KALETRA- lopinavir and ritonavir tablet, film coated

Kaletra by

Drug Labeling and Warnings

Kaletra by is a Prescription medication manufactured, distributed, or labeled by Dispensing Solutions, Inc., PSS World Medical, Inc.. Drug facts, warnings, and ingredients follow.

Drug Details [pdf]

  • 1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

    KALETRA is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.

    The following points should be considered when initiating therapy with KALETRA:

    • The use of other active agents with KALETRA is associated with a greater likelihood of treatment response [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.4) and Clinical Studies (14)].
    • Genotypic or phenotypic testing and/or treatment history should guide the use of KALETRA [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.4)]. The number of baseline lopinavir resistance-associated substitutions affects the virologic response to KALETRA [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.4)].
    • Once daily administration of KALETRA is not recommended for any pediatric patients.
  • 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

    KALETRA tablets may be taken with or without food. The tablets should be swallowed whole and not chewed, broken, or crushed.

    KALETRA oral solution must be taken with food.

    2.1 Adult Patients

    • KALETRA tablets 400/100 mg (given as two 200/50 mg tablets) twice daily.
    • KALETRA oral solution 400/100 mg (5 mL) twice daily.
    • KALETRA tablets 800/200 mg (given as four 200/50 mg tablets) once daily in patients with less than three lopinavir resistance-associated substitutions.
    • KALETRA oral solution 800/200 mg (10 mL) once daily in patients with less than three lopinavir resistance-associated substitutions.

    Once daily administration of KALETRA is not recommended for adult patients with three or more of the following lopinavir resistance-associated substitutions: L10F/I/R/V, K20M/N/R, L24I, L33F, M36I, I47V, G48V, I54L/T/V, V82A/C/F/S/T, and I84V [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.4)].

    KALETRA should not be administered once daily in combination with carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin [see Drug Interactions (7)].

    Concomitant Therapy: Efavirenz, Nevirapine, Amprenavir or Nelfinavir

    [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) and [Drug Interactions (7.3)]

    KALETRA tablets and oral solution should not be administered as a once daily regimen in combination with efavirenz, nevirapine, amprenavir, or nelfinavir.

    • A dose increase is recommended for all patients who use KALETRA tablets. The recommended dose of KALETRA tablets is 500/125 mg (such as two 200/50 tablets and one 100/25 mg tablet) twice daily in combination with efavirenz, nevirapine, amprenavir or nelfinavir.
    • A dose increase is recommended for all patients who use KALETRA oral solution. The recommended dose of KALETRA oral solution is 533/133 mg (6.5 mL) twice daily when used in combination with efavirenz, nevirapine, amprenavir or nelfinavir.

    2.2 Pediatric Patients

    KALETRA tablets and oral solution should not be administered once daily in pediatric patients < 18 years of age.

    KALETRA oral solution should not be administered to neonates before a postmenstrual age (first day of the mother’s last menstrual period to birth plus the time elapsed after birth) of 42 weeks and a postnatal age of at least 14 days has been attained [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

    KALETRA oral solution contains 42.4% (v/v) alcohol and 15.3% (w/v) propylene glycol. Special attention should be given to accurate calculation of the dose of KALETRA, transcription of the medication order, dispensing information and dosing instructions to minimize the risk for medication errors, and overdose. This is especially important for infants and young children. Total amounts of alcohol and propylene glycol from all medicines that are to be given to pediatric patients 14 days to 6 months of age should be taken into account in order to avoid toxicity from these excipients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Overdosage (10)].

    Prescribers should calculate the appropriate dose of KALETRA for each individual child based on body weight (kg) or body surface area (BSA) to avoid underdosing or exceeding the recommended adult dose.

    Body surface area (BSA) can be calculated as follows:

    Body surface area equation.

    The KALETRA dose can be calculated based on weight or BSA:

    Based on Weight:

    Patient Weight (kg) × Prescribed lopinavir dose (mg/kg) = Administered lopinavir dose (mg)

    Based on BSA:

    Patient BSA (m2) × Prescribed lopinavir dose (mg/m2) = Administered lopinavir dose (mg)

    If KALETRA oral solution is used, the volume (mL) of KALETRA solution can be determined as follows:

    Volume of KALETRA solution (mL) = Administered lopinavir dose (mg) ÷ 80 (mg/mL)

    The dose of the oral solution should be administered using a calibrated dosing syringe.

    Before prescribing KALETRA 100/25 mg tablets, children should be assessed for the ability to swallow intact tablets. If a child is unable to reliably swallow a KALETRA tablet, the KALETRA oral solution formulation should be prescribed.

    14 Days to 6 Months:

    In pediatric patients 14 days to 6 months of age, the recommended dosage of lopinavir/ritonavir using KALETRA oral solution is 16/4 mg/kg or 300/75 mg/m2 twice daily. Prescribers should calculate the appropriate dose based on body weight or body surface area.

    Because no data exists for dosage when administered with efavirenz, nevirapine, amprenavir, or nelfinavir, it is recommended that KALETRA not be administered in combination with these drugs in patients < 6 months of age.

    6 Months to 18 Years:

    Without Concomitant Efavirenz, Nevirapine, Amprenavir or Nelfinavir

    Dosing recommendations using oral solution

    In children 6 months to 18 years of age, the recommended dosage of lopinavir/ritonavir using KALETRA oral solution without concomitant efavirenz, nevirapine, amprenavir, or nelfinavir is 230/57.5 mg/m2 given twice daily, not to exceed the recommended adult dose (400/100 mg [5 mL] twice daily). If weight-based dosing is preferred, the recommended dosage of lopinavir/ritonavir for patients < 15 kg is 12/3 mg/kg given twice daily and the dosage for patients ≥ 15 kg to 40 kg is 10/2.5 mg/kg given twice daily.

    Dosing recommendations using tablets

    Table 1 provides the dosing recommendations for pediatric patients 6 months to 18 years of age based on body weight or body surface area for KALETRA tablets.

    Table 1. Pediatric Dosing Recommendations for Patients 6 Months to 18 Years of Age Based on Body Weight or Body Surface Area for KALETRA Tablets Without Concomitant Efavirenz, Nevirapine, Amprenavir, or Nelfinavir
    Body Weight (kg)Body Surface Area (m2)*Recommended number of
    100/25 mg Tablets Twice Daily
    15 to 25≥0.6 to < 0.92
    >25 to 35≥0.9 to < 1.43
    >35≥1.44 (or two 200/50 mg tablets)
    * KALETRA oral solution is available for children with a BSA less than 0.6 m2 or those who are unable to reliably swallow a tablet.

    Concomitant Therapy: Efavirenz, Nevirapine, Amprenavir, or Nelfinavir

    Dosing recommendations using oral solution

    A dose increase of KALETRA to 300/75 mg/m2 using KALETRA oral solution is needed when co-administered with efavirenz, nevirapine, amprenavir, or nelfinavir in children (both treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced) 6 months to 18 years of age, not to exceed the recommended adult dose (533/133 mg [6.5 mL] twice daily). If weight-based dosing is preferred, the recommended dosage for patients <15 kg is 13/3.25 mg/kg given twice daily and the dosage for patients >15 kg to 45 kg is 11/2.75 mg/kg given twice daily.

    Dosing recommendations using tablets

    Table 2 provides the dosing recommendations for pediatric patients 6 months to 18 years of age based on body weight or body surface area for KALETRA tablets when given in combination with efavirenz, nevirapine, amprenavir, or nelfinavir.

    Table 2. Pediatric Dosing Recommendations for Patients 6 Months to 18 Years of Age Based on Body Weight or Body Surface Area for KALETRA Tablets With Concomitant Efavirenz†, Nevirapine, Amprenavir† or Nelfinavir†
    Body Weight (kg)Body Surface Area (m2)*Recommended number of
    100/25 mg Tablets Twice Daily
    15 to 20≥0.6 to < 0.82
    >20 to 30≥0.8 to < 1.23
    >30 to 45≥1.2 to <1.74 (or two 200/50 mg tablets)
    >45≥1.75 [see Dosage and Administration, Adult Patients (2.1)]
    * KALETRA oral solution is available for children with a BSA less than 0.6 m2 or those who are unable to reliably swallow a tablet.
    † Please refer to the individual product labels for appropriate dosing in children.
  • 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

    • KALETRA Tablets, 200 mg lopinavir/50 mg ritonavir
      Yellow, film-coated, ovaloid tablets debossed with the corporate Abbott “A” logo and the Abbo-Code KA providing 200 mg lopinavir/50 mg ritonavir.
    • KALETRA Tablets, 100 mg lopinavir/25 mg ritonavir
      Pale yellow, film-coated, ovaloid tablets debossed with the corporate Abbott “A” logo and the Abbo-Code KC providing 100 mg lopinavir/25 mg ritonavir.
    • KALETRA Oral Solution
      Light yellow to orange colored liquid containing 400 mg lopinavir/100 mg ritonavir per 5 mL (80 mg lopinavir/20 mg ritonavir per mL).
  • 4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

    • KALETRA is contraindicated in patients with previously demonstrated clinically significant hypersensitivity (e.g., toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme) to any of its ingredients, including ritonavir.
    • Co-administration of KALETRA is contraindicated with drugs that are highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance and for which elevated plasma concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening reactions.
    • Co-administration of KALETRA is contraindicated with potent CYP3A inducers where significantly reduced lopinavir plasma concentrations may be associated with the potential for loss of virologic response and possible resistance and cross-resistance. These drugs are listed in Table 3.
    Table 3. Drugs That are Contraindicated with KALETRA
    Drug ClassDrugs Within Class That are Contraindicated with KALETRAClinical Comments
    Alpha 1- Adrenoreceptor AntagonistAlfuzosinPotentially increased alfuzosin concentrations can result in hypotension.
    AntimycobacterialRifampinMay lead to loss of virologic response and possible resistance to KALETRA or to the class of protease inhibitors or other co-administered antiretroviral agents [see Drug Interactions (7)].
    Ergot DerivativesDihydroergotamine, ergonovine, ergotamine, methylergonovinePotential for acute ergot toxicity characterized by peripheral vasospasm and ischemia of the extremities and other tissues.
    GI Motility AgentCisapridePotential for cardiac arrhythmias.
    Herbal Products St. John's Wort (hypericum perforatum)May lead to loss of virologic response and possible resistance to KALETRA or to the class of protease inhibitors.
    HMG-CoA Reductase InhibitorsLovastatin, simvastatinPotential for myopathy including rhabdomyolysis.
    PDE5 Enzyme InhibitorSildenafila (Revatio®) when used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertensionA safe and effective dose has not been established when used with KALETRA. There is an increased potential for sildenafil-associated adverse events, including visual abnormalities, hypotension, prolonged erection, and syncope [see Drug Interactions (7)].
    NeurolepticPimozidePotential for cardiac arrhythmias.
    Sedative/HypnoticsTriazolam;
    orally administered midazolamb    		Prolonged or increased sedation or respiratory depression.
    a see Drug Interactions (7), Table 9 for co-administration of sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction.
    bsee Drug Interactions (7), Table 9 for parenterally administered midazolam.
  • 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

    5.1 Drug Interactions - CYP3A Enzyme Inhibition

    KALETRA is a CYP3A inhibitor. Initiating treatment with KALETRA in patients receiving medications metabolized by CYP3A or initiating medications metabolized by CYP3A in patients already maintained on KALETRA may result in increased plasma concentrations of concomitant medications. Higher plasma concentrations of concomitant medications can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic or adverse effects, potentially leading to severe, life-threatening or fatal events. The potential for drug-drug interactions must be considered prior to and during therapy with KALETRA. Review of other medications taken by patients and monitoring of patients for adverse effects is recommended during therapy with KALETRA.

    See Tables 3 and 9 for listing of drugs that are contraindicated for use with KALETRA due to potentially life-threatening adverse events, significant drug interactions, or loss of virologic activity [see Contraindications (4) and Drug Interactions (7)].

    5.2 Toxicity in Preterm Neonates

    KALETRA oral solution contains the excipients alcohol (42.4% v/v) and propylene glycol (15.3% w/v). When administered concomitantly with propylene glycol, ethanol competitively inhibits the metabolism of propylene glycol, which may lead to elevated concentrations. Preterm neonates may be at increased risk of propylene glycol-associated adverse events due to diminished ability to metabolize propylene glycol, thereby leading to accumulation and potential adverse events. Postmarketing life-threatening cases of cardiac toxicity (including complete AV block, bradycardia, and cardiomyopathy), lactic acidosis, acute renal failure, CNS depression and respiratory complications leading to death have been reported, predominantly in preterm neonates receiving KALETRA oral solution.

    KALETRA oral solution should not be used in preterm neonates in the immediate postnatal period because of possible toxicities. A safe and effective dose of KALETRA oral solution in this patient population has not been established. However, if the benefit of using KALETRA oral solution to treat HIV infection in infants immediately after birth outweighs the potential risks, infants should be monitored closely for increases in serum osmolality and serum creatinine, and for toxicity related to KALETRA oral solution including: hyperosmolality, with or without lactic acidosis, renal toxicity, CNS depression (including stupor, coma, and apnea), seizures, hypotonia, cardiac arrhythmias and ECG changes, and hemolysis. Total amounts of alcohol and propylene glycol from all medicines that are to be given to infants should be taken into account in order to avoid toxicity from these excipients [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Overdosage (10)].

    5.3 Pancreatitis

    Pancreatitis has been observed in patients receiving KALETRA therapy, including those who developed marked triglyceride elevations. In some cases, fatalities have been observed. Although a causal relationship to KALETRA has not been established, marked triglyceride elevations are a risk factor for development of pancreatitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)]. Patients with advanced HIV-1 disease may be at increased risk of elevated triglycerides and pancreatitis, and patients with a history of pancreatitis may be at increased risk for recurrence during KALETRA therapy.

    Pancreatitis should be considered if clinical symptoms (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain) or abnormalities in laboratory values (such as increased serum lipase or amylase values) suggestive of pancreatitis occur. Patients who exhibit these signs or symptoms should be evaluated and KALETRA and/or other antiretroviral therapy should be suspended as clinically appropriate.

    5.4 Hepatotoxicity

    Patients with underlying hepatitis B or C or marked elevations in transaminase prior to treatment may be at increased risk for developing or worsening of transaminase elevations or hepatic decompensation with use of KALETRA.

    There have been postmarketing reports of hepatic dysfunction, including some fatalities. These have generally occurred in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease taking multiple concomitant medications in the setting of underlying chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. A causal relationship with KALETRA therapy has not been established.

    Elevated transaminases with or without elevated bilirubin levels have been reported in HIV-1 mono-infected and uninfected patients as early as 7 days after the initiation of KALETRA in conjunction with other antiretroviral agents. In some cases, the hepatic dysfunction was serious; however, a definitive causal relationship with KALETRA therapy has not been established.

    Appropriate laboratory testing should be conducted prior to initiating therapy with KALETRA and patients should be monitored closely during treatment. Increased AST/ALT monitoring should be considered in the patients with underlying chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis, especially during the first several months of KALETRA treatment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].

    5.5 Diabetes Mellitus/Hyperglycemia

    New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of pre-existing diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia have been reported during post-marketing surveillance in HIV-1 infected patients receiving protease inhibitor therapy. Some patients required either initiation or dose adjustments of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents for treatment of these events. In some cases, diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred. In those patients who discontinued protease inhibitor therapy, hyperglycemia persisted in some cases. Because these events have been reported voluntarily during clinical practice, estimates of frequency cannot be made and a causal relationship between protease inhibitor therapy and these events has not been established.

    5.6 PR Interval Prolongation

    Lopinavir/ritonavir prolongs the PR interval in some patients. Cases of second or third degree atrioventricular block have been reported. KALETRA should be used with caution in patients with underlying structural heart disease, pre-existing conduction system abnormalities, ischemic heart disease or cardiomyopathies, as these patients may be at increased risk for developing cardiac conduction abnormalities.

    The impact on the PR interval of co-administration of KALETRA with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers, beta-adrenergic blockers, digoxin and atazanavir) has not been evaluated. As a result, co-administration of KALETRA with these drugs should be undertaken with caution, particularly with those drugs metabolized by CYP3A. Clinical monitoring is recommended [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

    5.7 QT Interval Prolongation

    Postmarketing cases of QT interval prolongation and torsade de pointes have been reported although causality of KALETRA could not be established. Avoid use in patients with congenital long QT syndrome, those with hypokalemia, and with other drugs that prolong the QT interval [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

    5.8 Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

    Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including KALETRA. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia [PCP], or tuberculosis) which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.

    Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves’ disease, polymyositis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution, however, the time to onset is more variable, and can occur many months after initiation of treatment.

