
    1.25
    (1.16, 1.36)

    NA

    100 mg velpatasvir single dose (n=15)
     

    300 mg/100 mg ritonavir single dose (n=15)

    1.29
    (1.07, 1.56)

    1.93
    (1.58, 2.36)

    NA

    100 mg voxilaprevir single dose (n=15)
     

    300 mg/100 mg ritonavir single dose (n=15)

    4.42
    (3.65, 5.35)

    4.31
    (3.76, 4.93)

    NA

    tenofovir DFq

    300 mg QD,
    d 9 to 16
    (n=33) and
    d 24 to 30
    (n=33)

    400 mg QD, d 2 to 16
    (n=33)

    1.14
    (1.08, 1.20)

    1.24
    (1.21, 1.28)

    1.22
    (1.15, 1.30)

    300 mg QD, d 1 to 7
    (pm) (n=14)
    d 25 to 34
    (pm) (n=12)

    300 mg QD/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 25 to 34
    (am) (n=12)r

    1.34
    (1.20, 1.51)

    1.37
    (1.30, 1.45)

    1.29
    (1.21, 1.36)

    voriconazole
    (Subjects with at least one functional CYP2C19 allele)

    200 mg BID,
    d 2 to 3, 22 to 30;
    400 mg BID, d 1, 21
    (n=20)

    300 mg/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 11 to 30
    (n=20)

    0.90
    (0.78, 1.04)

    0.67
    (0.58, 0.78)

    0.61
    (0.51, 0.72)

    voriconazole
    (Subjects without a functional CYP2C19 allele)

    50 mg BID,
    d 2 to 3, 22 to 30;
    100 mg BID, d 1, 21
    (n=8)

    300 mg/ritonavir
    100 mg QD, d 11 to 30
    (n=8)

    4.38
    (3.55, 5.39)

    5.61
    (4.51, 6.99)

    7.65
    (5.71, 10.2)

    lamivudine+ zidovudine

    150 mg lamivudine
    + 300 mg zidovudine
    BID, d 1 to 12
    (n=19)

    400 mg QD, d 7 to 12
    (n=19)

    lamivudine: 1.04
    (0.92, 1.16)
    zidovudine: 1.05
    (0.88, 1.24)
    zidovudine
    glucuronide: 0.95
    (0.88, 1.02)

    lamivudine: 1.03
    (0.98, 1.08)
    zidovudine: 1.05
    (0.96, 1.14)
    zidovudine
    glucuronide: 1.00
    (0.97, 1.03)

    lamivudine: 1.12
    (1.04, 1.21)
    zidovudine: 0.69
    (0.57, 0.84)
    zidovudine
    glucuronide: 0.82
    (0.62, 1.08)

    a Data provided are under fed conditions unless otherwise noted.
    b 400 mg ddI EC and atazanavir were administered together with food on Days 8 and 19.
    c Upon further dose normalization of ethinyl estradiol 25 mcg with atazanavir relative to ethinyl estradiol 35 mcg without atazanavir, the ratio of geometric means (90% confidence intervals) for Cmax, AUC, and Cmin were 0.82 (0.73, 0.92), 1.06 (0.95, 1.17), and 1.35 (1.11, 1.63), respectively.
    d Upon further dose normalization of ethinyl estradiol 35 mcg with atazanavir/ritonavir relative to ethinyl estradiol 25 mcg without atazanavir/ritonavir, the ratio of geometric means (90% confidence intervals) for Cmax, AUC, and Cmin were 1.17 (1.03, 1.34), 1.13 (1.05, 1.22), and 0.88 (0.77, 1.00), respectively.
    e All subjects were on a 28-day lead-in period; one full cycle of Ortho Tri-Cyclen®. Ortho Tri-Cyclen® contains 35 mcg of ethinyl estradiol. Ortho Tri-Cyclen® LO contains 25 mcg of ethinyl estradiol. Results were dose normalized to an ethinyl estradiol dose of 35 mcg.
    f 17-deacetyl norgestimate is the active component of norgestimate
    g Effect of atazanavir and ritonavir on the first dose of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir is reported.
    h (R)-methadone is the active isomer of methadone.
    i Study was conducted in HIV-infected individuals.
    j Subjects were treated with nevirapine prior to study entry.
    k Omeprazole was used as a metabolic probe for CYP2C19. Omeprazole was given 2 hours after atazanavir on Day 7; and was given alone 2 hours after a light meal on Day 20.
    l Not the recommended therapeutic dose of atazanavir.
    m When compared to rifabutin 150 mg QD alone d 1 to 10 (n=14). Total of rifabutin + 25-O-desacetyl-rifabutin: AUC 2.19 (1.78, 2.69).
    n Rosiglitazone used as a probe substrate for CYP2C8.
    o Mean ratio (with/without coadministered drug). ↑ indicates an increase in rosuvastatin exposure.
    p The combination of atazanavir and saquinavir 1200 mg QD produced daily saquinavir exposures similar to the values produced by the standard therapeutic dosing of saquinavir at 1200 mg TID. However, the Cmax is about 79% higher than that for the standard dosing of saquinavir (soft gelatin capsules) alone at 1200 mg TID.
    q Note that similar results were observed in a study where administration of tenofovir DF and atazanavir was separated by 12 hours.
    r Administration of tenofovir DF and atazanavir was temporally separated by 12 hours.
    NA = not available.

    12.4 Microbiology

    Mechanism of Action

    Atazanavir (ATV) is an azapeptide HIV-1 protease inhibitor (PI). The  compound selectively inhibits the virus-specific processing of viral Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins in HIV-1 infected cells, thus preventing formation of mature virions.

    Antiviral Activity in Cell Culture

    Atazanavir exhibits anti-HIV-1 activity with a mean 50% effective concentration (EC50) in the absence of human serum of 2 to 5 nM against a variety of laboratory and clinical HIV-1 isolates grown in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, macrophages, CEM-SS cells,  and  MT-2  cells. ATV has activity against HIV-1 Group M subtype viruses A, B, C, D, AE, AG, F, G, and J isolates in cell culture. ATV has variable activity against HIV-2 isolates (1.9 to 32 nM), with EC50 values above the EC50 values of failure isolates. Two-drug combination antiviral activity studies with ATV showed no antagonism in cell culture with PIs (amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir), NNRTIs (delavirdine, efavirenz, and nevirapine), NRTIs (abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, lamivudine, stavudine, tenofovir DF, and zidovudine), the HIV-1 fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide, and two compounds used in the treatment of viral hepatitis, adefovir and ribavirin,  without enhanced cytotoxicity.