    5.9 Fat Redistribution

    Redistribution/accumulation of body fat including central obesity, dorsocervical fat enlargement (buffalo hump), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and "cushingoid appearance" have been observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. The mechanism and long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. A causal relationship has not been established.

    5.10 Lipid Elevations

    Treatment with KALETRA has resulted in large increases in the concentration of total cholesterol and triglycerides [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Triglyceride and cholesterol testing should be performed prior to initiating KALETRA therapy and at periodic intervals during therapy. Lipid disorders should be managed as clinically appropriate, taking into account any potential drug-drug interactions with KALETRA and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors [see Contraindications (4) and Drug Interactions (7.3)].

    5.11 Patients with Hemophilia

    Increased bleeding, including spontaneous skin hematomas and hemarthrosis have been reported in patients with hemophilia type A and B treated with protease inhibitors. In some patients additional factor VIII was given. In more than half of the reported cases, treatment with protease inhibitors was continued or reintroduced. A causal relationship between protease inhibitor therapy and these events has not been established.

    5.12 Resistance/Cross-resistance

    Because the potential for HIV cross-resistance among protease inhibitors has not been fully explored in KALETRA-treated patients, it is unknown what effect therapy with KALETRA will have on the activity of subsequently administered protease inhibitors [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.4)].

  • 6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

    The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling.

    • PR Interval Prolongation, QT Interval Prolongation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6, 5.7)]
    • Drug Interactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
    • Pancreatitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
    • Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]

    Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reactions rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

    6.1 Adults - Clinical Trials Experience

    The safety profile of KALETRA in adults is primarily based on 1,964 HIV-1 infected patients in clinical trials.

    The most common adverse reaction was diarrhea, which was generally of mild to moderate severity. In study 730, the incidence of diarrhea of any severity during 48 weeks of therapy was 60% in patients receiving KALETRA tablets once daily compared to 57% in patients receiving KALETRA tablets twice daily. More patients receiving KALETRA tablets once daily (14, 4.2%) had ongoing diarrhea at the time of discontinuation as compared to patients receiving KALETRA tablets twice daily (6, 1.8%). In study 730, discontinuations due to any adverse reaction were 4.8% in patients receiving KALETRA tablets once daily as compared to 3% in patients receiving KALETRA tablets twice daily. In study 802, the incidence of diarrhea of any severity during 48 weeks of therapy was 50% in patients receiving KALETRA tablets once daily compared to 39% in patients receiving KALETRA tablets twice daily. Moderate or severe drug-related diarrhea occurred in 14% of patients receiving KALETRA tablets once daily as compared to 11% in patients receiving KALETRA tablets twice daily. At the time of discontinuation, 19 (6.3%) patients receiving KALETRA tablets once daily had ongoing diarrhea, as compared to 11 (3.7%) patients receiving KALETRA tablets twice daily. Discontinuations due to any adverse reaction occurred in 4.3% of patients receiving KALETRA tablets once daily compared to 7.0% in patients receiving KALETRA tablets twice daily. In study 863, discontinuations of randomized therapy due to adverse reactions were 3.4% in KALETRA-treated and 3.7% in nelfinavir-treated patients.

    Treatment-emergent clinical adverse reactions of moderate or severe intensity in ≥ 2% of patients treated with combination therapy for up to 48 weeks (Studies 863 and 730) and for up to 360 weeks (Study 720) are presented in Table 4 (treatment-naïve patients); and for up to 48 weeks (Studies 888 and 802), 84 weeks (Study 957) and 144 weeks (Study 765) in Table 5 (protease inhibitor-experienced patients).

    Table 4. Percentage of Adult Patients with Selected Treatment-Emergent1 Adverse Reactions of Moderate or Severe Intensity Reported in ≥ 2% of Adult Antiretroviral-Naïve Patients
     Study 863
    (48 Weeks)    		Study 720
    (360 Weeks)    		Study 730
    (48 Weeks)
     KALETRA 400/100 mg Twice Daily + d4T + 3TC
    (N = 326)    		Nelfinavir 750 mg Three Times Daily + d4T + 3TC
    (N = 327)    		KALETRA Twice Daily2 + d4T + 3TC
    (N = 100)    		KALETRA 800/200 mg Once Daily + TDF +FTC (N=333)KALETRA 400/100 mg Twice Daily + TDF +FTC (N=331)
    Endocrine Disorders    
    Hypogonadism0%0%2%0%0%
    Gastrointestinal Disorders     
    Diarrhea16%17%28%17%15%
    Nausea7%5%16%7%5%
    Vomiting2%2%6%3%4%
    Abdominal Pain 4%3%11%1%1%
    Dyspepsia2%<1%6%0%0%
    Flatulence2%1%4%1%1%
    General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions    
    Asthenia4%3%9%<1%<1%
    Infections and Infestations    
    Bronchitis0%0%2%0%<1%
    Investigations    
    Weight Decreased1%<1%2%0%<1%
    Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders     
    Anorexia1%<1%2%<1%1%
    Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders     
    Myalgia1%1%2%0%0%
    Nervous System Disorders     
    Headache2%2%6%2%2%
    Paresthesia1%1%2%0%0%
    Psychiatric Disorders    
    Insomnia2%1%3%1%0%
    Depression1%2%0%0%0%
    Libido Decreased<1%<1%2%0%<1%
    Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders     
    Rash1%2%5%<1%1%
    Vascular Disorders     
    Vasodilation0%0%3%0%0%
    1   Includes adverse reactions of possible or probable relationship to study drug.
    2   Includes adverse reaction data from dose group I (200/100 mg twice daily [N = 16] and 400/100 mg twice daily [N = 16]) and dose group II (400/100 mg twice daily [N = 35] and 400/200 mg twice daily [N = 33]). Within dosing groups, moderate to severe nausea of probable/possible relationship to KALETRA occurred at a higher rate in the 400/200 mg dose arm compared to the 400/100 mg dose arm in group II.
    Definitions: d4T = Stavudine; 3TC = Lamivudine; TDF = Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate; FTC = Emtricitabine
    Table 5. Percentage of Adult Patients with Selected Treatment-Emergent1 Adverse Reactions of Moderate or Severe Intensity Reported in ≥ 2% of Adult Protease Inhibitor-Experienced Patients
     Study 888
    (48 Weeks)    		Study 9572 and Study 7653
    (84-144 Weeks)    		Study 802
    (48 Weeks)
     KALETRA 400/100 mg Twice Daily + NVP + NRTIs
    (N = 148)    		Investigator-Selected Protease Inhibitor(s) + NVP + NRTIs
    (N = 140)    		KALETRA Twice Daily + NNRTI + NRTIs
    (N = 127)    		KALETRA 800/200 mg Once Daily +NRTIs
    (N=300)    		KALETRA 400/100 mg Twice Daily + NRTIs
    (N=299)
    Gastrointestinal Disorders     
    Diarrhea7%9%23%14%11%
    Nausea7%16%5%3%7%
    Vomiting4%12%2%2%3%
    Abdominal Pain2%2%4%2%<1%
    Abdominal Pain UpperN/AN/AN/A1%2%
    Dyspepsia1%1%2%1%<1%
    Flatulence 1%2%2%1%1%
    Dysphasia2%1%0%0%0%
    General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions     
    Asthenia3%6%9%<1%<1%
    Pyrexia2%1%2%0%<1%
    Chills2%0%0%0%0%
    Investigations     
    Weight Decreased0%1%3%<1%<1%
    Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders     
    Anorexia1%3%0%0%1%
    Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders     
    Myalgia1%1%2%0%0%
    Nervous System Disorders     
    Headache2%3%2%<1%0%
    Paresthesia0%1%2%0%0%
    Psychiatric Disorders     
    Depression1%2%3%<1%0%
    Insomnia0%2%2%0%<1%
    Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders     
    Rash2%1%2%0%0%
    Vascular Disorders     
    Hypertension0%0%2%0%0%
    1   Includes adverse reactions of possible or probable relationship to study drug.
    2   Includes adverse reaction data from patients receiving 400/100 mg twice daily (n = 29) or 533/133 mg twice daily (n = 28) for 84 weeks. Patients received KALETRA in combination with NRTIs and efavirenz.
    3   Includes adverse reaction data from patients receiving 400/100 mg twice daily (n = 36) or 400/200 mg twice daily (n = 34) for 144 weeks. Patients received KALETRA in combination with NRTIs and nevirapine.
    Definitions: NVP = Nevirapine; NRTI = Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; NNRTI = Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

    Less Common Adverse Reactions

    Treatment-emergent adverse reactions occurring in less than 2% of adult patients receiving KALETRA in the clinical trials supporting approval and of at least moderate intensity are listed below by system organ class.

    Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders

    Anemia, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy, neutropenia, and splenomegaly.

    Cardiac Disorders

    Angina pectoris, atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular block, myocardial infarction, palpitations, and tricuspid valve incompetence.

    Ear and Labyrinth Disorders

    Hyperacusis, tinnitus, and vertigo.

    Endocrine Disorders

    Cushing's syndrome and hypothyroidism.

    Eye Disorders

    Eye disorder and visual disturbance.

    Gastrointestinal Disorders

    Abdominal discomfort, abdominal distension, abdomen pain lower, constipation, duodenitis, dry mouth, enteritis, enterocolitis, enterocolitis hemorrhagic, eructation, esophagitis, fecal incontinence, gastric disorder, gastric ulcer, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hemorrhoids, mouth ulceration, pancreatitis, periodontitis, rectal hemorrhage, stomach discomfort, and stomatitis.

    General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions

    Chest pain, cyst, drug interaction, edema, edema peripheral, face edema, fatigue, hypertrophy, and malaise.

    Hepatobiliary Disorders

    Cholangitis, cholecystitis, cytolytic hepatitis, hepatic steatosis, hepatitis, hepatomegaly, jaundice, and liver tenderness.

    Immune System Disorders

    Drug hypersensitivity, hypersensitivity, and immune reconstitution syndrome.

    Infections and Infestations

    Bacterial infection, bronchopneumonia, cellulitis, folliculitis, furuncle, gastroenteritis, influenza, otitis media, perineal abscess, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sialoadenitis, sinusitis, and viral infection.

    Investigations

    Drug level increased, glucose tolerance decreased, and weight increased.

    Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders

    Decreased appetite, dehydration, diabetes mellitus, hypovitaminosis, increased appetite, lactic acidosis, lipomatosis, and obesity.

    Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders

    Arthralgia, arthropathy, back pain, muscular weakness, osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, and pain in extremity.

    Neoplasms Benign, Malignant and Unspecified (incl Cysts and Polyps)

    Benign neoplasm of skin, lipoma, and neoplasm.

    Nervous System Disorders

    Ageusia, amnesia, ataxia, balance disorder, cerebral infarction, convulsion, dizziness, dysgeusia, dyskinesia, encephalopathy, extrapyramidal disorder, facial palsy, hypertonia, migraine, neuropathy, neuropathy peripheral, somnolence, and tremor.

    Psychiatric Disorders

    Abnormal dreams, affect lability, agitation, anxiety, apathy, confusional state, disorientation, mood swings, nervousness, and thinking abnormal.

    Renal and Urinary Disorders

    Hematuria, nephritis, nephrolithiasis, renal disorder, urine abnormality, and urine odor abnormal.

    Reproductive System and Breast Disorders

    Breast enlargement, ejaculation disorder, erectile dysfunction, gynecomastia, and menorrhagia.

    Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders

    Asthma, cough, dyspnea, and pulmonary edema.

    Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders

    Acne, alopecia, dermatitis acneiform, dermatitis allergic, dermatitis exfoliative, dry skin, eczema, hyperhidrosis, idiopathic capillaritis, nail disorder, pruritis, rash generalized, rash maculo-papular, seborrhea, skin discoloration, skin hypertrophy, skin striae, skin ulcer, and swelling face.

    Vascular Disorders

    Deep vein thrombosis, orthostatic hypotension, thrombophlebitis, varicose vein, and vasculitis.

    Laboratory Abnormalities

    The percentages of adult patients treated with combination therapy with Grade 3-4 laboratory abnormalities are presented in Table 6 (treatment-naïve patients) and Table 7 (treatment-experienced patients).

    Table 6. Grade 3-4 Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in ≥ 2% of Adult Antiretroviral-Naïve Patients
      Study 863
    (48 Weeks)    		Study 720
    (360 Weeks)     		Study 730
    (48 Weeks)
    VariableLimit1KALETRA
    400/100 mg Twice Daily + d4T +3TC
    (N = 326)    		Nelfinavir
    750 mg Three Times Daily + d4T + 3TC
    (N = 327)    		KALETRA
    Twice Daily + d4T + 3TC
    (N = 100)    		KALETRA
    Once Daily + TDF +FTC
    (N=333)    		KALETRA
    Twice Daily + TDF +FTC
    (N=331)
    ChemistryHigh    
    Glucose > 250 mg/dL 2%2%4%0%<1%
    Uric Acid > 12 mg/dL 2%2%5%<1%1%
    SGOT/
    AST2    		 > 180 U/L 2%4%10%1%2%
    SGPT/
    ALT2     		>215 U/L4%4%11%1%1%
    GGT>300 U/LN/AN/A10%N/AN/A
    Total
    Cholesterol    		>300 mg/dL9%5%27%4%3%
    Triglycerides>750 mg/dL9%1%29%3%6%
    Amylase>2 x ULN3%2%4%N/AN/A
    Lipase>2 x ULNN/AN/AN/A3%5%
    ChemistryLow     
    Calculated Creatinine Clearance<50 mL/minN/AN/AN/A2%2%
    HematologyLow    
    Neutrophils<0.75 x 109/L1%3%5%2%1%
    1   ULN = upper limit of the normal range; N/A = Not Applicable.
    2   Criterion for Study 730 was >5x ULN (AST/ALT).
    Table 7. Grade 3-4 Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in ≥ 2% of Adult Protease Inhibitor-Experienced Patients
      Study 888
    (48 Weeks)    		Study 9572 and Study 7653
    (84-144 Weeks)    		Study 802
    (48 Weeks)
    VariableLimit1KALETRA
    400/100 mg Twice Daily + NVP + NRTIs
    (N = 148)    		Investigator-Selected Protease Inhibitor(s) + NVP + NRTIs
    (N = 140)    		KALETRA
    Twice Daily + NNRTI + NRTIs
    (N = 127)    		KALETRA
    800/200 mg Once Daily +NRTIs
    (N=300)    		KALETRA
    400/100 mg Twice Daily +NRTIs
    (N=299)
    ChemistryHigh     
    Glucose>250 mg/dL1%2%5%2%2%
    Total Bilirubin>3.48 mg/dL1%3%1%1%1%
    SGOT/AST4>180 U/L5%11%8%3%2%
    SGPT/ALT4>215 U/L6%13%10%2%2%
    GGT>300 U/LN/AN/A29%N/AN/A
    Total
    Cholesterol    		>300 mg/dL20%21%39%6%7%
    Triglycerides>750 mg/dL25%21%36%5%6%
    Amylase>2 x ULN4%8%8%4%4%
    Lipase>2 x ULNN/AN/AN/A4%1%
    Creatine
    Phosphokinase    		>4 x ULNN/AN/AN/A4%5%
    ChemistryLow     
    Calculated
    Creatinine
    Clearance    		<50 mL/minN/AN/AN/A3%3%
    Inorganic
    Phosphorus    		<1.5 mg/dL1%0%2%1%<1%
    HematologyLow     
    Neutrophils<0.75 x 109/L1%2%4%3%4%
    Hemoglobin<80 g/L1%1%1%1%2%
    1   ULN = upper limit of the normal range; N/A = Not Applicable.
    2   Includes clinical laboratory data from patients receiving 400/100 mg twice daily (n = 29) or 533/133 mg twice daily (n = 28) for 84 weeks. Patients received KALETRA in combination with NRTIs and efavirenz.
    3   Includes clinical laboratory data from patients receiving 400/100 mg twice daily (n = 36) or 400/200 mg twice daily (n = 34) for 144 weeks. Patients received KALETRA in combination with NRTIs and nevirapine.
    4 Criterion for Study 802 was >5x ULN (AST/ALT).

    6.2 Pediatric Patients - Clinical Trials Experience

    KALETRA oral solution dosed up to 300/75 mg/m2 has been studied in 100 pediatric patients 6 months to 12 years of age. The adverse reaction profile seen during Study 940 was similar to that for adult patients.

    Dysgeusia (22%), vomiting (21%), and diarrhea (12%) were the most common adverse reactions of any severity reported in pediatric patients treated with combination therapy for up to 48 weeks in Study 940. A total of 8 patients experienced adverse reactions of moderate to severe intensity. The adverse reactions meeting these criteria and reported for the 8 subjects include: hypersensitivity (characterized by fever, rash and jaundice), pyrexia, viral infection, constipation, hepatomegaly, pancreatitis, vomiting, alanine aminotransferase increased, dry skin, rash, and dysgeusia. Rash was the only event of those listed that occurred in 2 or more subjects (N = 3).

    KALETRA oral solution dosed at 300/75 mg/m2 has been studied in 31 pediatric patients 14 days to 6 months of age. The adverse reaction profile in Study 1030 was similar to that observed in older children and adults. No adverse reaction was reported in greater than 10% of subjects. Adverse drug reactions of moderate to severe intensity occurring in 2 or more subjects included decreased neutrophil count (N=3), anemia (N=2), high potassium (N=2), and low sodium (N=2).

    KALETRA oral solution and soft gelatin capsules dosed at higher than recommended doses including 400/100 mg/m2 (without concomitant NNRTI) and 480/120 mg/m2 (with concomitant NNRTI) have been studied in 26 pediatric patients 7 to 18 years of age in Study 1038. Patients also had saquinavir mesylate added to their regimen at Week 4. Rash (12%), blood cholesterol abnormal (12%) and blood triglycerides abnormal (12%) were the only adverse reactions reported in greater than 10% of subjects. Adverse drug reactions of moderate to severe intensity occurring in 2 or more subjects included rash (N=3), blood triglycerides abnormal (N=3), and electrocardiogram QT prolonged (N=2). Both subjects with QT prolongation had additional predisposing conditions such as electrolyte abnormalities, concomitant medications, or pre-existing cardiac abnormalities.

    Laboratory Abnormalities

    The percentages of pediatric patients treated with combination therapy including KALETRA with Grade 3-4 laboratory abnormalities are presented in Table 8.

    Table 8. Grade 3-4 Laboratory Abnormalities Reported in ≥ 2% Pediatric Patients in Study 940
    VariableLimit1KALETRA Twice Daily + RTIs
    (N = 100)
    ChemistryHigh 
         Sodium> 149 mEq/L3%
         Total Bilirubin≥ 3.0 x ULN3%
         SGOT/AST> 180 U/L8%
         SGPT/ALT> 215 U/L7%
         Total Cholesterol> 300 mg/dL3%
         Amylase> 2.5 x ULN7%2
    ChemistryLow 
         Sodium< 130 mEq/L3%
    HematologyLow 
         Platelet Count< 50 x 109/L4%
         Neutrophils< 0.40 x 109/L2%
    1   ULN = upper limit of the normal range.
    2   Subjects with Grade 3-4 amylase confirmed by elevations in pancreatic amylase.

    6.3 Postmarketing Experience

    The following adverse reactions have been reported during postmarketing use of KALETRA. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to KALETRA exposure.

    Body as a Whole
    Redistribution/accumulation of body fat has been reported [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].

    Cardiovascular
    Bradyarrhythmias. First-degree AV block, second-degree AV block, third-degree AV block, QTc interval prolongation, torsades (torsade) de pointes [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6, 5.7)].

    Skin and Appendages
    Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), Stevens-Johnson syndrome and erythema multiforme.

  • 7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

    See also Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.1), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)

    7.1 Potential for KALETRA to Affect Other Drugs

    Lopinavir/ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A and may increase plasma concentrations of agents that are primarily metabolized by CYP3A. Agents that are extensively metabolized by CYP3A and have high first pass metabolism appear to be the most susceptible to large increases in AUC (> 3-fold) when co-administered with KALETRA. Thus, co-administration of KALETRA with drugs highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance and for which elevated plasma concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening events is contraindicated. Co-administration with other CYP3A substrates may require a dose adjustment or additional monitoring as shown in Table 9.

    Additionally, KALETRA induces glucuronidation.

    7.2 Potential for Other Drugs to Affect Lopinavir

    Lopinavir/ritonavir is a CYP3A substrate; therefore, drugs that induce CYP3A may decrease lopinavir plasma concentrations and reduce KALETRA’s therapeutic effect. Although not observed in the KALETRA/ketoconazole drug interaction study, co-administration of KALETRA and other drugs that inhibit CYP3A may increase lopinavir plasma concentrations.

    7.3 Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions

    Table 9 provides a listing of established or potentially clinically significant drug interactions. Alteration in dose or regimen may be recommended based on drug interaction studies or predicted interaction [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) for magnitude of interaction].

    Table 9. Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions
    Concomitant Drug Class:
    Drug Name    		Effect on Concentration of Lopinavir or Concomitant DrugClinical Comments
    HIV-1 Antiviral Agents
    Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors:
    efavirenz*,
    nevirapine*    		↓ lopinavirKALETRA dose increase is recommended in all patients [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
    Increasing the dose of KALETRA tablets to 500/125 mg (given as two 200/50 mg tablets and one 100/25 mg tablet) twice daily co-administered with efavirenz resulted in similar lopinavir concentrations compared to KALETRA tablets 400/100 mg (given as two 200/50 mg tablets) twice daily without efavirenz.
    Increasing the dose of KALETRA tablets to 600/150 mg (given as three 200/50 mg tablets) twice daily co-administered with efavirenz resulted in significantly higher lopinavir plasma concentrations compared to KALETRA tablets 400/100 mg twice daily without efavirenz.
    KALETRA should not be administered once daily in combination with efavirenz or nevirapine
    [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
    Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor:
    delavirdine    		↑ lopinavirAppropriate doses of the combination with respect to safety and efficacy have not been established.
    Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor:
    didanosine    		 KALETRA tablets can be administered simultaneously with didanosine without food.
    For KALETRA oral solution, it is recommended that didanosine be administered on an empty stomach; therefore, didanosine should be given one hour before or two hours after KALETRA oral solution (given with food).
    Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor:
    tenofovir    		↑ tenofovirKALETRA increases tenofovir concentrations. The mechanism of this interaction is unknown. Patients receiving KALETRA and tenofovir should be monitored for adverse reactions associated with tenofovir.
    Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor:
    abacavir
    zidovudine    		↓ abacavir
    ↓ zidovudine    		KALETRA induces glucuronidation; therefore, KALETRA has the potential to reduce zidovudine and abacavir plasma concentrations. The clinical significance of this potential interaction is unknown.
    HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor:
    amprenavir*    		↑ amprenavir
    ↓ lopinavir    		KALETRA should not be administered once daily in combination with amprenavir
    [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)].
    HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor:
    fosamprenavir/ritonavir    		↓ amprenavir
    ↓ lopinavir    		An increased rate of adverse reactions has been observed with co-administration of these medications. Appropriate doses of the combinations with respect to safety and efficacy have not been established.
    HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor:
    indinavir*    		↑ indinavir Decrease indinavir dose to 600 mg twice daily, when co-administered with KALETRA 400/100 mg twice daily [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. KALETRA once daily has not been studied in combination with indinavir.
    HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor:
    nelfinavir*    		↑ nelfinavir
    ↑ M8 metabolite of nelfinavir
    ↓ lopinavir    		KALETRA should not be administered once daily in combination with nelfinavir
    [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
    HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor:
    ritonavir*    		↑ lopinavirAppropriate doses of additional ritonavir in combination with KALETRA with respect to safety and efficacy have not been established.
    HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor:
    saquinavir*    		↑ saquinavir The saquinavir dose is 1000 mg twice daily, when co-administered with KALETRA 400/100 mg twice daily.
    KALETRA once daily has not been studied in combination with saquinavir.
    HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor:
    tipranavir    		↓ lopinavir AUC and CminKALETRA should not be administered with tipranavir (500 mg twice daily) co-administered with ritonavir (200 mg twice daily).
    HIV CCR5 – Antagonist:
    maraviroc    		↑ maravirocConcurrent administration of maraviroc with KALETRA will increase plasma levels of maraviroc. When co-administered, patients should receive 150 mg twice daily of maraviroc. For further details see complete prescribing information for Selzentry® (maraviroc).
    Other Agents
    Antiarrhythmics:
    amiodarone,
    bepridil,
    lidocaine (systemic),
    quinidine    		↑ antiarrhythmicsCaution is warranted and therapeutic concentration monitoring (if available) is recommended for antiarrhythmics when co-administered with KALETRA.
    Anticancer Agents:
    vincristine,
    vinblastine,
    dasatinib,
    nilotinib    		↑ anticancer agentsConcentrations of these drugs may be increased when co-administered with KALETRA resulting in the potential for increased adverse events usually associated with these anticancer agents.
    For vincristine and vinblastine, consideration should be given to temporarily withholding the ritonavir-containing antiretroviral regimen in patients who develop significant hematologic or gastrointestinal side effects when KALETRA is administered concurrently with vincristine or vinblastine. If the antiretroviral regimen must be withheld for a prolonged period, consideration should be given to initiating a revised regimen that does not include a CYP3A or P-gp inhibitor.
    A decrease in the dosage or an adjustment of the dosing interval of nilotinib and dasatinib may be necessary for patients requiring co-administration with strong CYP3A inhibitors such as KALETRA. Please refer to the nilotinib and dasatinib prescribing information for dosing instructions.
    Anticoagulant:
    warfarin    		 Concentrations of warfarin may be affected. It is recommended that INR (international normalized ratio) be monitored.
    Anticonvulsants:
    carbamazepine,
    phenobarbital,
    phenytoin    		↓ lopinavir
    ↓ phenytoin    		KALETRA may be less effective due to decreased lopinavir plasma concentrations in patients taking these agents concomitantly and should be used with caution.
    KALETRA should not be administered once daily in combination with carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin.

    In addition, co-administration of phenytoin and KALETRA may cause decreases in steady-state phenytoin concentrations. Phenytoin levels should be monitored when co-administering with KALETRA.
    Antidepressant:
    bupropion    		↓ bupropion
    ↓ active metabolite,
    hydroxybupropion    		Concurrent administration of bupropion with KALETRA may decrease plasma levels of both bupropion and its active metabolite (hydroxybupropion). Patients receiving KALETRA and bupropion concurrently should be monitored for an adequate clinical response to bupropion.
    Antidepressant:
    trazodone
    		↑ trazodoneConcomitant use of trazodone and KALETRA may increase concentrations of trazodone. Adverse reactions of nausea, dizziness, hypotension and syncope have been observed following co-administration of trazodone and ritonavir. If trazodone is used with a CYP3A4 inhibitor such as ritonavir, the combination should be used with caution and a lower dose of trazodone should be considered.
    Anti-infective:
    clarithromycin    		↑ clarithromycinFor patients with renal impairment, the following dosage adjustments should be considered:
       For patients with CLCR 30 to 60 mL/min the dose
        of clarithromycin should be reduced by 50%.
       For patients with CLCR < 30 mL/min the dose
        of clarithromycin should be decreased by 75%.

    No dose adjustment for patients with normal renal function is necessary.
    Antifungals:
    ketoconazole*,
    itraconazole,
    voriconazole    		↑ ketoconazole
    ↑ itraconazole
    ↓ voriconazole     		High doses of ketoconazole (>200 mg/day) or itraconazole (> 200 mg/day) are not recommended.
    Co-administration of voriconazole with KALETRA has not been studied. However, a study has been shown that administration of voriconazole with ritonavir 100 mg every 12 hours decreased voriconazole steady-state AUC by an average of 39%; therefore, co-administration of KALETRA and voriconazole may result in decreased voriconazole concentrations and the potential for decreased voriconazole effectiveness and should be avoided, unless an assessment of the benefit/risk to the patient justifies the use of voriconazole. Otherwise, alternative antifungal therapies should be considered in these patients.
    Anti-gout:
    colchicine    		↑ colchicinePatients with renal or hepatic impairment should not be given colchicine with KALETRA.

    Treatment of gout flares-co-administration of colchicine in patients on KALETRA:

    0.6 mg (1 tablet) x 1 dose, followed by 0.3 mg (half tablet) 1 hour later. Dose to be repeated no earlier than 3 days.

    Prophylaxis of gout flares-co-administration of colchicine in patients on KALETRA:

    If the original colchicine regimen was 0.6 mg twice a day, the regimen should be adjusted to 0.3 mg once a day.

    If the original colchicine regimen was 0.6 mg once a day, the regimen should be adjusted to 0.3 mg once every other day.

    Treatment of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)-co-administration of colchicine in patients on KALETRA:

    Maximum daily dose of 0.6 mg (may be given as 0.3 mg twice a day).
    Antimycobacterial:
    rifabutin*    		↑ rifabutin and rifabutin metaboliteDosage reduction of rifabutin by at least 75% of the usual dose of 300 mg/day is recommended (i.e., a maximum dose of 150 mg every other day or three times per week). Increased monitoring for adverse reactions is warranted in patients receiving the combination. Further dosage reduction of rifabutin may be necessary.
    Antimycobacterial:
    rifampin    		↓ lopinavirMay lead to loss of virologic response and possible resistance to KALETRA or to the class of protease inhibitors or other co-administered antiretroviral agents. A study evaluated combination of rifampin 600 mg once daily, with KALETRA 800/200 mg twice daily or KALETRA 400/100 mg + ritonavir 300 mg twice daily. Pharmacokinetic and safety results from this study do not allow for a dose recommendation. Nine subjects (28%) experienced a ≥ grade 2 increase in ALT/AST, of which seven (21%) prematurely discontinued study per protocol. Based on the study design, it is not possible to determine whether the frequency or magnitude of the ALT/AST elevations observed is higher than what would be seen with rifampin alone [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) for magnitude of interaction].
    Antiparasitic:
    atovaquone    		↓ atovaquoneClinical significance is unknown; however, increase in atovaquone doses may be needed.
    Benzodiazepines: parenterally administered midazolam↑ midazolamMidazolam is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4. Increases in the concentration of midazolam are expected to be significantly higher with oral than parenteral administration. Therefore, KALETRA should not be given with orally administered midazolam [see Contraindications (4)]. If KALETRA is co-administered with parenteral midazolam, close clinical monitoring for respiratory depression and/or prolonged sedation should be exercised and dosage adjustment should be considered.
    Calcium Channel Blockers:
    dihydropyridine,
    felodipine,
    nifedipine,
    nicardipine    		↑ dihydropyridine calcium channel blockersCaution is warranted and clinical monitoring of patients is recommended.
    Contraceptive:
    ethinyl estradiol*    		↓ ethinyl estradiolBecause contraceptive steroid concentrations may be altered when KALETRA is co-administered with oral contraceptives or with the contraceptive patch, alternative methods of nonhormonal contraception are recommended.
    Corticosteroid:
    dexamethasone

    		↓ lopinavirUse with caution. KALETRA may be less effective due to decreased lopinavir plasma concentrations in patients taking these agents concomitantly.
    disulfiram/metronidazole KALETRA oral solution contains alcohol, which can produce disulfiram-like reactions when co-administered with disulfiram or other drugs that produce this reaction (e.g., metronidazole).
    Endothelin Receptor Antagonists:
    bosentan    		↑ bosentanCo-administration of bosentan in patients on KALETRA:

    In patients who have been receiving KALETRA for at least 10 days, start bosentan at 62.5 mg once daily or every other day based upon individual tolerability.

    Co-administration of KALETRA in patients on bosentan:

    Discontinue use of bosentan at least 36 hours prior to initiation of KALETRA.

    After at least 10 days following the initiation of KALETRA, resume bosentan at 62.5 mg once daily or every other day based upon individual tolerability.
    HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors:
    atorvastatin
    rosuvastatin    		↑ atorvastatin
    ↑ rosuvastatin    		Use atorvastatin with caution and at the lowest necessary dose. Titrate rosuvastatin dose carefully and use the lowest necessary dose; do not exceed rosuvastatin 10 mg/day. See Drugs with No Observed or Predicted Interactions with KALETRA (7.4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) for drug interaction data with other HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
    Immunosuppressants:
    cyclosporine,
    tacrolimus,
    rapamycin    		↑ immunosuppressantsTherapeutic concentration monitoring is recommended for immunosuppressant agents when co-administered with KALETRA.
    Inhaled Steroid:
    fluticasone    		↑ fluticasoneConcomitant use of fluticasone propionate and KALETRA may increase plasma concentrations of fluticasone propionate, resulting in significantly reduced serum cortisol concentrations. Systemic corticosteroid effects including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression have been reported during post-marketing use in patients receiving ritonavir and inhaled or intranasally administered fluticasone propionate. Co-administration of fluticasone propionate and KALETRA is not recommended unless the potential benefit to the patient outweighs the risk of systemic corticosteroid side effect.
    Long-acting beta-adrenoceptor Agonist:
    salmeterol    		↑ salmeterolConcurrent administration of salmeterol and KALETRA is not recommended. The combination may result in increased risk of cardiovascular adverse events associated with salmeterol, including QT prolongation, palpitations and sinus tachycardia.
    Narcotic Analgesic:
    methadone*
    fentanyl    		↓ methadone
    ↑ fentanyl    		Dosage of methadone may need to be increased when co-administered with KALETRA.
    Concentrations of fentanyl are expected to increase. Careful monitoring of therapeutic and adverse effects (including potentially fatal respiratory depression) is recommended when fentanyl is concomitantly administered with KALETRA.
    PDE5 inhibitors:
    sildenafil,
    tadalafil,
    vardenafil     		↑ sildenafil
    ↑ tadalafil
    ↑ vardenafil     		Particular caution should be used when prescribing sildenafil, tadalafil, or vardenafil in patients receiving KALETRA. Co-administration of KALETRA with these drugs is expected to substantially increase their concentrations and may result in an increase in PDE5 inhibitor associated adverse reactions including hypotension, syncope, visual changes and prolonged erection.