    Resistance

    In Cell Culture: HIV-1 isolates with a decreased susceptibility to ATV have been selected in cell culture and obtained from patients treated with ATV or atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/RTV). HIV-1 isolates with 93- to 183-fold reduced susceptibility to ATV from three different viral strains were selected in cell culture by 5 months. The substitutions in these HIV-1 viruses that contributed to ATV resistance include I50L, N88S, I84V, A71V, and M46I. Changes were also observed at the protease  cleavage  sites  following drug  selection.  Recombinant  viruses  containing   the  I50L substitution without other major PI substitutions were growth impaired and displayed increased susceptibility in cell culture to  other  PIs  (amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir). The I50L and I50V substitutions yielded selective resistance to ATV and amprenavir, respectively, and did not appear to be cross-resistant.

    Clinical Studies of Treatment-Naive Patients: Comparison of Ritonavir-Boosted Atazanavir vs. Unboosted Atazanavir: Study AI424-089 compared atazanavir 300 mg once daily with ritonavir 100 mg vs. Atazanavir 400 mg once daily when administered with lamivudine and extended- release stavudine in HIV-infected treatment-naive patients. A summary of the number of virologic failures and virologic failure isolates with ATV resistance in each arm is shown in Table 23.

      

    Table 23: Summary of Virologic Failuresa at Week 96 in Study AI424-089: Comparison of Ritonavir Boosted Atazanavir vs. Unboosted Atazanavir: Randomized Patients

    atazanavir
    300 mg + ritonavir
     100 mg
    (n=95)

    atazanavir
    400 mg
    (n=105)

    Virologic Failure (≥50 copies/mL) at Week 96

    15 (16%)

    34 (32%)

    Virologic Failure with Genotypes and Phenotypes Data

    5

    17

    Virologic Failure Isolates with ATV-resistance at Week 96

    0/5 (0%)b

    4/17 (24%)b

    Virologic Failure Isolates with I50L Emergence at Week 96c

    0/5 (0%)b

    2/17 (12%)b

    Virologic Failure Isolates with Lamivudine Resistance at Week 96

    2/5 (40%)b

    11/17 (65%)b

    a Virologic failure includes patients who were never suppressed through Week 96 and on study at Week 96, had virologic rebound or discontinued due to insufficient viral load response.
    b Percentage of Virologic Failure Isolates with genotypic and phenotypic data.
    c Mixture of I50I/L emerged in 2 other ATV 400 mg-treated patients. Neither isolate was phenotypically resistant to ATV.

    Clinical Studies of Treatment-Naive Patients Receiving  Atazanavir  300  mg  with  Ritonavir  100 mg: In Phase III Study AI424-138, an as-treated genotypic and phenotypic analysis was conducted   on   samples   from   patients   who   experienced   virologic    failure   (HIV-1   RNA ≥400 copies/mL) or discontinued before achieving suppression on ATV/RTV (n=39; 9%) and LPV/RTV (n=39; 9%) through 96 weeks of treatment. In the ATV/RTV arm, one of the virologic  failure isolates had a 56-fold decrease in ATV susceptibility  emerge on therapy with the development of PI resistance-associated substitutions L10F, V32I, K43T, M46I, A71I, G73S, I85I/V, and L90M. The NRTI resistance-associated substitution M184V also emerged on treatment in this isolate conferring emtricitabine resistance. Two ATV/RTV-virologic failure isolates had baseline phenotypic ATV resistance and IAS-defined major PI resistance-associated substitutions at baseline. The I50L substitution emerged on study in one of these failure isolates and was associated with  a 17-fold decrease in ATV susceptibility from baseline and the other failure isolate with baseline ATV resistance and PI substitutions (M46M/I and I84I/V) had additional IAS-defined major PI substitutions (V32I, M46I, and I84V) emerge on ATV treatment associated with a 3-fold decrease in ATV susceptibility from baseline. Five of the treatment failure isolates in the ATV/RTV arm developed phenotypic emtricitabine resistance with the emergence of either the M184I (n=1) or the M184V (n=4) substitution on therapy and none developed phenotypic tenofovir disoproxil resistance. In the LPV/RTV arm, one of the virologic failure patient isolates had a 69-fold decrease in LPV susceptibility emerge on therapy with the development of PI substitutions L10V, V11I, I54V, G73S, and V82A in addition to baseline PI substitutions L10L/I, V32I, I54I/V, A71I, G73G/S, V82V/A, L89V, and L90M. Six LPV/RTV virologic failure isolates developed the M184V  substitution  and  phenotypic  emtricitabine resistance and two developed phenotypic tenofovir disoproxil resistance.

    Clinical Studies of Treatment-Naive Patients Receiving Atazanavir 400 mg without Ritonavir: ATV-resistant clinical isolates from treatment-naive  patients  who  experienced virologic  failure on atazanavir 400 mg treatment without ritonavir often developed an I50L substitution (after an average of 50 weeks of ATV therapy), often in combination with an A71V substitution, but also developed one or more other PI substitutions (e.g., V32I, L33F, G73S, V82A, I85V, or N88S) with or without the  I50L  substitution. In  treatment-naive patients, viral isolates that developed the I50L substitution, without other major PI substitutions, showed phenotypic resistance to ATV but retained in cell culture susceptibility to other PIs (amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir); however, there are no clinical data available to demonstrate the effect of the I50L substitution on the efficacy of subsequently administered PIs.