    Use of PDE5 inhibitors for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH):

    Sildenafil (Revatio®) is contraindicated when used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) because a safe and effective dose has not been established when used with KALETRA [see Contraindications (4)].

    The following dose adjustments are recommended for use of tadalafil (Adcirca®) with KALETRA:

    Co-administration of ADCIRCA in patients on KALETRA:

    In patients receiving KALETRA for at least one week, start ADCIRCA at 20 mg once daily. Increase to 40 mg once daily based upon individual tolerability.

    Co-administration of KALETRA in patients on ADCIRCA:

    Avoid use of ADCIRCA during the initiation of KALETRA. Stop ADCIRCA at least 24 hours prior to starting KALETRA. After at least one week following the initiation of KALETRA, resume ADCIRCA at 20 mg once daily. Increase to 40 mg once daily based upon individual tolerability.

    Use of PDE5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction:

    It is recommended not to exceed the following doses:
       Sildenafil: 25 mg every 48 hours
       Tadalafil: 10 mg every 72 hours
       Vardenafil: 2.5 mg every 72 hours

    Use with increased monitoring for adverse events.
    *   see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) for magnitude of interaction.

    7.4 Drugs with No Observed or Predicted Interactions with KALETRA

    Drug interaction studies reveal no clinically significant interaction between KALETRA and desipramine (CYP2D6 probe), pitavastatin, pravastatin, stavudine, lamivudine, omeprazole, or ranitidine.

    Based on known metabolic profiles, clinically significant drug interactions are not expected between KALETRA and dapsone, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, azithromycin, erythromycin, or fluconazole.

  • 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

    8.1 Pregnancy

    Pregnancy Category C.

    Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry: To monitor maternal-fetal outcomes of pregnant women exposed to KALETRA, an Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has been established. Physicians are encouraged to register patients by calling 1-800-258-4263.

    Human Data:

    There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. KALETRA should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

    Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry: As of January 2011, the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) has received prospective reports of 2458 exposures to lopinavir containing regimens (738 exposed in the first trimester and 1720 exposed in the second and third trimester). Birth defects occurred in 16 of the 738 (2.2%) live births (first trimester exposure) and 41 of the 1720 (2.4%) live births (second/third trimester exposure). Among pregnant women in the U.S. reference population, the background rate of birth defects is 2.7%. There was no association between lopinavir and overall birth defects observed in the APR.

    Animal Data:

    No treatment-related malformations were observed when lopinavir in combination with ritonavir was administered to pregnant rats or rabbits. Embryonic and fetal developmental toxicities (early resorption, decreased fetal viability, decreased fetal body weight, increased incidence of skeletal variations and skeletal ossification delays) occurred in rats at a maternally toxic dosage. Based on AUC measurements, the drug exposures in rats at the toxic doses were approximately 0.7-fold for lopinavir and 1.8-fold for ritonavir for males and females that of the exposures in humans at the recommended therapeutic dose (400/100 mg twice daily). In a peri- and postnatal study in rats, a developmental toxicity (a decrease in survival in pups between birth and postnatal Day 21) occurred.

    No embryonic and fetal developmental toxicities were observed in rabbits at a maternally toxic dosage. Based on AUC measurements, the drug exposures in rabbits at the toxic doses were approximately 0.6-fold for lopinavir and 1.0-fold for ritonavir that of the exposures in humans at the recommended therapeutic dose (400/100 mg twice daily).

    8.3 Nursing Mothers

    The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-1 infected mothers not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV-1. Studies in rats have demonstrated that lopinavir is secreted in milk. It is not known whether lopinavir is secreted in human milk. Because of both the potential for HIV-1 transmission and the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, mothers should be instructed not to breastfeed if they are receiving KALETRA.

    8.4 Pediatric Use

    The safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profiles of KALETRA in pediatric patients below the age of 14 days have not been established. KALETRA once daily has not been evaluated in pediatric patients.

    An open-label, multi-center, dose-finding trial was performed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile, tolerability, safety and efficacy of KALETRA oral solution containing lopinavir 80 mg/mL and ritonavir 20 mg/mL at a dose of 300/75 mg/m2 twice daily plus two NRTIs in HIV-infected infants ≥14 days and < 6 months of age. Results revealed that infants younger than 6 months of age generally had lower lopinavir AUC12 than older children (6 months to 12 years of age), however, despite the lower lopinavir drug exposure observed, antiviral activity was demonstrated as reflected in the proportion of subjects who achieved HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL at Week 24 [see Adverse Reactions (6.2), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3), Clinical Studies (14.4)].

    Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients > 6 months of age was demonstrated in a clinical trial in 100 patients. The clinical trial was an open-label, multicenter trial evaluating the pharmacokinetic profile, tolerability, safety, and efficacy of KALETRA oral solution containing lopinavir 80 mg/mL and ritonavir 20 mg/mL in 100 antiretroviral naïve and experienced pediatric patients ages 6 months to 12 years. Dose selection for patients 6 months to 12 years of age was based on the following results. The 230/57.5 mg/m2 oral solution twice daily regimen without nevirapine and the 300/75 mg/m2 oral solution twice daily regimen with nevirapine provided lopinavir plasma concentrations similar to those obtained in adult patients receiving the 400/100 mg twice daily regimen (without nevirapine) [see Adverse Reactions (6.2), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3), Clinical Studies (14.4)].

    A prospective multicenter, open-label trial evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile, tolerability, safety and efficacy of high-dose KALETRA with or without concurrent NNRTI therapy (Group 1: 400/100 mg/m2 twice daily + ≥ 2 NRTIs; Group 2: 480/120 mg/m2 twice daily + ≥ 1 NRTI + 1 NNRTI) in children and adolescents ≥ 2 years to < 18 years of age who had failed prior therapy. Patients also had saquinavir mesylate added to their regimen. This strategy was intended to assess whether higher than approved doses of KALETRA could overcome protease inhibitor cross-resistance. High doses of KALETRA exhibited a safety profile similar to those observed in previous trials; changes in HIV-1 RNA were less than anticipated; three patients had HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL at Week 48. CD4+ cell count increases were noted in the eight patients who remained on treatment for 48 weeks [see Adverse Reactions (6.2), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

    8.5 Geriatric Use

    Clinical studies of KALETRA did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, appropriate caution should be exercised in the administration and monitoring of KALETRA in elderly patients reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

    8.6 Hepatic Impairment

    KALETRA is principally metabolized by the liver; therefore, caution should be exercised when administering this drug to patients with hepatic impairment, because lopinavir concentrations may be increased [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

  • 10 OVERDOSAGE

    Overdoses with KALETRA oral solution have been reported. One of these reports described fatal cardiogenic shock in a 2.1 kg infant who received a single dose of 6.5 mL of KALETRA oral solution (520 mg lopinavir, approximately 10-fold above the recommended lopinavir dose) nine days prior. The following events have been reported in association with unintended overdoses in preterm neonates: complete AV block, cardiomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and acute renal failure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]. Healthcare professionals should be aware that KALETRA oral solution is highly concentrated and therefore, should pay special attention to accurate calculation of the dose of KALETRA, transcription of the medication order, dispensing information and dosing instructions to minimize the risk for medication errors and overdose. This is especially important for infants and young children.

    KALETRA oral solution contains 42.4% alcohol (v/v) and 15.3% propylene glycol (w/v). Ingestion of the product over the recommended dose by an infant or a young child could result in significant toxicity and could potentially be lethal.

    Human experience of acute overdosage with KALETRA is limited. Treatment of overdose with KALETRA should consist of general supportive measures including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the clinical status of the patient. There is no specific antidote for overdose with KALETRA. If indicated, elimination of unabsorbed drug should be achieved by gastric lavage. Administration of activated charcoal may also be used to aid in removal of unabsorbed drug. Since lopinavir is highly protein bound, dialysis is unlikely to be beneficial in significant removal of the drug. However, dialysis can remove both alcohol and propylene glycol in the case of overdose with KALETRA oral solution.

  • 11 DESCRIPTION

    KALETRA (lopinavir/ritonavir) is a co-formulation of lopinavir and ritonavir. Lopinavir is an inhibitor of the HIV-1 protease. As co-formulated in KALETRA, ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of lopinavir, thereby providing increased plasma levels of lopinavir.

    Lopinavir is chemically designated as [1S-[1R*,(R*), 3R*, 4R*]]-N-[4-[[(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-1-(phenylmethyl)pentyl]tetrahydro-alpha-(1-methylethyl)-2-oxo-1(2H)-pyrimidineacetamide. Its molecular formula is C37H48N4O5, and its molecular weight is 628.80. Lopinavir is a white to light tan powder. It is freely soluble in methanol and ethanol, soluble in isopropanol and practically insoluble in water. Lopinavir has the following structural formula:

    Chemical structure for lopinavir.

    Ritonavir is chemically designated as 10-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1- [2-(1-methylethyl)-4-thiazolyl]-3,6-dioxo-8,11-bis(phenylmethyl)-2,4,7,12-tetraazatridecan-13-oic acid, 5-thiazolylmethyl ester, [5S-(5R*,8R*,10R*,11R*)]. Its molecular formula is C37H48N6O5S2, and its molecular weight is 720.95. Ritonavir is a white to light tan powder. It is freely soluble in methanol and ethanol, soluble in isopropanol and practically insoluble in water. Ritonavir has the following structural formula:

    Chemical structure for ritonavir.

    KALETRA film-coated tablets are available for oral administration in two strengths:

    • Yellow tablets containing 200 mg of lopinavir and 50 mg of ritonavir
    • Pale yellow tablets containing 100 mg of lopinavir and 25 mg of ritonavir.

    The yellow, 200 mg lopinavir/50 mg ritonavir, tablets contain the following inactive ingredients: copovidone, sorbitan monolaurate, colloidal silicon dioxide, and sodium stearyl fumarate. The following are the ingredients in the film coating: hypromellose, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol 400, hydroxypropyl cellulose, talc, colloidal silicon dioxide, polyethylene glycol 3350, yellow ferric oxide E172, and polysorbate 80.

    The pale yellow, 100 mg lopinavir/25 mg ritonavir, tablets contain the following inactive ingredients: copovidone, sorbitan monolaurate, colloidal silicon dioxide, and sodium stearyl fumarate. The following are the ingredients in the film coating: polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, talc, polyethylene glycol 3350, and yellow ferric oxide E172.

    KALETRA oral solution is available for oral administration as 80 mg lopinavir and 20 mg ritonavir per milliliter with the following inactive ingredients: acesulfame potassium, alcohol, artificial cotton candy flavor, citric acid, glycerin, high fructose corn syrup, Magnasweet-110 flavor, menthol, natural & artificial vanilla flavor, peppermint oil, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, povidone, propylene glycol, saccharin sodium, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, and water.

    KALETRA oral solution contains 42.4% alcohol (v/v).

  • 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

    12.1 Mechanism of Action

    Lopinavir is an antiviral drug [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.4)].

    12.3 Pharmacokinetics

    The pharmacokinetic properties of lopinavir co-administered with ritonavir have been evaluated in healthy adult volunteers and in HIV-1 infected patients; no substantial differences were observed between the two groups. Lopinavir is essentially completely metabolized by CYP3A. Ritonavir inhibits the metabolism of lopinavir, thereby increasing the plasma levels of lopinavir. Across studies, administration of KALETRA 400/100 mg twice daily yields mean steady-state lopinavir plasma concentrations 15- to 20-fold higher than those of ritonavir in HIV-1 infected patients. The plasma levels of ritonavir are less than 7% of those obtained after the ritonavir dose of 600 mg twice daily. The in vitro antiviral EC50 of lopinavir is approximately 10-fold lower than that of ritonavir. Therefore, the antiviral activity of KALETRA is due to lopinavir.

    Figure 1 displays the mean steady-state plasma concentrations of lopinavir and ritonavir after KALETRA 400/100 mg twice daily with food for 3 weeks from a pharmacokinetic study in HIV-1 infected adult subjects (n = 19).

    Figure 1. Mean Steady-State Plasma Concentrations with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for HIV-1 Infected Adult Subjects (N = 19)

    Figure displays steady-state plasma concentrations for lopinavir and ritonavir.

    Absorption
    In a pharmacokinetic study in HIV-1 positive subjects (n = 19), multiple dosing with 400/100 mg KALETRA twice daily with food for 3 weeks produced a mean ± SD lopinavir peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 9.8 ± 3.7 µg/mL, occurring approximately 4 hours after administration. The mean steady-state trough concentration prior to the morning dose was 7.1 ± 2.9 µg/mL and minimum concentration within a dosing interval was 5.5 ± 2.7 µg/mL. Lopinavir AUC over a 12 hour dosing interval averaged 92.6 ± 36.7 µgh/mL. The absolute bioavailability of lopinavir co-formulated with ritonavir in humans has not been established. Under nonfasting conditions (500 kcal, 25% from fat), lopinavir concentrations were similar following administration of KALETRA co-formulated capsules and oral solution. When administered under fasting conditions, both the mean AUC and Cmax of lopinavir were 22% lower for the KALETRA oral solution relative to the capsule formulation.

    Plasma concentrations of lopinavir and ritonavir after administration of two 200/50 mg KALETRA tablets are similar to three 133.3/33.3 mg KALETRA capsules under fed conditions with less pharmacokinetic variability.

    Effects of Food on Oral Absorption
    KALETRA Tablets
    No clinically significant changes in Cmax and AUC were observed following administration of KALETRA tablets under fed conditions compared to fasted conditions. Relative to fasting, administration of KALETRA tablets with a moderate fat meal (500 - 682 Kcal, 23 to 25% calories from fat) increased lopinavir AUC and Cmax by 26.9% and 17.6%, respectively. Relative to fasting, administration of KALETRA tablets with a high fat meal (872 Kcal, 56% from fat) increased lopinavir AUC by 18.9% but not Cmax. Therefore, KALETRA tablets may be taken with or without food.
    KALETRA Oral Solution
    Relative to fasting, administration of KALETRA oral solution with a moderate fat meal (500 - 682 Kcal, 23 to 25% calories from fat) increased lopinavir AUC and Cmax by 80 and 54%, respectively. Relative to fasting, administration of KALETRA oral solution with a high fat meal (872 Kcal, 56% from fat) increased lopinavir AUC and Cmax by 130% and 56%, respectively. To enhance bioavailability and minimize pharmacokinetic variability KALETRA oral solution should be taken with food.

    Distribution
    At steady state, lopinavir is approximately 98-99% bound to plasma proteins. Lopinavir binds to both alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) and albumin; however, it has a higher affinity for AAG. At steady state, lopinavir protein binding remains constant over the range of observed concentrations after 400/100 mg KALETRA twice daily, and is similar between healthy volunteers and HIV-1 positive patients.

    Metabolism
    In vitro experiments with human hepatic microsomes indicate that lopinavir primarily undergoes oxidative metabolism. Lopinavir is extensively metabolized by the hepatic cytochrome P450 system, almost exclusively by the CYP3A isozyme. Ritonavir is a potent CYP3A inhibitor which inhibits the metabolism of lopinavir, and therefore increases plasma levels of lopinavir. A 14C-lopinavir study in humans showed that 89% of the plasma radioactivity after a single 400/100 mg KALETRA dose was due to parent drug. At least 13 lopinavir oxidative metabolites have been identified in man. Ritonavir has been shown to induce metabolic enzymes, resulting in the induction of its own metabolism. Pre-dose lopinavir concentrations decline with time during multiple dosing, stabilizing after approximately 10 to 16 days.

    Elimination
    Following a 400/100 mg 14C-lopinavir/ritonavir dose, approximately 10.4 ± 2.3% and 82.6 ± 2.5% of an administered dose of 14C-lopinavir can be accounted for in urine and feces, respectively, after 8 days. Unchanged lopinavir accounted for approximately 2.2 and 19.8% of the administered dose in urine and feces, respectively. After multiple dosing, less than 3% of the lopinavir dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. The apparent oral clearance (CL/F) of lopinavir is 5.98 ± 5.75 L/hr (mean ± SD, n = 19).