    Clinical Studies of Treatment-Experienced Patients: In studies of treatment-experienced patients treated with  ATV  or  ATV/RTV, most  ATV-resistant isolates from patients who experienced virologic failure developed substitutions that were associated with resistance to multiple PIs and displayed decreased susceptibility  to  multiple  PIs.  The  most  common protease substitutions to develop in the viral isolates of  patients who failed treatment with ATV 300 mg once daily and RTV  100 mg  once daily  (together  with  tenofovir DF  and an NRTI)  included  V32I,  L33F/V/I, E35D/G, M46I/L, I50L, F53L/V, I54V, A71V/T/I, G73S/T/C, V82A/T/L, I85V, and L89V/Q/M/T. Other substitutions that developed on ATV/RTV treatment including E34K/A/Q, G48V, I84V, N88S/D/T, and L90M occurred in less than 10% of patient isolates. Generally, if multiple PI resistance substitutions were present in the HIV-1 virus of the patient at baseline, ATV resistance developed through substitutions associated with resistance to other PIs and could include the development of the I50L substitution. The I50L substitution has been detected in treatment-experienced patients experiencing virologic failure after long-term treatment. Protease cleavage site changes also emerged on ATV treatment but their presence did not correlate with the level of ATV resistance.

    Cross-Resistance

    Cross-resistance among PIs has been observed. Baseline phenotypic and genotypic analyses of clinical isolates from ATV clinical trials of PI-experienced patients showed that isolates cross- resistant to multiple PIs were cross-resistant to ATV. Greater than 90% of the isolates with substitutions that included I84V or G48V were resistant to ATV. Greater than 60% of isolates containing L90M, G73S/T/C, A71V/T, I54V, M46I/L, or a change at V82 were resistant to ATV, and 38% of isolates containing a D30N substitution in addition to other changes were resistant to ATV. Isolates resistant to ATV were also cross-resistant to other PIs with >90% of the isolates resistant  to  indinavir,   lopinavir,   nelfinavir,   ritonavir,  and  saquinavir,  and  80%  resistant  to amprenavir. In treatment-experienced patients, PI-resistant viral isolates that developed the I50L substitution in addition to other PI resistance-associated substitution were also cross-resistant to other PIs.

    Baseline Genotype/Phenotype  and Virologic Outcome Analyses

    Genotypic and/or phenotypic analysis of baseline virus may  aid  in  determining  ATV susceptibility before initiation of ATV/RTV  therapy. An association between virologic response at 48 weeks and the number and type of primary PI resistance-associated substitutions detected in baseline HIV-1 isolates from antiretroviral-experienced patients  receiving ATV/RTV  once daily or lopinavir  (LPV)/RTV twice daily in Study AI424-045 is shown in Table 24.

    Overall,  both  the  number  and  type  of  baseline  PI  substitutions  affected  response  rates  in treatment-experienced patients. In the ATV/RTV group, patients had lower response rates when 3 or more baseline PI substitutions, including a substitution at position 36, 71, 77, 82, or 90, were present compared to patients with 1 to 2 PI substitutions, including one of these substitutions.

    Table 24: HIV RNA Response by Number and Type of Baseline PI Substitution, Antiretroviral-Experienced Patients in Study AI424-045, As-Treated Analysis

    Number and Type of Baseline PI Substitutionsa

    Virologic Response = HIV RNA <400 copies/mLb

    ATV/RTV
    (n=110)

    LPV/RTV
    (n=113)

    3 or more primary PI substitutions includingc:

    D30N

    75% (6/8)

    50% (3/6)

    M36I/V

    19% (3/16)

    33% (6/18)

    M46I/L/T

    24% (4/17)

    23% (5/22)

    I54V/L/T/M/A

    31% (5/16)

    31% (5/16)

    A71V/T/I/G

    34% (10/29)

    39% (12/31)

    G73S/A/C/T

    14% (1/7)

    38% (3/8)

    V77I

    47% (7/15)

    44% (7/16)

    V82A/F/T/S/I

    29% (6/21)

    27% (7/26)

    I84V/A

    11% (1/9)

    33% (2/6)

    N88D

    63% (5/8)

    67% (4/6)

    L90M

    10% (2/21)

    44% (11/25)

    Number of baseline primary PI substitutionsa

    All patients, as-treated

    58% (64/110)

    59% (67/113)

    0 to 2 PI substitutions

    75% (50/67)

    75% (50/67)

    3 to 4 PI substitutions

    41% (14/34)

    43% (12/28)

    5 or more PI substitutions

    0% (0/9)

    28% (5/18)

    a Primary substitutions include any change at D30, V32, M36, M46, I47, G48, I50, I54, A71, G73, V77, V82, I84, N88, and L90.
    b Results should be interpreted with caution because the subgroups were small.
    c There were insufficient data (n<3) for PI substitutions V32I, I47V, G48V, I50V, and F53L.


    The response rates of antiretroviral-experienced patients in Study AI424-045 were analyzed by baseline phenotype (shift in susceptibility in cell culture relative to reference, Table 25). The analyses are based on a select patient population with 62% of patients receiving an NNRTI-based regimen before study entry compared to 35% receiving a PI-based regimen. Additional data are needed to determine clinically relevant break points for atazanavir.

    Table 25: Baseline Phenotype by Outcome, Antiretroviral-Experienced Patients in Study AI424-045, As-Treated Analysis

    Baseline Phenotypea

    Virologic Response = HIV RNA <400 copies/mLb

    ATV/RTV
    (n=111)

    LPV/RTV
    (n=111)

    0 to 2

    71% (55/78)

    70% (56/80)

    >2 to 5

    53% (8/15)

    44% (4/9)

    >5 to 10

    13% (1/8)

    33% (3/9)

    >10

    10% (1/10)

    23% (3/13)

    a Fold change susceptibility in cell culture relative to the wild-type reference.
    b Results should be interpreted with caution because the subgroups were small.
  • 13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

    13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

    Carcinogenesis

    Long-term carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats were carried out with atazanavir for two years. In the mouse study, drug-related increases in hepatocellular adenomas were found in females at 360 mg/kg/day. The systemic drug exposure (AUC) at the NOAEL (no observable adverse effect level) in females, (120 mg/kg/day) was 2.8 times and in males (80 mg/kg/day) was 2.9 times higher than those in humans at the clinical dose (300 mg/day atazanavir boosted with 100 mg/day ritonavir, non-pregnant patients). In the rat study, no drug-related increases in tumor incidence were observed at doses up to 1200 mg/kg/day, for which AUCs were 1.1 (males) or 3.9 (females) times those measured in humans at the clinical dose.

    Mutagenesis

    Atazanavir tested positive in an in vitro clastogenicity test using primary human lymphocytes, in the absence and presence of metabolic activation. Atazanavir tested negative in the in vitro Ames reverse-mutation assay, in vivo micronucleus and DNA repair tests in rats, and in vivo DNA damage test in rat duodenum (comet assay).

    Impairment of Fertility
     
    At the systemic drug exposure levels (AUC) 0.9 (in male rats) or 2.3 (in female rats) times that of the human clinical dose, (300 mg/day atazanavir boosted with 100 mg/day ritonavir) significant effects on mating, fertility, or early embryonic development were not observed.

  • 14 CLINICAL STUDIES

    14.1 Adult Patients without Prior Antiretroviral Therapy

    Study AI424-138: a 96-week study comparing the antiviral efficacy and safety of atazanavir/ritonavir with lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with fixed-dose tenofovir DF-emtricitabine in HIV-1 infected treatment-naive subjects. Study AI424-138 was a 96-week, open-label, randomized, multicenter study, comparing atazanavir (300 mg once daily) with ritonavir (100 mg once daily) to lopinavir with ritonavir (400/100 mg twice daily), each in combination with fixed-dose tenofovir DF with emtricitabine (300/200 mg once daily), in 878 antiretroviral treatment-naive treated patients. Patients had a mean age of 36 years (range: 19 to 72), 49% were Caucasian, 18% Black, 9% Asian, 23% Hispanic/Mestizo/mixed race, and 68% were male. The median baseline plasma CD4+ cell count was 204 cells/mm3 (range: 2 to 810 cells/mm3) and the mean baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA level was 4.94 log10 copies/mL (range: 2.60 to 5.88 log10 copies/mL). Treatment response and outcomes through Week 96 are presented in Table 26.

    Table 26: Outcomes of Treatment Through Week 96 in Treatment-Naive Adults (Study AI424-138)
    Outcomeatazanavir 300 mg + ritonavir 100 mg
    (once daily) with
    tenofovir DF/emtricitabine
    (once daily)a
    (n=441)
    96 Weeks    		lopinavir
    400 mg + ritonavir 100 mg
     (twice daily) with
     tenofovir DF/emtricitabine
    (once daily)a
    (n=437)
    96 Weeks
    a As a fixed-dose combination: 300 mg tenofovir DF, 200 mg emtricitabine once daily.
    b Patients achieved HIV RNA <50 copies/mL at Week 96. Roche Amplicor®, v1.5 ultra-sensitive assay.
    c Pre-specified ITT analysis at Week 48 using as-randomized cohort: ATV/RTV 78% and LPV/RTV 76% (difference estimate: 1.7% [95% confidence interval: −3.8%, 7.1%]).
    d Pre-specified ITT analysis at Week 96 using as-randomized cohort: ATV/RTV 74% and LPV/RTV 68% (difference estimate: 6.1% [95% confidence interval: 0.3%, 12.0%]).
    e Includes viral rebound and failure to achieve confirmed HIV RNA <50 copies/mL through Week 96.
    f Includes lost to follow-up, patient's withdrawal, noncompliance, protocol violation, and other reasons.

     Responderb,c,d

    75%

    68%

     Virologic failuree

    17%

    19%

     Rebound

    8%

    10%

     Never suppressed through Week 96

    9%

    9%

     Death

    1%

    1%

     Discontinued due to adverse event

    3%

    5%

     Discontinued for other reasonsf

    4%

    7%

    Through 96 weeks of therapy, the proportion of responders among patients with high viral loads (i.e., baseline HIV RNA ≥100,000 copies/mL) was comparable for the atazanavir/ritonavir (165 of 223 patients, 74%) and lopinavir/ritonavir (148 of 222 patients, 67%) arms. At 96 weeks, the median increase from baseline in CD4+ cell count was 261 cells/mm3 for the atazanavir/ritonavir arm and 273 cells/mm3 for the lopinavir/ritonavir arm.

    Study AI424-034: Atazanavir once daily compared to efavirenz once daily, each in combination with fixed-dose lamivudine + zidovudine twice daily. Study AI424-034 was a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial comparing atazanavir (400 mg once daily) to efavirenz (600 mg once daily), each in combination with a fixed-dose combination of lamivudine (3TC) (150 mg) and zidovudine (ZDV) (300 mg) given twice daily, in 810 antiretroviral treatment-naive patients. Patients had a mean age of 34 years (range: 18 to 73), 36% were Hispanic, 33% were Caucasian, and 65% were male. The mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 321 cells/mm3 (range: 64 to 1424 cells/mm3) and the mean baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA level was 4.8 log10 copies/mL (range: 2.2 to 5.9 log10 copies/mL). Treatment response and outcomes through Week 48 are presented in Table 27.

    Table 27: Outcomes of Randomized Treatment Through Week 48 in Treatment-Naive Adults (Study AI424-034)
    Outcome
    		atazanavir
    400 mg once daily
    + lamivudine
    + zidovudined
    (n=405)    		efavirenz
    600 mg once daily
    + lamivudine
    + zidovudined
    (n=405)
    a Patients achieved and maintained confirmed HIV RNA <400 copies/mL (<50 copies/mL) through Week 48. Roche Amplicor® HIV-1 MonitorTM Assay, test version 1.0 or 1.5 as geographically appropriate.
    b Includes viral rebound and failure to achieve confirmed HIV RNA <400 copies/mL through Week 48.
    c Includes lost to follow-up, patient's withdrawal, noncompliance, protocol violation, and other reasons.
    d As a fixed-dose combination: 150 mg lamivudine, 300 mg zidovudine twice daily.