    Once Daily Dosing
    The pharmacokinetics of once daily KALETRA have been evaluated in HIV-1 infected subjects naïve to antiretroviral treatment. KALETRA 800/200 mg was administered in combination with emtricitabine 200 mg and tenofovir DF 300 mg as part of a once daily regimen. Multiple dosing of 800/200 mg KALETRA once daily for 4 weeks with food (n = 24) produced a mean ± SD lopinavir peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 11.8 ± 3.7 µg/mL, occurring approximately 6 hours after administration. The mean steady-state lopinavir trough concentration prior to the morning dose was 3.2 ± 2.1 µg/mL and minimum concentration within a dosing interval was 1.7 ± 1.6 µg/mL. Lopinavir AUC over a 24 hour dosing interval averaged 154.1 ± 61.4 µg h/mL.

    The pharmacokinetics of once daily KALETRA has also been evaluated in treatment experienced HIV-1 infected subjects. Lopinavir exposure (Cmax, AUC[0-24h], Ctrough) with once daily KALETRA administration in treatment experienced subjects is comparable to the once daily lopinavir exposure in treatment naïve subjects.

    Effects on Electrocardiogram

    QTcF interval was evaluated in a randomized, placebo and active (moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily) controlled crossover study in 39 healthy adults, with 10 measurements over 12 hours on Day 3. The maximum mean time-matched (95% upper confidence bound) differences in QTcF interval from placebo after baseline-correction were 5.3 (8.1) and 15.2 (18.0) mseconds (msec) for 400/100 mg twice daily and supratherapeutic 800/200 mg twice daily KALETRA, respectively. KALETRA 800/200 mg twice daily resulted in a Day 3 mean Cmax approximately 2-fold higher than the mean Cmax observed with the approved once daily and twice daily KALETRA doses at steady state.

    PR interval prolongation was also noted in subjects receiving KALETRA in the same study on Day 3. The maximum mean (95% upper confidence bound) difference from placebo in the PR interval after baseline-correction were 24.9 (21.5, 28.3) and 31.9 (28.5, 35.3) msec for 400/100 mg twice daily and supratherapeutic 800/200 mg twice daily KALETRA, respectively [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6, 5.7)].

    Special Populations

    Gender, Race and Age
    No gender related pharmacokinetic differences have been observed in adult patients. No clinically important pharmacokinetic differences due to race have been identified. Lopinavir pharmacokinetics have not been studied in elderly patients.

    Pediatric Patients
    The pharmacokinetics of KALETRA oral solution 300/75 mg/m2 twice daily and 230/57.5 mg/m2 twice daily have been studied in a total of 53 pediatric patients in Study 940, ranging in age from 6 months to 12 years [see Clinical Studies (14.4)]. The 230/57.5 mg/m2 twice daily regimen without nevirapine and the 300/75 mg/m2 twice daily regimen with nevirapine provided lopinavir plasma concentrations similar to those obtained in adult patients receiving the 400/100 mg twice daily regimen (without nevirapine).

    The mean steady-state lopinavir AUC, Cmax, and Cmin were 72.6 ± 31.1 µgh/mL, 8.2 ± 2.9 and 3.4 ± 2.1 µg/mL, respectively after KALETRA oral solution 230/57.5 mg/m2 twice daily without nevirapine (n = 12), and were 85.8 ± 36.9 µg h/mL, 10.0 ± 3.3 and 3.6 ± 3.5 µg/mL, respectively, after 300/75 mg/m2 twice daily with nevirapine (n = 12). The nevirapine regimen was 7 mg/kg twice daily (6 months to 8 years) or 4 mg/kg twice daily (> 8 years).

    The pharmacokinetics of KALETRA oral solution at approximately 300/75 mg/m2 twice daily have also been evaluated in infants at approximately 6 weeks of age (n = 9) and between 6 weeks and 6 months of age (n = 18) in Study 1030. The mean steady-state lopinavir AUC12, Cmax, and C12 were 43.4 ± 14.8 µg h/mL, 5.2 ± 1.8 µg/mL and 1.9 ± 1.1 µg/mL, respectively, in infants at approximately 6 weeks of age, and 74.5 ± 37.9 µg h/mL, 9.4 ± 4.9 and 3.1 ± 1.8 µg/mL, respectively, in infants between 6 weeks and 6 months of age after KALETRA oral solution was administered at approximately 300/75 mg/m2 twice daily without concomitant NNRTI therapy.

    The pharmacokinetics of KALETRA soft gelatin capsule and oral solution (Group 1: 400/100 mg/m2 twice daily + 2 NRTIs; Group 2: 480/120 mg/m2 twice daily + ≥ 1 NRTI + 1 NNRTI) have been evaluated in children and adolescents age ≥ 2 years to < 18 years of age who had failed prior therapy (n=26) in Study 1038. KALETRA doses of 400/100 and 480/120 mg/m2 resulted in high lopinavir exposure, as almost all subjects had lopinavir AUC12 above 100 µgh/mL. Both groups of subjects also achieved relatively high average minimum lopinavir concentrations.

    KALETRA once daily has not been evaluated in pediatric patients.

    Renal Impairment
    Lopinavir pharmacokinetics have not been studied in patients with renal impairment; however, since the renal clearance of lopinavir is negligible, a decrease in total body clearance is not expected in patients with renal impairment.

    Hepatic Impairment
    Lopinavir is principally metabolized and eliminated by the liver. Multiple dosing of KALETRA 400/100 mg twice daily to HIV-1 and HCV co-infected patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (n = 12) resulted in a 30% increase in lopinavir AUC and 20% increase in Cmax compared to HIV-1 infected subjects with normal hepatic function (n = 12). Additionally, the plasma protein binding of lopinavir was statistically significantly lower in both mild and moderate hepatic impairment compared to controls (99.09 vs. 99.31%, respectively). Caution should be exercised when administering KALETRA to subjects with hepatic impairment. KALETRA has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) and Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].

    Drug Interactions

    KALETRA is an inhibitor of the P450 isoform CYP3A in vitro. Co-administration of KALETRA and drugs primarily metabolized by CYP3A may result in increased plasma concentrations of the other drug, which could increase or prolong its therapeutic and adverse effects [see Contraindications (4) and Drug Interactions (7)].

    KALETRA does not inhibit CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP2B6 or CYP1A2 at clinically relevant concentrations.

    KALETRA has been shown in vivo to induce its own metabolism and to increase the biotransformation of some drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes and by glucuronidation.

    KALETRA is metabolized by CYP3A. Drugs that induce CYP3A activity would be expected to increase the clearance of lopinavir, resulting in lowered plasma concentrations of lopinavir. Although not noted with concurrent ketoconazole, co-administration of KALETRA and other drugs that inhibit CYP3A may increase lopinavir plasma concentrations.

    Drug interaction studies were performed with KALETRA and other drugs likely to be co-administered and some drugs commonly used as probes for pharmacokinetic interactions. The effects of co-administration of KALETRA on the AUC, Cmax and Cmin are summarized in Table 10 (effect of other drugs on lopinavir) and Table 11 (effect of KALETRA on other drugs). The effects of other drugs on ritonavir are not shown since they generally correlate with those observed with lopinavir (if lopinavir concentrations are decreased, ritonavir concentrations are decreased) unless otherwise indicated in the table footnotes. For information regarding clinical recommendations, see Table 9 in Drug Interactions (7).

    Table 10. Drug Interactions: Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Lopinavir in the Presence of the Co-administered Drug for Recommended Alterations in Dose or Regimen
    Co-administered Drug Dose of Co-administered Drug
    (mg)    		Dose of KALETRA
    (mg)    		nRatio (in combination with Co-administered drug/alone) of Lopinavir Pharmacokinetic Parameters (90% CI); No Effect = 1.00
        CmaxAUC Cmin
    Amprenavir750 twice daily, 10 d400/100 capsule twice daily, 21 d120.72
    (0.65, 0.79)     		0.62
    (0.56, 0.70)     		0.43
    (0.34, 0.56)
    Efavirenz1,2600 at bedtime, 9 d 400/100 capsule twice daily, 9 d11, 7*0.97
    (0.78, 1.22)     		0.81
    (0.64, 1.03)     		0.61
    (0.38, 0.97)
     600 at bedtime, 9 d500/125 tablet
    twice daily, 10 d     		191.12
    (1.02, 1.23)     		1.06
    (0.96, 1.17)     		0.90
    (0.78, 1.04)
     600 at bedtime, 9 d600/150 tablet
    twice daily, 10 d     		231.36
    (1.28, 1.44)     		1.36
    (1.28, 1.44)     		1.32
    (1.21, 1.44)
    Fosamprenavir3700 twice daily plus ritonavir 100 twice daily, 14 d400/100 capsule twice daily, 14 d181.30
    (0.85, 1.47)     		1.37
    (0.80, 1.55)     		1.52
    (0.72, 1.82)
    Ketoconazole200 single dose400/100 capsule twice daily, 16 d120.89
    (0.80, 0.99)     		0.87
    (0.75, 1.00)     		0.75
    (0.55, 1.00)
    Nelfinavir1000 twice daily,
    10 d     		400/100 capsule twice daily, 21 d130.79
    (0.70, 0.89)     		0.73
    (0.63, 0.85)     		0.62
    (0.49, 0.78)
    Nevirapine200 twice daily, steady-state
    (> 1 yr)4#    		400/100 capsule twice daily,
    steady-state     		22, 19*0.81
    (0.62, 1.05)     		0.73
    (0.53, 0.98)     		0.49
    (0.28, 0.74)
     7 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg once daily, 2 wk; twice daily 1 wk5(> 1 yr) 300/75 mg/m2
    oral solution
    twice daily, 3 wk     		12, 15*0.86
    (0.64, 1.16)     		0.78
    (0.56, 1.09)     		0.45
    (0.25, 0.81)
    Omeprazole40 once daily, 5 d400/100 tablet twice daily, 10 d121.08
    (0.99, 1.17)     		1.07
    (0.99, 1.15)     		1.03
    (0.90, 1.18)
     40 once daily, 5 d800/200 tablet once daily, 10 d120.94
    (0.88, 1.00)     		0.92
    (0.86, 0.99)     		0.71
    (0.57, 0.89)
    Pitavastatin64 mg once daily, 5 d400/100 tablet twice daily, 16 d 230.93
    (0.88-0.98)     		0.91
    (0.86-0.97)    		NA
    Pravastatin 20 once daily, 4 d400/100 capsule twice daily, 14 d120.98
    (0.89, 1.08)     		0.95
    (0.85, 1.05)     		0.88
    (0.77, 1.02)
    Rifabutin150 once daily, 10 d400/100 capsule twice daily, 20 d141.08
    (0.97, 1.19)     		1.17
    (1.04, 1.31)     		1.20
    (0.96, 1.65)
    Ranitidine150 single dose400/100 tablet twice daily, 10 d120.99
    (0.95, 1.03)     		0.97
    (0.93, 1.01)     		0.90
    (0.85, 0.95)
     150 single dose800/200 tablet once daily, 10 d100.97
    (0.95, 1.00)     		0.95
    (0.91, 0.99)     		0.82
    (0.74, 0.91)
    Rifampin600 once daily,
    10 d     		400/100 capsule twice daily, 20 d220.45
    (0.40, 0.51)     		0.25
    (0.21, 0.29)     		0.01
    (0.01, 0.02)
     600 once daily,
    14 d     		800/200 capsule twice daily, 9 d7101.02
    (0.85, 1.23)     		0.84
    (0.64, 1.10)     		0.43
    (0.19, 0.96)
     600 once daily,
    14 d     		400/400 capsule twice daily, 9 d890.93
    (0.81, 1.07)     		0.98
    (0.81, 1.17)     		1.03
    (0.68, 1.56)
         Co-administration of KALETRA and rifampin is contraindicated.
    [see Contraindications (4)]
    Ritonavir4100 twice daily,
    3-4 wk#    		400/100 capsule twice daily,
    3-4 wk     		8, 21*1.28
    (0.94, 1.76)     		1.46
    (1.04, 2.06)     		2.16
    (1.29, 3.62)
    Tenofovir9300 mg once daily,
    14 d     		400/100 capsule twice daily, 14 d24NC†NC†NC†
    Tipranavir/ritonavir4500/200 mg twice daily (28 doses)#400/100 capsule twice daily
    (27 doses)     		21
    69     		0.53
    (0.40, 0.69)10    		0.45
    (0.32, 0.63)10    		0.30 (0.17, 0.51)10
    0.48 (0.40, 0.58)11
    All interaction studies conducted in healthy, HIV-1 negative subjects unless otherwise indicated.
    1 The pharmacokinetics of ritonavir are unaffected by concurrent efavirenz.
    2 Reference for comparison is lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily without efavirenz.
    3 Data extracted from the fosamprenavir package insert.
    4 Study conducted in HIV-1 positive adult subjects.
    5 Study conducted in HIV-1 positive pediatric subjects ranging in age from 6 months to 12 years.
    6 Data extracted from the pitavastatin package insert and results presented at the 2011 International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention (Morgan, et al, poster #MOPE170).
    7 Titrated to 800/200 twice daily as 533/133 twice daily x 1 d, 667/167 twice daily x 1 d, then 800/200 twice daily x 7 d, compared to 400/100 twice daily x 10 days alone.
    8 Titrated to 400/400 twice daily as 400/200 twice daily x 1 d, 400/300 twice daily x 1 d, then 400/400 twice daily x 7 d, compared to 400/100 twice daily x 10 days alone.
    9 Data extracted from the tenofovir package insert.
    10 Intensive PK analysis.
    11 Drug levels obtained at 8-16 hrs post-dose.
    * Parallel group design; n for KALETRA + co-administered drug, n for KALETRA alone.
    † NC = No change.
    # For the nevirapine 200 mg twice daily study, ritonavir, and tipranavir/ritonavir studies, KALETRA was administered with or without food. For all other studies, KALETRA was administered with food.
    Table 11. Drug Interactions: Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Co-administered Drug in the Presence of KALETRA for Recommended Alterations in Dose or Regimen
    Co-administered DrugDose of Co-administered Drug
    (mg)    		Dose of KALETRA
    (mg)    		 nRatio (in combination with KALETRA/alone) of Co-administered Drug Pharmacokinetic Parameters (90% CI); No Effect = 1.00
        CmaxAUCCmin
    Amprenavir1750 twice daily, 10 d combo vs. 1200 twice daily, 14 d alone400/100 
    capsule twice daily, 21 d    		111.12
    (0.91, 1.39)    		1.72
    (1.41, 2.09)    		4.57
    (3.51, 5.95)
    Desipramine2100 single dose400/100 
    capsule twice daily, 10 d    		150.91
    (0.84, 0.97)    		1.05
    (0.96, 1.16)    		N/A
    Efavirenz600 at bedtime, 9 d400/100 
    capsule twice daily, 9 d    		11, 12*0.91
    (0.72, 1.15)    		0.84
    (0.62, 1.15)    		0.84
    (0.58, 1.20)
    Ethinyl Estradiol35 µg once daily, 21 d
    (Ortho Novum®)    		400/100 
    capsule twice daily, 14 d    		120.59
    (0.52, 0.66)    		0.58
    (0.54, 0.62)    		0.42
    (0.36, 0.49)
    Fosamprenavir3700 twice daily plus ritonavir 100 twice daily, 14 d400/100 
    capsule twice daily, 14 d    		180.42
    (0.30, 0.58)    		0.37
    (0.28, 0.49)    		0.35
    (0.27, 0.46)
    Indinavir1600 twice daily, 10 d combo nonfasting vs. 800 three times daily, 5 d alone fasting400/100 
    capsule twice daily,
    15 d    		130.71
    (0.63, 0.81)    		0.91
    (0.75, 1.10)    		3.47
    (2.60, 4.64)
    Ketoconazole200 single dose400/100 
    capsule twice daily, 16 d    		121.13
    (0.91, 1.40)    		3.04
    (2.44, 3.79)    		N/A
    Methadone5 single dose400/100 
    capsule twice daily, 10 d    		110.55
    (0.48, 0.64)    		0.47
    (0.42, 0.53)    		N/A
    Nelfinavir11000 twice daily, 10 d combo vs. 1250 twice daily 14 d alone400/100 
    capsule twice daily, 21 d    		130.93
    (0.82, 1.05)    		1.07
    (0.95, 1.19)    		1.86
    (1.57, 2.22)
    M8 metabolite   2.36
    (1.91, 2.91)    		3.46
    (2.78, 4.31)    		7.49
    (5.85, 9.58)
    Nevirapine200 once daily, 14 d; twice daily, 6 d400/100 
    capsule twice daily, 20 d    		5, 6*1.05
    (0.72, 1.52)    		1.08
    (0.72, 1.64)    		1.15
    (0.71, 1.86)
    Norethindrone1 once daily, 21 d
    (Ortho Novum®)    		400/100 
    capsule twice daily, 14 d    		120.84
    (0.75, 0.94)    		0.83
    (0.73, 0.94)    		0.68
    (0.54, 0.85)
    Pitavastatin44 mg once daily , 5 d400/100 tablet twice daily, 16 d 230.96
    (0.84-1.10)    		0.80
    (0.73-0.87)     		N/A
    Pravastatin20 once daily, 4 d400/100 capsule twice daily, 14 d121.26
    (0.87, 1.83)    		1.33
    (0.91, 1.94)    		N/A
    Rifabutin150 once daily, 10 d; combo vs. 300 once daily, 10 d; alone400/100 capsule twice daily, 10 d122.12
    (1.89, 2.38)    		3.03
    (2.79, 3.30)    		4.90
    (3.18, 5.76)
    25-O-desacetyl rifabutin   23.6
    (13.7, 25.3)    		47.5
    (29.3, 51.8)    		94.9
    (74.0, 122)
    Rifabutin + 25-O-desacetyl rifabutin5   3.46
    (3.07, 3.91)    		5.73
    (5.08, 6.46)    		9.53
    (7.56, 12.01)
    Rosuvastatin620 mg once daily, 7 d400/100 tablet twice daily, 7 d154.66
    (3.4, 6.4)    		2.08
    (1.66, 2.6)    		1.04
    (0.9, 1.2)
    Tenofovir7300 mg once daily, 14 d400/100 capsule twice daily, 14 d24NC†1.32
    (1.26, 1.38)    		1.51
    (1.32, 1.66)
    All interaction studies conducted in healthy, HIV-1 negative subjects unless otherwise indicated.
    1   Ratio of parameters for amprenavir, indinavir, and nelfinavir, are not normalized for dose.
    2   Desipramine is a probe substrate for assessing effects on CYP2D6-mediated metabolism.
    3   Data extracted from the fosamprenavir package insert.
    4  Data extracted from the pitavastatin package insert and results presented at the 2011 International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention (Morgan, et al, poster #MOPE170).
    5   Effect on the dose-normalized sum of rifabutin parent and 25-O-desacetyl rifabutin active metabolite.
    6 Kiser, et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008 Apr 15;47(5):570-8.
    7   Data extracted from the tenofovir package insert.
    *   Parallel group design; n for KALETRA + co-administered drug, n for co-administered drug alone.
    N/A = Not available.
    †   NC = No change.