     Respondera

    67% (32%)

    62% (37%)

     Virologic failureb

    20%

    21%

     Rebound

    17%

    16%

     Never suppressed through Week 48

    3%

    5%

     Death

    -

    <1%

     Discontinued due to adverse event

    5%

    7%

     Discontinued for other reasonsc

    8%

    10%

    Through 48 weeks of therapy, the proportion of responders among patients with high viral loads (i.e., baseline HIV RNA ≥100,000 copies/mL) was comparable for the atazanavir and efavirenz arms. The mean increase from baseline in CD4+ cell count was 176 cells/mm3 for the atazanavir arm and 160 cells/mm3 for the efavirenz arm.

    Study AI424-008: Atazanavir 400 mg once daily compared to atazanavir 600 mg once daily, and compared to nelfinavir 1250 mg twice daily, each in combination with stavudine and lamivudine twice daily. Study AI424-008 was a 48-week, randomized, multicenter trial, blinded to dose of atazanavir, comparing atazanavir at two dose levels (400 mg and 600 mg once daily) to nelfinavir (1250 mg twice daily), each in combination with stavudine (40 mg) and lamivudine (150 mg) given twice daily, in 467 antiretroviral treatment-naive patients. Patients had a mean age of 35 years (range: 18 to 69), 55% were Caucasian, and 63% were male. The mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 295 cells/mm3 (range: 4 to 1003 cells/m3) and the mean baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA level was 4.7 log10 copies/mL (range: 1.8 to 5.9 log10 copies/mL). Treatment response and outcomes through Week 48 are presented in Table 28.  

    Table 28: Outcomes of Randomized Treatment Through Week 48 in Treatment-Naive Adults (Study AI424-008)
     
    Outcome    		atazanavir
    400 mg once daily+
     lamivudine + stavudine
     (n=181)    		nelfinavir
    1250 mg twice daily +
     lamivudine + stavudine
     (n=91)
    a Patients achieved and maintained confirmed HIV RNA <400 copies/mL (<50 copies/mL) through Week 48. Roche Amplicor® HIV-1 MonitorTM Assay, test version 1.0 or 1.5 as geographically appropriate.
    b Includes viral rebound and failure to achieve confirmed HIV RNA <400 copies/mL through Week 48.
    c Includes lost to follow-up, patient's withdrawal, noncompliance, protocol violation, and other reasons.

     Respondera

    67% (33%)

    59% (38%)

     Virologic failureb

    24%

    27%

     Rebound

    14%

    14%

     Never suppressed through Week 48

    10%

    13%

     Death

    <1%

    -

     Discontinued due to adverse event

    1%

    3%

     Discontinued for other reasonsc

    7%

    10%

    Through 48 weeks of therapy, the mean increase from baseline in CD4+ cell count was 234 cells/mm3 for the atazanavir 400 mg arm and 211 cells/mm3 for the nelfinavir arm.

    14.2 Adult Patients with Prior Antiretroviral Therapy

    Study AI424-045: Atazanavir once daily + ritonavir once daily compared to atazanavir once daily + saquinavir (soft gelatin capsules) once daily, and compared to lopinavir + ritonavir twice daily, each in combination with tenofovir  DF + one NRTI. Study AI424-045 was a randomized, multicenter trial comparing atazanavir (300 mg once daily) with ritonavir (100 mg once daily) to atazanavir (400 mg once daily) with saquinavir soft gelatin capsules (1200 mg once daily), and to lopinavir + ritonavir (400/100 mg twice daily), each in combination with tenofovir DF and one NRTI, in 347 (of 358 randomized) patients who experienced virologic failure on HAART regimens containing PIs, NNRTIs, and NRTIs. The mean time of prior exposure to antiretrovirals was 139 weeks for PIs, 85 weeks for NNRTIs, and 283 weeks for NRTIs. The mean age was 41 years (range: 24 to 74); 60% were Caucasian, and 78% were male. The mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 338 cells/mm3 (range: 14 to 1543 cells/mm3) and the mean baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA level was 4.4 log10 copies/mL (range: 2.6 to 5.88 log10 copies/mL).

    Treatment outcomes through Week 48 for the atazanavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir treatment arms are presented in Table 29. Atazanavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir were similar for the primary efficacy outcome measure of time-averaged difference in change from baseline in HIV RNA level. Study AI424-045 was not large enough to reach a definitive conclusion that atazanavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir are equivalent on the secondary efficacy outcome measure of proportions below the HIV RNA lower limit of quantification [see Microbiology, Tables 24 and 25 (12.4)].
     

    Table 29: Outcomes of Treatment Through Week 48 in Study AI424-045 (Patients with Prior Antiretroviral Experience) 
     
    Outcome    		atazanavir
    300 mg + ritonavir
    100 mg once
    daily + tenofovir DF +
    1 NRTI
    (n=119)    		lopinavir/ritonavir
    (400/100 mg) twice
    daily + tenofovir DF +
    1 NRTI
    (n=118)    		Differencea
    (atazanavir-
    lopinavir/ritonavir)
    (CI)
    a Time-averaged difference through Week 48 for HIV RNA; Week 48 difference in HIV RNA percentages and CD4+ mean changes, atazanavir/ritonavir vs. lopinavir/ritonavir; CI = 97.5% confidence interval for change in HIV RNA; 95% confidence interval otherwise.
    b Roche Amplicor® HIV-1 MonitorTM Assay, test version 1.5.
    c Protocol-defined primary efficacy outcome measure.
    d Based on patients with baseline and Week 48 CD4+ cell count measurements (atazanavir/ritonavir, n=85; lopinavir/ritonavir, n=93).
    e Patients achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL (<50 copies/mL) through Week 48.

     HIV RNA Change from
    Baseline (log10 copies/mL)b

    −1.58

    −1.70

    +0.12c
    (−0.17, 0.41)

     CD4+ Change from Baseline (cells/mm3)d

    116

    123

    −7(−67, 52)

     Percent of Patients Respondinge

     

     

     

         HIV RNA <400 copies/mLb

    55%

    57%

    -2.2%
    (−14.8%, 10.5%)

         HIV RNA <50 copies/mLb

    38%

    45%

    −7.1%
    (−19.6%, 5.4%)

    No patients in the atazanavir/ritonavir treatment arm and three patients in the lopinavir/ritonavir treatment arm experienced a new-onset CDC Category C event during the study.