    12.4 Microbiology

    Mechanism of Action

    Lopinavir, an inhibitor of the HIV-1 protease, prevents cleavage of the Gag-Pol polyprotein, resulting in the production of immature, non-infectious viral particles.

    Antiviral Activity

    The antiviral activity of lopinavir against laboratory HIV strains and clinical HIV-1 isolates was evaluated in acutely infected lymphoblastic cell lines and peripheral blood lymphocytes, respectively. In the absence of human serum, the mean 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of lopinavir against five different HIV-1 subtype B laboratory strains ranged from 10-27 nM (0.006-0.017 µg/mL, 1 µg/mL = 1.6 µM) and ranged from 4-11 nM (0.003-0.007 µg/mL) against several HIV-1 subtype B clinical isolates (n = 6). In the presence of 50% human serum, the mean EC50 values of lopinavir against these five HIV-1 laboratory strains ranged from 65-289 nM (0.04-0.18 µg/mL), representing a 7 to 11-fold attenuation. Combination antiviral drug activity studies with lopinavir in cell cultures demonstrated additive to antagonistic activity with nelfinavir and additive to synergistic activity with amprenavir, atazanavir, indinavir, saquinavir and tipranavir. The EC50 values of lopinavir against three different HIV-2 strains ranged from 12-180 nM (0.008-113 μg/mL).

    Resistance

    HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to lopinavir have been selected in cell culture. The presence of ritonavir does not appear to influence the selection of lopinavir-resistant viruses in cell culture.

    The selection of resistance to KALETRA in antiretroviral treatment naïve patients has not yet been characterized. In a study of 653 antiretroviral treatment naïve patients (Study 863), plasma viral isolates from each patient on treatment with plasma HIV-1 RNA > 400 copies/mL at Week 24, 32, 40 and/or 48 were analyzed. No evidence of resistance to KALETRA was observed in 37 evaluable KALETRA-treated patients (0%). Evidence of genotypic resistance to nelfinavir, defined as the presence of the D30N and/or L90M substitution in HIV-1 protease, was observed in 25/76 (33%) of evaluable nelfinavir-treated patients. The selection of resistance to KALETRA in antiretroviral treatment naïve pediatric patients (Study 940) appears to be consistent with that seen in adult patients (Study 863).

    Resistance to KALETRA has been noted to emerge in patients treated with other protease inhibitors prior to KALETRA therapy. In studies of 227 antiretroviral treatment naïve and protease inhibitor experienced patients, isolates from 4 of 23 patients with quantifiable (> 400 copies/mL) viral RNA following treatment with KALETRA for 12 to 100 weeks displayed significantly reduced susceptibility to lopinavir compared to the corresponding baseline viral isolates. Three of these patients had previously received treatment with a single protease inhibitor (indinavir, nelfinavir, or saquinavir) and one patient had received treatment with multiple protease inhibitors (indinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir). All four of these patients had at least 4 substitutions associated with protease inhibitor resistance immediately prior to KALETRA therapy. Following viral rebound, isolates from these patients all contained additional substitutions, some of which are recognized to be associated with protease inhibitor resistance. However, there are insufficient data at this time to identify patterns of lopinavir resistance-associated substitutions in isolates from patients on KALETRA therapy. The assessment of these patterns is under study.

    Cross-resistance - Preclinical Studies

    Varying degrees of cross-resistance have been observed among HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Little information is available on the cross-resistance of viruses that developed decreased susceptibility to lopinavir during KALETRA therapy.

    The antiviral activity in cell culture of lopinavir against clinical isolates from patients previously treated with a single protease inhibitor was determined. Isolates that displayed > 4-fold reduced susceptibility to nelfinavir (n = 13) and saquinavir (n = 4), displayed < 4-fold reduced susceptibility to lopinavir. Isolates with > 4-fold reduced susceptibility to indinavir (n = 16) and ritonavir (n = 3) displayed a mean of 5.7- and 8.3-fold reduced susceptibility to lopinavir, respectively. Isolates from patients previously treated with two or more protease inhibitors showed greater reductions in susceptibility to lopinavir, as described in the following paragraph.

    Clinical Studies - Antiviral Activity of KALETRA in Patients with Previous Protease Inhibitor Therapies

    The clinical relevance of reduced susceptibility in cell culture to lopinavir has been examined by assessing the virologic response to KALETRA therapy in treatment-experienced patients, with respect to baseline viral genotype in three studies and baseline viral phenotype in one study.

    Virologic response to KALETRA has been shown to be affected by the presence of three or more of the following amino acid substitutions in protease at baseline: L10F/I/R/V, K20M/N/R, L24I, L33F, M36I, I47V, G48V, I54L/T/V, V82A/C/F/S/T, and I84V. Table 12 shows the 48-week virologic response (HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL) according to the number of the above protease inhibitor resistance-associated substitutions at baseline in studies 888 and 765 [see Clinical Studies (14.2) and (14.3)] and study 957 (see below). Once daily administration of KALETRA for adult patients with three or more of the above substitutions is not recommended.

    Table 12. Virologic Response (HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL) at Week 48 by Baseline KALETRA Susceptibility and by Number of Protease Substitutions Associated with Reduced Response to KALETRA1
    Number of protease inhibitor substitutions at baseline1Study 888 (Single protease inhibitor-experienced2, NNRTI-naïve) n=130Study 765 (Single protease inhibitor-experienced3, NNRTI-naïve) n=56Study 957 (Multiple protease inhibitor-experienced4, NNRTI-naïve) n=50
    0-276/103 (74%)34/45 (76%)19/20 (95%)
    3-513/26 (50%)8/11 (73%)18/26 (69%)
    6 or more0/1 (0%)N/A1/4 (25%)
    1   Substitutions considered in the analysis included L10F/I/R/V, K20M/N/R, L24I, L33F, M36I, I47V, G48V, I54L/T/V, V82A/C/F/S/T, and I84V.
    2   43% indinavir, 42% nelfinavir, 10% ritonavir, 15% saquinavir.
    3   41% indinavir, 38% nelfinavir, 4% ritonavir, 16% saquinavir.
    4   86% indinavir, 54% nelfinavir, 80% ritonavir, 70% saquinavir.

    Virologic response to KALETRA therapy with respect to phenotypic susceptibility to lopinavir at baseline was examined in Study 957. In this study 56 NNRTI-naïve patients with HIV-1 RNA >1,000 copies/mL despite previous therapy with at least two protease inhibitors selected from indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir were randomized to receive one of two doses of KALETRA in combination with efavirenz and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). The EC50 values of lopinavir against the 56 baseline viral isolates ranged from 0.5- to 96-fold the wild-type EC50 value. Fifty-five percent (31/56) of these baseline isolates displayed >4-fold reduced susceptibility to lopinavir. These 31 isolates had a median reduction in lopinavir susceptibility of 18-fold. Response to therapy by baseline lopinavir susceptibility is shown in Table 13.

    Table 13. HIV-1 RNA Response at Week 48 by Baseline Lopinavir Susceptibility1
    Lopinavir susceptibility2 at baselineHIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL (%)HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL (%)
    < 10 fold 25/27 (93%)22/27 (81%)
    > 10 and < 40 fold11/15 (73%)9/15 (60%)
    ≥ 40 fold2/8 (25%)2/8 (25%)
    1   Lopinavir susceptibility was determined by recombinant phenotypic technology performed by Virologic.
    2   Fold change in susceptibility from wild type.
  • 13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

    13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

    Carcinogenesis

    Lopinavir/ritonavir combination was evaluated for carcinogenic potential by oral gavage administration to mice and rats for up to 104 weeks. Results showed an increase in the incidence of benign hepatocellular adenomas and an increase in the combined incidence of hepatocellular adenomas plus carcinoma in both males and females in mice and males in rats at doses that produced approximately 1.6-2.2 times (mice) and 0.5 times (rats) the human exposure (based on AUC0-24hr measurement) at the recommended dose of 400/100 mg KALETRA twice daily. Administration of lopinavir/ritonavir did not cause a statistically significant increase in the incidence of any other benign or malignant neoplasm in mice or rats.

    Carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats have been carried out on ritonavir. In male mice, there was a dose dependent increase in the incidence of both adenomas and combined adenomas and carcinomas in the liver. Based on AUC measurements, the exposure at the high dose was approximately 4-fold for males that of the exposure in humans with the recommended therapeutic dose (400/100 mg KALETRA twice daily). There were no carcinogenic effects seen in females at the dosages tested. The exposure at the high dose was approximately 9-fold for the females that of the exposure in humans. There were no carcinogenic effects in rats. In this study, the exposure at the high dose was approximately 0.7-fold that of the exposure in humans with the 400/100 mg KALETRA twice daily regimen. Based on the exposures achieved in the animal studies, the significance of the observed effects is not known.

    Mutagenesis

    Neither lopinavir nor ritonavir was found to be mutagenic or clastogenic in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays including the Ames bacterial reverse mutation assay using S. typhimurium and E. coli, the mouse lymphoma assay, the mouse micronucleus test and chromosomal aberration assays in human lymphocytes.

    Impairment of Fertility

    Lopinavir in combination with ritonavir at a 2:1 ratio produced no effects on fertility in male and female rats at levels of 10/5, 30/15 or 100/50 mg/kg/day. Based on AUC measurements, the exposures in rats at the high doses were approximately 0.7-fold for lopinavir and 1.8-fold for ritonavir of the exposures in humans at the recommended therapeutic dose (400/100 mg twice daily).

  • 14 CLINICAL STUDIES

    14.1 Patients without Prior Antiretroviral Therapy

    Study 863: KALETRA Capsules twice daily + stavudine + lamivudine compared to nelfinavir three times daily + stavudine + lamivudine

    Study 863 was a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial comparing treatment with KALETRA capsules (400/100 mg twice daily) plus stavudine and lamivudine versus nelfinavir (750 mg three times daily) plus stavudine and lamivudine in 653 antiretroviral treatment naïve patients. Patients had a mean age of 38 years (range: 19 to 84), 57% were Caucasian, and 80% were male. Mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 259 cells/mm3 (range: 2 to 949 cells/mm3) and mean baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 4.9 log10 copies/mL (range: 2.6 to 6.8 log10 copies/mL).

    Treatment response and outcomes of randomized treatment are presented in Table 14.

    Table 14. Outcomes of Randomized Treatment Through Week 48 (Study 863)
    OutcomeKALETRA+d4T+3TC
    (N = 326)    		Nelfinavir+d4T+3TC
    (N = 327)
    Responder175%62%
    Virologic failure2
         Rebound
         Never suppressed through Week 48    		9%
    7%
    2%    		25%
    15%
    9%
    Death2%1%
    Discontinued due to adverse events4%4%
    Discontinued for other reasons310%8%
    1   Patients achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL through Week 48.
    2   Includes confirmed viral rebound and failure to achieve confirmed < 400 copies/mL through Week 48.
    3   Includes lost to follow-up, patient's withdrawal, non-compliance, protocol violation and other reasons. Overall discontinuation through Week 48, including patients who discontinued subsequent to virologic failure, was 17% in the KALETRA arm and 24% in the nelfinavir arm.

    Through 48 weeks of therapy, there was a statistically significantly higher proportion of patients in the KALETRA arm compared to the nelfinavir arm with HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL (75% vs. 62%, respectively) and HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL (67% vs. 52%, respectively). Treatment response by baseline HIV-1 RNA level subgroups is presented in Table 15.

    Table 15. Proportion of Responders Through Week 48 by Baseline Viral Load (Study 863)
    Baseline Viral Load (HIV-1 RNA copies/mL)KALETRA +d4T+3TCNelfinavir +d4T+3TC
     <400 copies/mL 1<50 copies/mL 2n <400 copies/mL 1<50 copies/mL 2n
    < 30,00074%71%8279%72%87
    ≥ 30,000 to < 100,00081%73%7967%54%79
    ≥ 100,000 to < 250,00075%64%8360%47%72
    ≥ 250,00072%60%8244%33%89
    1   Patients achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL through Week 48.
    2   Patients achieved HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at Week 48.

    Through 48 weeks of therapy, the mean increase from baseline in CD4+ cell count was 207 cells/mm3 for the KALETRA arm and 195 cells/mm3 for the nelfinavir arm.

    Study 730: KALETRA Tablets once daily + tenofovir DF + emtricitabine compared to KALETRA Tablets twice daily + tenofovir DF + emtricitabine.

    Study 730 was a randomized, open-label, multicenter trial comparing treatment with KALETRA 800/200 mg once daily plus tenofovir DF and emtricitabine versus KALETRA 400/100 mg twice daily plus tenofovir DF and emtricitabine in 664 antiretroviral treatment-naïve patients. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either KALETRA 800/200 mg once daily (n = 333) or KALETRA 400/100 mg twice daily (n = 331). Further stratification within each group was 1:1 (tablet vs. capsule). Patients administered the capsule were switched to the tablet formulation at Week 8 and maintained on their randomized dosing schedule. Patients were administered emtricitabine 200 mg once daily and tenofovir DF 300 mg once daily. Mean age of patients enrolled was 39 years (range: 19 to 71); 75% were Caucasian, and 78% were male. Mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 216 cells/mm3 (range: 20 to 775 cells/mm3) and mean baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 5.0 log10 copies/mL (range: 1.7 to 7.0 log10 copies/mL).

    Treatment response and outcomes of randomized treatment through Week 48 are presented in Table 16.

    Table 16. Outcomes of Randomized Treatment Through Week 48 (Study 730)
    OutcomeKALETRA Once Daily + TDF + FTC
    (n = 333)    		KALETRA Twice Daily + TDF + FTC
    (n = 331)
    Responder178%77%
    Virologic failure2
         Rebound
         Never suppressed through Week 48    		10%
    5%
    5%    		8%
    5%
    3%
    Death1%<1%
    Discontinued due to adverse events4%3%
    Discontinued for other reasons38%11%
    1   Patients achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL through Week 48.
    2   Includes confirmed viral rebound and failure to achieve confirmed < 50 copies/mL through Week 48.
    3   Includes lost to follow-up, patient's withdrawal, non-compliance, protocol violation and other reasons.

    Through 48 weeks of therapy, 78% in the KALETRA once daily arm and 77% in the KALETRA twice daily arm achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL (95% confidence interval for the difference, -5.9% to 6.8%). Mean CD4+ cell count increases at Week 48 were 186 cells/mm3 for the KALETRA once daily arm and 198 cells/mm3 for the KALETRA twice daily arm.

    14.2 Patients with Prior Antiretroviral Therapy

    Study 888: KALETRA Capsules twice daily + nevirapine + NRTIs compared to investigator-selected protease inhibitor(s) + nevirapine + NRTIs

    Study 888 was a randomized, open-label, multicenter trial comparing treatment with KALETRA capsules (400/100 mg twice daily) plus nevirapine and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors versus investigator-selected protease inhibitor(s) plus nevirapine and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in 288 single protease inhibitor-experienced, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-naïve patients. Patients had a mean age of 40 years (range: 18 to 74), 68% were Caucasian, and 86% were male. Mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 322 cells/mm3 (range: 10 to 1059 cells/mm3) and mean baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 4.1 log10 copies/mL (range: 2.6 to 6.0 log10 copies/mL).

    Treatment response and outcomes of randomized treatment through Week 48 are presented in Table 17.

    Table 17. Outcomes of Randomized Treatment Through Week 48 (Study 888)
    OutcomeKALETRA + nevirapine + NRTIs
    (n = 148)    		Investigator-Selected Protease Inhibitor(s) + nevirapine + NRTIs
    (n = 140)
    Responder157%33%
    Virologic failure2
         Rebound
         Never suppressed through Week 48    		24%
    11%
    13%    		41%
    19%
    23%
    Death1%2%
    Discontinued due to adverse events 5%11%
    Discontinued for other reasons314%13%
    1   Patients achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL through Week 48.
    2   Includes confirmed viral rebound and failure to achieve confirmed < 400 copies/mL through Week 48.
    3   Includes lost to follow-up, patient's withdrawal, non-compliance, protocol violation and other reasons.

    Through 48 weeks of therapy, there was a statistically significantly higher proportion of patients in the KALETRA arm compared to the investigator-selected protease inhibitor(s) arm with HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL (57% vs. 33%, respectively).

    Through 48 weeks of therapy, the mean increase from baseline in CD4+ cell count was 111 cells/mm3 for the KALETRA arm and 112 cells/mm3 for the investigator-selected protease inhibitor(s) arm.

    Study 802: KALETRA Tablets 800/200 mg Once Daily Versus 400/100 mg Twice Daily when Co-administered with Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in Antiretroviral-Experienced, HIV-1 Infected Subjects

    M06-802 was a randomized open-label study comparing the safety, tolerability, and antiviral activity of once daily and twice daily dosing of KALETRA tablets in 599 subjects with detectable viral loads while receiving their current antiviral therapy. Of the enrolled subjects, 55% on both treatment arms had not been previously treated with a protease inhibitor and 81 – 88% had received prior NNRTIs as part of their anti-HIV treatment regimen. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either KALETRA 800/200 mg once daily (n = 300) or KALETRA 400/100 mg twice daily (n = 299). Patients were administered at least two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors selected by the investigator. Mean age of patients enrolled was 41 years (range: 21 to 73); 51% were Caucasian, and 66% were male. Mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 254 cells/mm3 (range: 4 to 952 cells/mm3) and mean baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 4.3 log10 copies/mL (range: 1.7 to 6.6 log10 copies/mL).

    Treatment response and outcomes of randomized treatment through Week 48 are presented in Table 18.

    Table 18. Outcomes of Randomized Treatment Through Week 48 (Study 802)
    OutcomeKALETRA Once Daily + NRTIs
    (n = 300)    		KALETRA Twice Daily + NRTIs
    (n = 299)
    Virologic Success (HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL) 57%54%
    Virologic failure122%24%
    No virologic data in Week 48 window  
    Discontinued study due to adverse event or death25%7%
    Discontinued study for other reasons313%12%
    Missing data during window but on study3%3%
    1 Includes patients who discontinued prior to Week 48 for lack or loss of efficacy and patients with HIV-1 RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL at Week 48.
    2 Includes patients who discontinued due to adverse events or death at any time from Day 1 through Week 48 if this resulted in no virologic data on treatment at Week 48.
    3 Includes withdrawal of consent, loss to follow-up, non-compliance, protocol violation and other reasons.

    Through 48 weeks of treatment, the mean change from baseline for CD4 + cell count was 135 cells/mm3 for the once daily group and 122 cells/mm3 for the twice daily group.

    14.3 Other Studies Supporting Approval

    Study 720: KALETRA twice daily + stavudine + lamivudine
    Study 765: KALETRA twice daily + nevirapine + NRTIs

    Study 720 (patients without prior antiretroviral therapy) and study 765 (patients with prior protease inhibitor therapy) were randomized, blinded, multi-center trials evaluating treatment with KALETRA at up to three dose levels (200/100 mg twice daily [720 only], 400/100 mg twice daily, and 400/200 mg twice daily). In Study 720, all patients switched to 400/100 mg twice daily between Weeks 48-72. Patients in study 720 had a mean age of 35 years, 70% were Caucasian, and 96% were male, while patients in study 765 had a mean age of 40 years, 73% were Caucasian, and 90% were male. Mean (range) baseline CD4+ cell counts for patients in study 720 and study 765 were 338 (3-918) and 372 (72-807) cells/mm3, respectively. Mean (range) baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA levels for patients in study 720 and study 765 were 4.9 (3.3 to 6.3) and 4.0 (2.9 to 5.8) log10 copies/mL, respectively.

    Through 360 weeks of treatment in study 720, the proportion of patients with HIV-1 RNA < 400 (< 50) copies/mL was 61% (59%) [n = 100]. Among patients completing 360 weeks of treatment with CD4+ cell count measurements [n=60], the mean (median) increase in CD4+ cell count was 501 (457) cells/mm3. Thirty-nine patients (39%) discontinued the study, including 13 (13%) discontinuations due to adverse reactions and 1 (1%) death.

    Through 144 weeks of treatment in study 765, the proportion of patients with HIV-1 RNA < 400 (< 50) copies/mL was 54% (50%) [n = 70], and the corresponding mean increase in CD4+ cell count was 212 cells/mm3. Twenty-seven patients (39%) discontinued the study, including 5 (7%) discontinuations secondary to adverse reactions and 2 (3%) deaths.

    14.4 Pediatric Studies

    Study 1030 was an open-label, multicenter, dose-finding trial evaluating the pharmacokinetic profile, tolerability, safety and efficacy of KALETRA oral solution containing lopinavir 80 mg/mL and ritonavir 20 mg/mL at a dose of 300/75 mg/m2 twice daily plus 2 NRTIs in HIV-1 infected infants ≥14 days and <6 months of age.

    Ten infants, ≥14 days and <6 wks of age, were enrolled at a median (range) age of 5.7 (3.6-6.0) weeks and all completed 24 weeks. At entry, median (range) HIV-1 RNA was 6.0 (4.7-7.2) log10 copies/mL. Seven of 10 infants had HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL at Week 24. At entry, median (range) CD4+ percentage was 41 (16-59) with a median decrease of 1% (95% CI: -10, 18) from baseline to week 24 in 6 infants with available data.

    Twenty-one infants, between 6 weeks and 6 months of age, were enrolled at a median (range) age of 14.7 (6.9-25.7) weeks and 19 of 21 infants completed 24 weeks. At entry, median (range) HIV RNA level was 5.8 (3.7-6.9) log10 copies/mL. Ten of 21 infants had HIV RNA <400 copies/mL at Week 24. At entry, the median (range) CD4+ percentage was 32 (11-54) with a median increase of 4% (95% CI: -1, 9) from baseline to week 24 in 19 infants with available data.

    See Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) for pharmacokinetic results.

    Study 940 was an open-label, multicenter trial evaluating the pharmacokinetic profile, tolerability, safety and efficacy of KALETRA oral solution containing lopinavir 80 mg/mL and ritonavir 20 mg/mL in 100 antiretroviral naïve (44%) and experienced (56%) pediatric patients. All patients were non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor naïve. Patients were randomized to either 230 mg lopinavir/57.5 mg ritonavir per m2 or 300 mg lopinavir/75 mg ritonavir per m2. Naïve patients also received lamivudine and stavudine. Experienced patients received nevirapine plus up to two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

    Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic profiles of the two dose regimens were assessed after three weeks of therapy in each patient. After analysis of these data, all patients were continued on the 300 mg lopinavir/75 mg ritonavir per m2 dose. Patients had a mean age of 5 years (range 6 months to 12 years) with 14% less than 2 years. Mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 838 cells/mm3 and mean baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 4.7 log10 copies/mL.

    Through 48 weeks of therapy, the proportion of patients who achieved and sustained an HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL was 80% for antiretroviral naïve patients and 71% for antiretroviral experienced patients. The mean increase from baseline in CD4+ cell count was 404 cells/mm3 for antiretroviral naïve and 284 cells/mm3 for antiretroviral experienced patients treated through 48 weeks. At 48 weeks, two patients (2%) had prematurely discontinued the study. One antiretroviral naïve patient prematurely discontinued secondary to an adverse reaction, while one antiretroviral experienced patient prematurely discontinued secondary to an HIV-1 related event.

    Dose selection in pediatric patients was based on the following:

    • Among patients 14 days to 6 months of age receiving 300/75 mg/m2 twice daily without nevirapine, plasma concentrations were lower than those observed in adults or in older children. This dose resulted in HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL in 55% of patients (70% in those initiating treatment at <6 weeks of age).
    • Among patients 6 months to 12 years of age, the 230/57.5 mg/m2 oral solution twice daily regimen without nevirapine and the 300/75 mg/m2 oral solution twice daily regimen with nevirapine provided lopinavir plasma concentrations similar to those obtained in adult patients receiving the 400/100 mg twice daily regimen (without nevirapine). These doses resulted in treatment benefit (proportion of patients with HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL) similar to that seen in the adult clinical trials.
    • Among patients 12 to 18 years of age receiving 400/100 mg/m2 or 480/120 mg/m2 (with efavirenz) twice daily, plasma concentrations were 60-100% higher than among 6 to 12 year old patients receiving 230/57.5 mg/m2. Mean apparent clearance was similar to that observed in adult patients receiving standard dose and in patients 6 to 12 years of age. Although changes in HIV-1 RNA in patients with prior treatment failure were less than anticipated, the pharmacokinetic data supports use of similar dosing as in patients 6 to 12 years of age, not to exceed the recommended adult dose.
    • For all age groups, the body surface area dosing was converted to body weight dosing using the patient’s prescribed lopinavir dose.
  • 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

    KALETRA® (lopinavir/ritonavir) Film-Coated tablets and Oral Solution are available in the following strengths and package sizes:

    16.1 KALETRA Tablets, 200 mg lopinavir/50 mg ritonavir

    Yellow film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with the corporate Abbott “A” logo and the Abbo-Code KA:

    Bottles of 120 tablets ….…………… (NDC: 0074-6799-22)

    Recommended Storage

    Store KALETRA film-coated tablets at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59° to 86°F)[see USP controlled room temperature]. Dispense in original container or USP equivalent tight container (250 mL or less). For patient use: exposure of this product to high humidity outside the original container or USP equivalent tight container (250 mL or less) for longer than 2 weeks is not recommended.

    16.2 KALETRA Tablets, 100 mg lopinavir/25 mg ritonavir

    Pale yellow film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with the corporate Abbott “A” logo and the Abbo-Code KC:

    Bottles of 60 tablets ….…………… (NDC: 0074-0522-60)

    Recommended Storage

    Store KALETRA film-coated tablets at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59° to 86°F)[see USP controlled room temperature]. Dispense in original container or USP equivalent tight container (100 mL or less). For patient use: exposure of this product to high humidity outside the original container or USP equivalent tight container (100 mL or less) for longer than 2 weeks is not recommended.

    16.3 KALETRA Oral Solution

    KALETRA (lopinavir/ritonavir) oral solution is a light yellow to orange colored liquid supplied in amber-colored multiple-dose bottles containing 400 mg lopinavir/100 mg ritonavir per 5 mL (80 mg lopinavir/20 mg ritonavir per mL) packaged with a marked dosing cup in the following size:

    160 mL bottle……………………………….(NDC: 0074-3956-46)

    Recommended Storage

    Store KALETRA oral solution at 2°-8°C (36°-46°F) until dispensed. Avoid exposure to excessive heat. For patient use, refrigerated KALETRA oral solution remains stable until the expiration date printed on the label. If stored at room temperature up to 25°C (77°F), oral solution should be used within 2 months.

  • 17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

    See FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide)

    Information For Patients

    Patients or parents of patients should be informed that:

    General Information

     They should pay special attention to accurate administration of their dose to minimize the risk of accidental overdose or underdose of KALETRA.

     They should inform their healthcare provider if their children’s weight changes in order to make sure that the child’s KALETRA dose is the correct one.

     They should take the prescribed dose of KALETRA as directed and to set up a daily routine in order to do so.

     KALETRA tablets may be taken with or without food. KALETRA oral solution should be taken with food to enhance absorption.

     Sustained decreases in plasma HIV-1 RNA have been associated with a reduced risk of progression to AIDS and death. Patients should remain under the care of a physician while using KALETRA. Patients should be advised to take KALETRA and other concomitant antiretroviral therapy every day as prescribed. KALETRA must always be used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs. Patients should not alter the dose or discontinue therapy without consulting with their doctor. If a dose of KALETRA is missed patients should take the dose as soon as possible and then return to their normal schedule. However, if a dose is skipped the patient should not double the next dose.

     KALETRA is not a cure for HIV-1 infection and patients may continue to experience illnesses associated with HIV-1 infection, including opportunistic infections. Patients should remain under the care of a physician when using KALETRA.

    Patients should be advised to avoid doing things that can spread HIV-1 infection to others.

    • Do not share needles or other injection equipment.
    • Do not share personal items that can have blood or body fluids on them, like toothbrushes and razor blades.
    • Do not have any kind of sex without protection. Always practice safe sex by using a latex or polyurethane condom to lower the chance of sexual contact with semen, vaginal secretions, or blood.
    • Do not breastfeed. We do not know if KALETRA can be passed to the baby through breast milk and whether it could harm the baby. Also, mothers with HIV-1 should not breastfeed because HIV-1 can be passed to the baby in the breast milk.

    Drug Interactions

     KALETRA may interact with some drugs; therefore, patients should be advised to report to their doctor the use of any other prescription, non-prescription medication or herbal products, particularly St. John's Wort.

     KALETRA tablets can be taken at the same time as didanosine without food. Patients taking didanosine should take didanosine one hour before or two hours after KALETRA oral solution.

     If they are receiving sildenafil, tadalafil, or vardenafil, there may be an increased risk of associated adverse reactions including hypotension, visual changes, and sustained erection, and should promptly report any symptoms to their doctor.

     If they are receiving estrogen-based hormonal contraceptives, additional or alternate contraceptive measures should be used during therapy with KALETRA.

     If they are taking or before they begin using Serevent® (salmeterol) and KALETRA, they should talk to their doctor about problems these two medications may cause when taken together. The doctor may choose not to keep someone on Serevent® (salmeterol).

     If they are taking or before they begin taking Advair® (salmeterol in combination with fluticasone propionate) and KALETRA, they should talk to their doctor about problems these two medications may cause when taken together. The doctor may choose not to keep someone on Advair® (salmeterol in combination with fluticasone propionate).

    Potential Adverse Effects

     Skin rashes ranging in severity from mild to toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Erythema multiforme have been reported in patients receiving KALETRA or its components lopinavir and/or ritonavir. Patients should be advised to contact their healthcare provider if they develop a rash while taking KALETRA. The healthcare provider will determine if treatment should be continued or an alternative antiretroviral regimen used.

     Patients should be advised that appropriate liver function testing will be conducted prior to initiating and during therapy with KALETRA. Pre-existing liver disease including Hepatitis B or C can worsen with use of KALETRA. This can be seen as worsening of transaminase elevations or hepatic decompensation. Patients should be advised that their liver function tests will need to be monitored closely especially during the first several months of KALETRA treatment and that they should notify their healthcare provider if they develop the signs and symptoms of worsening liver disease including loss of appetite, abdominal pain, jaundice, and itchy skin.

     New onset of diabetes or exacerbation of pre-existing diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia have been reported during KALETRA use. Patients should be advised to notify their healthcare provider if they develop the signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus including frequent urination, excessive thirst, extreme hunger or unusual weight loss and/or an increased blood sugar while on KALETRA as they may require a change in their diabetes treatment or new treatment.

     KALETRA might produce changes in the electrocardiogram (e.g., PR and/or QT prolongation). Patients should consult their physician if they experience symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, abnormal heart rhythm or loss of consciousness.

     They should seek medical assistance immediately if they develop a sustained penile erection lasting more than 4 hours while taking KALETRA and a PDE 5 Inhibitor such as Viagra, Cialis or Levitra.

     Redistribution or accumulation of body fat may occur in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy and that the cause and long term health effects of these conditions are not known at this time.

     Patients should be informed that there may be a greater chance of developing diarrhea with the once daily regimen as compared with the twice daily regimen.