    In Study AI424-045, the mean change from baseline in plasma HIV-1 RNA for atazanavir 400 mg with saquinavir (n=115) was −1.55 log10 copies/mL, and the time-averaged difference in change in HIV-1 RNA levels versus lopinavir/ritonavir was 0.33. The corresponding mean increase in CD4+ cell count was 72 cells/mm3. Through 48 weeks of treatment, the proportion of patients in this treatment arm with plasma HIV-1 RNA <400 (<50) copies/mL was 38% (26%). In this study, coadministration of atazanavir and saquinavir did not provide adequate efficacy [see Drug Interactions (7)].

    Study AI424-045 also compared changes from baseline in lipid values. [See Adverse Reactions (6.1).]

    Study AI424-043: Study AI424-043 was a randomized, open-label, multicenter trial comparing atazanavir (400 mg once daily) to lopinavir/ritonavir (400/100 mg twice daily), each in combination with two NRTIs, in 300 patients who experienced virologic failure to only one prior PI-containing regimen. Through 48 weeks, the proportion of patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA <400 (<50) copies/mL was 49% (35%) for patients randomized to atazanavir (n=144) and 69% (53%) for patients randomized to lopinavir/ritonavir (n=146). The mean change from baseline was −1.59 log10 copies/mL in the atazanavir treatment arm and −2.02 log10 copies/mL in the lopinavir/ritonavir arm. Based on the results of this study, atazanavir without ritonavir was inferior to lopinavir/ritonavir in PI-experienced patients with prior virologic failure and is not recommended for such patients.

    14.3 Pediatric Patients

    Pediatric Trials with Atazanavir Capsules

    Assessment of the pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability, and virologic response of atazanavir capsules was based on data from the open-label, multicenter clinical trial PACTG 1020A which included patients from 6 years to 21 years of age. In this study, 105 patients (43 antiretroviral-naive and 62 antiretroviral-experienced) received once daily atazanavir capsule formulation, with or without ritonavir, in combination with two NRTIs.

    One-hundred five (105) patients (6 to less than 18 years of age) treated with the atazanavir capsule formulation, with or without ritonavir, were evaluated. Using an ITT analysis, the overall proportions of antiretroviral-naive and -experienced patients with HIV RNA <400 copies/mL at Week 96 were 51% (22/43) and 34% (21/62), respectively. The overall proportions of antiretroviral-naive and -experienced patients with HIV RNA <50 copies/mL at Week 96 were 47% (20/43) and 24% (15/62), respectively. The median increase from baseline in absolute CD4 count at 96 weeks of therapy was 335 cells/mm3 in antiretroviral-naive patients and 220 cells/mm3 in antiretroviral-experienced patients.

  • 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING


    Atazanavir Capsules, 300 mg are red/blue size ‘00’ hard gelatin capsule filled with off-white to pale yellow granular powder and imprinted with ‘300 mg’ on red cap and ‘T26’ on blue body with white edible ink.

    Carton of 30 capsules (10 capsules per blister pack x 3), NDC: 0904-6875-04


    Store at 20o to 25oC (68o to 77oF) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].

  • 17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

    Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information).

    Atazanavir is not a cure for HIV infection. Advise patients to remain under the care of a healthcare provider while using atazanavir.

    Cardiac Conduction Abnormalities

    Inform patients that atazanavir may produce changes in the electrocardiogram (e.g., PR prolongation). Tell patients to consult their healthcare provider if they are experiencing symptoms such as dizziness or lightheadedness [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    Severe Skin Reaction

    Inform patients that there have been reports of severe skin reactions (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, and toxic skin eruptions) with atazanavir use. Advise patients that if signs or symptoms of severe skin reactions or hypersensitivity reactions develop, they must discontinue atazanavir and seek medical evaluation immediately [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

    Hyperbilirubinemia

    Inform patients that asymptomatic elevations in indirect bilirubin have occurred in patients receiving atazanavir. This may be accompanied by yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes and alternative antiretroviral therapy may be considered if the patient has cosmetic concerns [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].

    Chronic Kidney Disease

    Inform patients that treatment with atazanavir may lead to the development of chronic kidney disease, and to maintain adequate hydration while taking atazanavir [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].

    Nephrolithiasis and Cholelithiasis

    Inform patients that kidney stones and/or gallstones have been reported with atazanavir use. Some patients with kidney stones and/or gallstones required hospitalization for additional management and some had complications. Discontinuation of atazanavir may be necessary as part of the medical management of these adverse events [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

    Drug Interactions

    Atazanavir may lead to significant interaction with some  drugs;  therefore, advise  patients  to report the use of any other prescription, nonprescription medication, or herbal products, particularly St. John’s wort, to their healthcare provider prior to use [see Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].

    Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

    Advise patients to inform their healthcare provider immediately of any symptoms of infection, as in some patients with advanced HIV infection (AIDS), signs and symptoms of inflammation from previous infections may occur soon after anti-HIV treatment is started [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)].

    Fat Redistribution

    Inform patients that redistribution or accumulation of body fat may occur in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy including  protease  inhibitors  and  that  the  cause  and  long-term health effects of these conditions are not known at this time [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)].

    Dosing Instructions

    Advise patients to take atazanavir with food every day and take other concomitant antiretroviral therapy as prescribed. Atazanavir must always be used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs. Advise patients that they should not alter the dose or discontinue therapy without consulting with their healthcare provider. Tell patients if a dose of atazanavir is missed, they should take the dose as soon as possible and then return to their normal schedule; however, if a dose is skipped the patient should not double the next dose.

    Pregnancy

    Inform pregnant patients that there is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to atazanavir during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

    Lactation

    Instruct women with HIV-1 infection not to breastfeed because HIV-1 can be passed to the baby in the breast milk. Atazanavir can also be passed to the baby in breast milk and it is not known whether it could harm the baby [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)].

    Distributed by:
    Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc.
    279 Princeton-Hightstown Road
    East Windsor, NJ 08520

    Manufactured by:
    Aurobindo Pharma Limited
    Hyderabad-500 038, India

    Distributed By:

    MAJOR® PHARMACEUTICALS

    17177 N Laurel Park Dr., Suite 233

    Livonia, MI 48152
    Issued: April 2018

  • PATIENT INFORMATION

    Atazanavir Capsules

    (A-ta-ZAN-a-vir)

    Important: Ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist about medicines that should not be taken with atazanavir capsules. For more information, see “Who should not take atazanavir capsules?” and “What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking atazanavir capsules?”