    KALETRA Tablets, 200 mg lopinavir/50 mg ritonavir

    Manufactured by Abbott Pharmaceuticals PR Ltd., Barceloneta, PR 00617

    for Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA


    KALETRA Tablets, 100 mg lopinavir/25 mg ritonavir and KALETRA Oral Solution

    Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA

  • MEDICATION GUIDE

    MEDICATION GUIDE


    KALETRA® (kuh-LEE-tra)

    (lopinavir/ritonavir)

    Tablets

    KALETRA® (kuh-LEE-tra)

    (lopinavir/ritonavir)

    Oral Solution

    Read the Medication Guide that comes with KALETRA before you start taking it and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking with your doctor about your medical condition or treatment. You and your doctor should talk about your treatment with KALETRA before you start taking it and at regular check-ups. You should stay under your doctor’s care when taking KALETRA.

    What is the most important information I should know about KALETRA?

    KALETRA may cause serious side effects, including:

    • Interactions with other medicines. It is important to know the medicines that should not be taken with KALETRA. Read the section "What should I tell my doctor before taking KALETRA?”
    • Changes in your heart rhythm and the electrical activity of your heart. These changes may be seen on an EKG (electrocardiogram) and can lead to serious heart problems. Your risk for these problems may be higher if you:
      • already have a history of abnormal heart rhythm or other types of heart disease.
      • take other medicines that can affect your heart rhythm while you take KALETRA.

    Tell your doctor right away if you have any of these symptoms while taking KALETRA:

    • dizziness
    • lightheadedness
    • fainting
    • sensation of abnormal heartbeats

    See the section below “What are the possible side effects of KALETRA?” for more information about serious side effects.

    What is KALETRA?

    KALETRA is a prescription anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) medicine that contains two medicines: lopinavir and ritonavir. KALETRA is called a protease inhibitor that is used with other anti-HIV-1 medicines to treat people with HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).

    It is not known if KALETRA is safe and effective in children under 14 days old.

    Who should not take KALETRA?

    • Do not take KALETRA if you are taking certain medicines. For more information about medicines you should not take with KALETRA, please see “Can I take other medicines with KALETRA?” and consult with your doctor about all other medicines you take.
    • Do not take KALETRA if you have an allergy to KALETRA or any of its ingredients, including ritonavir and lopinavir.

    What should I tell my doctor before taking KALETRA?

    KALETRA may not be right for you. Tell your doctor about all your medical conditions, including if you:

    • have any heart problems, including if you have a condition called Congenital Long QT Syndrome.
    • have liver problems, including Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C.
    • have diabetes.
    • have hemophilia. People who take KALETRA may have increased bleeding.
    • have low potassium in your blood.
    • are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if KALETRA will harm your unborn baby. Birth control pills or patches may not work as well while you take KALETRA. To prevent pregnancy while taking KALETRA, women who take birth control pills or use estrogen patch for birth control should either use a different type of birth control or an extra form of birth control. Talk to your doctor about how to prevent pregnancy while taking KALETRA.
    • take KALETRA during pregnancy, talk with your doctor about how you can take part in an antiretroviral pregnancy registry. The purpose of the pregnancy registry is to follow the health of you and your baby.
    • are breastfeeding. Do not breastfeed. We do not know if KALETRA can be passed to the baby through your breast milk and whether it could harm the baby. Also, mothers with HIV-1 should not breastfeed because HIV-1 can be passed to the baby in the breast milk.

    Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Many medicines interact with KALETRA. Do not start taking a new medicine without telling your doctor or pharmacist. Your doctor can tell you if it is safe to take KALETRA with other medicines. Your doctor may need to change the dose of other medicines while you take KALETRA.

    Medicines you should not take with KALETRA.

    Serious problems or death can happen if you take these medicines with KALETRA:

    • ergot containing medicines, including:
      • ergotamine tartrate (Cafergot®, Migergot, Ergomar, Ergostat, Medihaler Ergotamine, Wigraine, Wigrettes)
      • dihydroergotamine mesylate (D.H.E. 45®, Embolex, Migranal®)
      • ergonovine, ergonovine and methylergonovine (Ergotrate, Methergine), ergotamine and methylergonovine
      • Ergotrate Maleate, methylergonovine maleate (Methergine)
    • triazolam (Halcion®), midazolam hydrochloride oral syrup
    • pimozide (Orap®)
    • the cholesterol lowering medicines lovastatin (Mevacor®) or simvastatin (Zocor®)
    • sildenafil (Revatio®) only when used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. (See “Medicines that may need changes” and “What are the possible side effects of KALETRA?” for information about the use of sildenafil for erectile problems.)
    • alfuzosin (Uroxatral®)

    Medicines that you should not take with KALETRA since they may make KALETRA not work as well:

    • the herbal supplement St. John's Wort (hypericum perforatum)
    • rifampin (Rimactane®, Rifadin®, Rifater®, or Rifamate®)

    Medicines that may need changes:

    • birth control pills that contain estrogen ("the pill") or the birth control (contraceptive) patches
    • certain anticancer medicines, such as nilotinib (Tasigna®) and dasatinib (Sprycel®)
    • certain cholesterol lowering medicines, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor®) or rosuvastatin (Crestor®)
    • certain other antiretroviral medicines, such as efavirenz (Atripla® and Sustiva®), nevirapine (Viramune®), amprenavir (Agenerase®) and nelfinavir (Viracept®)
    • anti-seizure medicines, such as phenytoin (Dilantin®) carbamazepine, (Tegretol®), phenobarbital
    • medicines for erectile problems, such as sildenafil (Viagra®), tadalafil (Cialis®), or vardenafil (Levitra®)
    • medicines for tuberculosis (TB), such as rifabutin (Mycobutin®)
    • inhaled steroid medicines, such as fluticasone propionate (Flonase®)
    • inhaled medicines such as salmeterol (Serevent®) or salmeterol in combination with fluticasone propionate (Advair®). Your doctor may need to change to a different medicine
    • medicines for gout, such as colchicine (Colcrys®)
    • medicines to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), such as bosentan (Tracleer®) or tadalafil (Adcirca®)
    • pain medicines, such as fentanyl (Duragesic®, IonsysTM, Fentora®) and methadone

    If you are not sure if you are taking a medicine above, ask your doctor.

    How should I take KALETRA?

    • Take KALETRA every day exactly as prescribed by your doctor.
    • It is very important to set up a dosing schedule and follow it every day.
    • Do not change your treatment or stop treatment without first talking with your doctor.
    • Swallow KALETRA tablets whole. Do not chew, break, or crush KALETRA tablets.
    • KALETRA tablets can be taken with or without food.
    • If you are taking both Videx® (didanosine) and KALETRA:
      • didanosine can be taken at the same time as KALETRA tablets, without food.
      • take didanosine either one hour before or two hours after taking KALETRA oral solution.
    • Do not miss a dose of KALETRA. This could make the virus harder to treat. If you forget to take KALETRA, take the missed dose right away. If it is almost time for your next dose, do not take the missed dose. Instead, follow your regular dosing schedule by taking your next dose at its regular time. Do not take more than one dose of KALETRA at one time.
    • If you take more than the prescribed dose of KALETRA, call your local poison control center or emergency room right away.
    • Take KALETRA oral solution with food to help it work better.
    • If KALETRA is being used for your child, tell your doctor if your child’s weight changes.
    • KALETRA should not be given one time each day in children. When giving KALETRA to your child, give KALETRA exactly as prescribed.
    • KALETRA oral solution contains propylene glycol and a large amount of alcohol. KALETRA oral solution should not be given to babies younger than 14 days of age unless your doctor thinks it is right for your baby.
      • If a young child drinks more than the recommended dose, it could make them sick. Contact your local poison control center or emergency room right away.
      • Talk with your doctor if you take or plan to take metronidazole or disulfiram. You can have severe nausea and vomiting if you take these medicines with KALETRA.
    • When your KALETRA supply starts to run low, get more from your doctor or pharmacy. It is important not to run out of KALETRA. The amount of HIV-1 virus in your blood may increase if the medicine is stopped for even a short time. The virus may become resistant to KALETRA and become harder to treat.
    • KALETRA can be taken with acid reducing agents used for heartburn or reflux such as omeprazole (Prilosec®) and ranitidine (Zantac® ) with no dose adjustment.
    • KALETRA should not be administered once daily in combination with carbamazepine (Tegretol® and Epitol®), phenobarbital (Luminal®), or phenytoin (Dilantin®).

    What are the possible side effects of KALETRA?

    KALETRA can cause serious side effects.

    • See “What is the most important information I should know about KALETRA?”
    • Liver problems. Liver problems, including death, can happen in people who take KALETRA. Blood tests in people who take KALETRA may show possible liver problems. People with liver disease such as Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C who take KALETRA may have worsening liver disease. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have any of these signs and symptoms of liver problems:
      • loss of appetite
      • yellow skin and whites of eyes (jaundice)
      • dark-colored urine
      • pale colored stools, itchy skin
      • stomach area (abdominal) pain.
    • Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). Some people who take KALETRA get inflammation of the pancreas which may be serious and cause death. You have a higher chance of getting pancreatitis if you have had it before. Tell your doctor if you have nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain while taking KALETRA. These may be signs of pancreatitis.
    • Increases in certain fat (triglycerides and cholesterol) levels in your blood. Large increases of triglycerides and cholesterol can be seen in blood test results of some people who take KALETRA. The long-term chance of getting complications such as heart attacks or stroke due to increases in triglycerides and cholesterol caused by protease inhibitors is not known at this time.
    • Diabetes and high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Some people who take protease inhibitors including KALETRA get new or more serious diabetes, or high blood sugar. Tell your doctor if you notice an increase in thirst or urinate often while taking KALETRA.
    • Changes in body fat. Changes in body fat in some people who take antiretroviral therapy. These changes may include increased amount of fat in the upper back and neck ("buffalo hump"), breast, and around the trunk. Loss of fat from the legs, arms and face may also happen. The cause and long-term health effects of these conditions are not known at this time.
    • Increased bleeding for hemophiliacs. Some people with hemophilia have increased bleeding with protease inhibitors including KALETRA.
    • Increased risk of certain problems when you take medicines used for the treatment of erectile problems such as sildenafil (Viagra®), tadalafil (Cialis®), or vardenafil (Levitra®) with KALETRA:
      • low blood pressure. If you get dizzy or faint, you need to lie down. Tell your doctor if you feel dizzy, or have fainting spells.
      • vision changes. Tell your doctor right away if you have vision changes.
      • penis erection lasting more than 4 hours. If you are a male and have an erection that lasts longer than 4 hours, get medical help right away to avoid permanent damage to your penis. Your doctor can explain these symptoms to you.
    • Allergic reactions. Skin rashes, some of them severe, can occur in people who take KALETRA. Tell your healthcare provider if you had a rash when you took another medicine for your HIV-1 infection or if you notice any skin rash when you take KALETRA.
    • Babies taking KALETRA oral solution may have side effects. KALETRA oral solution contains alcohol and propylene glycol. Call your doctor right away if your baby appears too sleepy or their breathing has changed.

    Common side effects of KALETRA include:

    • diarrhea
    • nausea
    • stomach area (abdominal) pain
    • feeling weak
    • vomiting
    • headache
    • upset stomach

    These are not all of the possible side effects of KALETRA. For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist. Tell your doctor about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.

    Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

    How should I store KALETRA?

    KALETRA tablets:

    • Store KALETRA tablets at room temperature, between 59°F to 86°F (15°C to 30°C).
    • Do not keep KALETRA tablets out of the container it comes in for longer than 2 weeks, especially in areas where there is a lot of humidity. Keep the container closed tightly.

    KALETRA oral solution:

    • Store KALETRA oral solution in a refrigerator, between 36°F to 46°F (2°C to 8°C). KALETRA oral solution that is kept refrigerated may be used until the expiration date printed on the label.
    • KALETRA oral solution that is stored at room temperature (less than 77°F or 25°C) should be used within 2 months.
    • Keep KALETRA away from high heat.

    Throw away any medicine that is out of date or that you no longer need.

    Keep KALETRA and all medicines out of the reach of children.

    General information about KALETRA

    KALETRA does not cure HIV infection or AIDS and you may continue to experience illnesses associated with HIV-1 infection, including opportunistic infections. You should remain under the care of a doctor when using KALETRA.

    Avoid doing things that can spread HIV-1 infection.

    • Do not share needles or other injection equipment
    • Do not share personal items that can have blood or body fluids on them, like toothbrushes and razor blades.
    • Do not have any kind of sex without protection. Always practice safe sex by using a latex or polyurethane condom to lower the chance of sexual contact with semen, vaginal secretions, or blood.

    Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use KALETRA for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give KALETRA to other people, even if they have the same condition you have. It may harm them.

    This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about KALETRA. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your pharmacist or doctor for information about KALETRA that is written for health professionals. For more information about KALETRA call 1-800-633-9110 or go to www.KALETRA.com.


    What are the ingredients in KALETRA?

    Active ingredients: lopinavir and ritonavir

    Inactive ingredients:

    KALETRA 200 mg lopinavir and 50 mg ritonavir tablets: copovidone, sorbitan monolaurate, colloidal silicon dioxide, and sodium stearyl fumarate. The film coating contains: hypromellose, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol 400, hydroxypropyl cellulose, talc, colloidal silicon dioxide, polyethylene glycol 3350, yellow ferric oxide 172, and polysorbate 80.

    KALETRA 100 mg lopinavir and 25 mg ritonavir tablets: copovidone, sorbitan monolaurate, colloidal silicon dioxide, and sodium stearyl fumarate. The film coating contains: polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, talc, polytheylene glycol 3350, and yellow ferric oxide E172.

    KALETRA oral solution: acesulfame potassium, alcohol, artificial cotton candy flavor, citric acid, glycerin, high fructose corn syrup, Magnasweet-110 flavor, menthol, natural and artificial vanilla flavor, peppermint oil, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, povidone, propylene glycol, saccharin sodium, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, and water.

    KALETRA oral solution contains 42.4% alcohol (v/v). “See How should I take KALETRA?”.







    2012, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED


    * The brands listed are trademarks of their respective owners and are not trademarks of Abbott Laboratories. The makers of these brands are not affiliated with and do not endorse Abbott Laboratories or its products.


    Rev. 05/2012

    This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

    KALETRA Tablets, 200 mg lopinavir/50 mg ritonavir

    Manufactured by Abbott Pharmaceuticals PR Ltd., Barceloneta, PR 00617

    for Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA


    KALETRA Tablets, 100 mg lopinavir/25 mg ritonavir and KALETRA Oral Solution

    Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA

  • Package Label

    NDC: 68258-1972-01

    NDC: <a href=/NDC/68258-1972-0>68258-1972-0</a>1

  • INGREDIENTS AND APPEARANCE
    KALETRA 
    lopinavir and ritonavir tablet, film coated
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 68258-1972(NDC:0074-6799)
    Route of AdministrationORAL
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    LOPINAVIR (UNII: 2494G1JF75) (LOPINAVIR - UNII:2494G1JF75) LOPINAVIR200 mg
    RITONAVIR (UNII: O3J8G9O825) (RITONAVIR - UNII:O3J8G9O825) RITONAVIR50 mg
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    SORBITAN MONOLAURATE (UNII: 6W9PS8B71J)  
    COLLOIDAL SILICON DIOXIDE (UNII: ETJ7Z6XBU4)  
    SODIUM STEARYL FUMARATE (UNII: 7CV7WJK4UI)  
    TITANIUM DIOXIDE (UNII: 15FIX9V2JP)  
    POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 400 (UNII: B697894SGQ)  
    HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE (UNII: RFW2ET671P)  
    TALC (UNII: 7SEV7J4R1U)  
    POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 3350 (UNII: G2M7P15E5P)  
    FERRIC OXIDE YELLOW (UNII: EX438O2MRT)  
    POLYSORBATE 80 (UNII: 6OZP39ZG8H)  
    HYPROMELLOSES (UNII: 3NXW29V3WO)  
    COPOVIDONE K25-31 (UNII: D9C330MD8B)  
    Product Characteristics
    ColorYELLOWScoreno score
    ShapeOVALSize19mm
    FlavorImprint Code KA
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 68258-1972-1120 in 1 BOTTLE
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    NDANDA02190606/18/2010
    Labeler - Dispensing Solutions, Inc. (066070785)
    Registrant - PSS World Medical, Inc. (101822682)
    Establishment
    NameAddressID/FEIBusiness Operations
    Dispensing Solutions, Inc.066070785relabel(68258-1972) , repack(68258-1972)

    • Trademark Results [Kaletra]

    Mark Image

    Registration | Serial
    Company
    Trademark
    Application Date
    KALETRA
    KALETRA
    75465750 2451327 Live/Registered
    ABBVIE INC.
    1998-04-09
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