    What are atazanavir capsules?

    Atazanavir capsules are a prescription HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus-type 1) medicine that is used with other antiretroviral medicines to treat HIV-1 infection in adults and children at least 6 years of age and older and weighing at least 15 kg. HIV-1 is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).

    Atazanavir capsules should not be used in children younger than 3 months of age.

    When used with other antiretroviral medicines to treat HIV-1 infection, atazanavir capsules may help:

    • reduce the amount of HIV-1 in your blood. This is called "viral load".
    • increase the number of CD4+ (T) cells in your blood that help fight off other infections.

    Reducing the amount of HIV-1 and increasing the CD4+ (T) cells in your blood may help improve your immune system. This may reduce your risk of death or getting infections that can happen when your immune system is weak (opportunistic infections).

    Atazanavir capsules do not cure HIV-1 infection or AIDS. You must keep taking HIV-1 medicines to control HIV-1 infection and decrease HIV-related illnesses.

    Who should not take atazanavir capsules?

    Do not take atazanavir capsules if you:

    • are allergic to atazanavir or any of the ingredients in atazanavir capsules. See the end of this leaflet for a complete list of ingredients in atazanavir capsules.
    • are taking any of the following medicines. Taking atazanavir capsules with these medicines may affect how atazanavir capsules work. Atazanavir capsules may cause serious life-threatening side effects or death when used with these medicines:
      • alfuzosin (UROXATRAL®)
      • cisapride (PROPULSID®)
      • elbasvir/grazoprevir (ZEPATIER®)
      • ergot medicines including:
        • ergotamine tartrate (CAFERGOT®, MIGERGOT®, ERGOMAR®, ERGOSTAT®, MEDIHALER®, Ergotamine, WIGRAINE®, WIGRETTES®)
        • dihydroergotamine mesylate (D.H.E. 45®, MIGRANAL®)
        • methylergonovine (METHERGINE®)
      • glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (MAVYRET®)
      • indinavir (CRIXIVAN®)
      • irinotecan (CAMPTOSAR®)
      • lurasidone (LATUDA®) if atazanavir is used with ritonavir (NORVIR®)
      • lovastatin (ADVICOR ®, ALTOPREV®, MEVACOR®
      • midazolam (VERSED®), when taken by mouth for sedation
      • nevirapine (VIRAMUNE®, VIRAMUNE XR®)
      • pimozide (ORAP®)
      • rifampin (RIFADIN®, RIFAMATE®, RIFATER®, RIMACTANE®)
      • sildenafil (REVATIO®), when used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension
      • simvastatin (SIMCOR®, VYTORIN®, ZOCOR®)
      • St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)
      • triazolam (HALCION®)

    Serious problems can happen if you or your child takes any of the medicines listed above with atazanavir capsules.

    What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking atazanavir capsules?

    Before taking atazanavir capsules, tell your healthcare provider if you:

    • have heart problems
    • have liver problems, including hepatitis B or C virus infection
    • are receiving dialysis treatment
    • have diabetes
    • have hemophilia
    • have any other medical conditions
    • are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Talk to your healthcare provider about taking atazanavir capsules during your pregnancy or if you are planning to become pregnant while you are taking atazanavir capsules.
      • Hormonal forms of birth control, such as injections, vaginal rings or implants, contraceptive patch, and some birth control pills may not work during treatment with atazanavir capsules. Talk to your healthcare provider about forms of birth control that may be used during treatment with atazanavir capsules.
      • Pregnancy Registry. There is a pregnancy registry for women who take antiretroviral medicines during pregnancy. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the health of you and your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider about how you can take part in this registry.
      • After your baby is born, tell your healthcare provider if your baby’s skin or the white part of the eyes turns yellow.
    • are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. Do not breastfeed if you are taking atazanavir capsules. You should not breastfeed if you have HIV-1 because of the risk of passing HIV-1 to your baby. Atazanavir can pass into your breast milk. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby.

    Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.

    Some medicines interact with atazanavir capsules. Keep a list of your medicines to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for a list of medicines that interact with atazanavir capsules. Do not start taking a new medicine without telling your healthcare provider. Your healthcare provider can tell you if it is safe to take atazanavir capsules with other medicines.

    How should I take atazanavir capsules?

    • Take atazanavir capsules exactly as your healthcare provider tells you to.
    • Do not change your dose or stop taking atazanavir capsules unless your healthcare provider tells you to.
    • Stay under the care of your healthcare provider during treatment with atazanavir capsules.
    • Atazanavir capsules must be used with other antiretroviral medicines.
    • Take atazanavir capsules 1 time each day.
    • Atazanavir comes as capsules.
    • Take atazanavir capsules with food.
    • Swallow the capsules whole. Do not open the capsules.
    • Your child’s healthcare provider will prescribe the right dose of atazanavir capsules based on your child’s weight.
    • If you miss a dose of atazanavir capsules, take it as soon as you remember. Then take the next dose at your regular time. Do not take 2 doses at the same time.
    • If you take too much atazanavir, call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away.

    When your supply of atazanavir capsules starts to run low, get more from your healthcare provider or pharmacy. It is important not to run out of atazanavir capsules. The amount of HIV-1 in your blood may increase if the medicine is stopped for even a short time. The virus may become resistant to atazanavir capsules and harder to treat.

    What are the possible side effects of atazanavir capsules?

    Atazanavir capsules can cause serious side effects, including:

    • A change in the way your heart beats (heart rhythm change). Tell your healthcare provider right away if you get dizzy or lightheaded. These could be symptoms of a heart problem.
    • Skin rash. Skin rash is common with atazanavir capsules but can sometimes be severe. Skin rash usually goes away within 2 weeks without any change in treatment. Severe rash may develop in association with other symptoms which could be serious. If you develop a severe rash or a rash with any of the following symptoms, stop taking atazanavir capsules and call your healthcare provider right away:
      • general feeling of discomfort or “flu-like” symptoms
      • fever
      • muscle or joint aches
      • red or inflamed eyes, like “pink eye” (conjunctivitis)
      • blisters
      • mouth sores
      • swelling of your face
      • painful, warm, or red lump under your skin
    • Yellowing of your skin or the white part of your eyes is common with atazanavir capsules, and is usually not harmful in adults and infants older than 3 months of age; but it could also be a symptom of a serious problem. These effects may be due to increases in bilirubin levels in your blood (bilirubin is made by the liver). Although these effects may not be damaging to your liver, skin, or eyes, tell your healthcare provider right away if your skin or the white part of your eyes turns yellow.
    • Liver problems. If you have liver problems, including hepatitis B or C infection, your liver problems may get worse when you take atazanavir capsules. Your healthcare provider will do blood tests to check your liver before you start atazanavir capsules and during treatment. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you get any of the following symptoms:
      • dark “tea-colored” urine
      • your skin or the white part of your eyes turns yellow
      • light colored stools
      • nausea
      • itching
      • stomach-area pain
    • Chronic kidney disease. Atazanavir capsules may affect how well your kidneys work. Your healthcare provider will do blood and urine tests to check your kidneys before you start atazanavir capsules and during treatment.  
    • Kidney stones have happened in some people who take atazanavir capsules. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you get symptoms of kidney stones which may include, pain in your low back or low stomach-area, blood in your urine, or pain when you urinate.
    • Gallbladder problems have happened in some people who take atazanavir capsules. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you get symptoms of gallbladder problems which may include:
      • pain in the right or middle upper stomach area
      • fever
      • nausea and vomiting
      • your skin or the white part of your eyes turns yellow
    • Diabetes and high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) have happened or have worsened in some people who take protease inhibitor medicines like atazanavir capsules. Some people have had to start taking medicine to treat diabetes or have had to change their diabetes medicine.
    • Changes in your immune system (Immune Reconstitution Syndrome) can happen when you start taking HIV-1 medicines. Your immune system may get stronger and begin to fight infections that have been hidden in your body for a long time. Tell your healthcare provider if you start having new symptoms after starting atazanavir capsules.
    • Changes in body fat can happen in people taking HIV-1 medicines. These changes may include increased amount of fat in the upper back and neck (“buffalo hump”), breast, and around the main part of your body (trunk). Loss of fat from the legs, arms, and face may also happen. The exact cause and long-term health effects of these conditions are not known.
    • Increased bleeding problems in people with hemophilia have happened when taking protease inhibitors like atazanavir capsules.

    The most common side effects of atazanavir capsules include:

    • nausea
    • headache
    • stomach-area pain
    • vomiting
    • trouble sleeping
    • numbness, tingling, or burning of hands or feet
    • dizziness
    • muscle pain
    • diarrhea
    • depression
    • fever

    Tell your healthcare provider if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.

    These are not all the possible side effects of atazanavir capsules. For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist.

    Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

    How should I store atazanavir capsules?

    • Store atazanavir capsules at room temperature, between 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).
    • Keep capsules in a tightly closed container.

    Keep atazanavir capsules and all medicines out of the reach of children.

    General information about the safe and effective use of atazanavir capsules

    Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use atazanavir capsules for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give atazanavir capsules to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. If you would like more information, talk with your healthcare provider. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about atazanavir capsules that is written for health professionals.

    For more information, call Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc. at 1-866-850-2876.

    What are the ingredients in atazanavir capsules?

    Active ingredient: atazanavir sulfate

    Inactive ingredients: crospovidone, lactose monohydrate, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shells contain the following inactive ingredients: FD&C blue 2, gelatin, iron oxide black, iron oxide red, iron oxide yellow, and titanium dioxide. The capsules are printed with ink containing black iron oxide, potassium hydroxide, propylene glycol, shellac, and titanium dioxide.

    This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

    Brands listed are the trademarks of their respective owners and are not trademarks of Aurobindo Pharma Limited.

    Distributed by:
    Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc.
    279 Princeton-Hightstown Road
    East Windsor, NJ 08520

    Manufactured by:
    Aurobindo Pharma Limited
    Hyderabad-500 038, India

    Distributed By:

    MAJOR® PHARMACEUTICALS

    17177 N Laurel Park Dr., Suite 233

    Livonia, MI 48152

    Issued: April 2018

  • Package/Label Display Panel

    Atazanavir Capsules

    300 mg

    30 Capsules

    carton label
  • INGREDIENTS AND APPEARANCE
    ATAZANAVIR SULFATE 
    atazanavir capsule
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 0904-6875(NDC:65862-713)
    Route of AdministrationORAL
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    ATAZANAVIR SULFATE (UNII: 4MT4VIE29P) (ATAZANAVIR - UNII:QZU4H47A3S) ATAZANAVIR300 mg
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    CROSPOVIDONE (15 MPA.S AT 5%) (UNII: 68401960MK)  
    LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE (UNII: EWQ57Q8I5X)  
    MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30)  
    FD&C BLUE NO. 2 (UNII: L06K8R7DQK)  
    GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: 2G86QN327L)  
    FERROSOFERRIC OXIDE (UNII: XM0M87F357)  
    FERRIC OXIDE RED (UNII: 1K09F3G675)  
    FERRIC OXIDE YELLOW (UNII: EX438O2MRT)  
    TITANIUM DIOXIDE (UNII: 15FIX9V2JP)  
    POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (UNII: WZH3C48M4T)  
    PROPYLENE GLYCOL (UNII: 6DC9Q167V3)  
    SHELLAC (UNII: 46N107B71O)  
    Product Characteristics
    ColorRED, BLUEScoreno score
    ShapeCAPSULESize24mm
    FlavorImprint Code 300mg;T26
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 0904-6875-0430 in 1 CARTON06/25/2018
    11 in 1 BLISTER PACK; Type 0: Not a Combination Product
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    ANDAANDA20480606/25/2018
    Labeler - Major Pharmaceuticals (191427277)
    Establishment
    NameAddressID/FEIBusiness Operations
    Nutra-Med Packaging, Inc.080274725REPACK(0904-6875)
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