SITAGLIPTIN AND METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE tablet, film coated

Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride by

Drug Labeling and Warnings

Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride by is a Prescription medication manufactured, distributed, or labeled by Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc., Zydus Lifesciences Global FZE, Zydus Lifesciences Limited. Drug facts, warnings, and ingredients follow.

Drug Details [pdf]

  • BOXED WARNING (What is this?)

    WARNING: LACTIC ACIDOSIS

    Postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis have resulted in death, hypothermia, hypotension, and resistant bradyarrhythmias. The onset of metformin-associated lactic acidosis is often subtle, accompanied only by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, myalgias, respiratory distress, somnolence, and abdominal pain. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis was characterized by elevated blood lactate levels (>5 mmol/Liter), anion gap acidosis (without evidence of ketonuria or ketonemia), an increased lactate/pyruvate ratio, and metformin plasma levels generally >5 mcg/mL [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    Risk factors for metformin-associated lactic acidosis include renal impairment, concomitant use of certain drugs (e.g., carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as topiramate), age 65 years old or greater, having a radiological study with contrast, surgery and other procedures, hypoxic states (e.g., acute congestive heart failure), excessive alcohol intake, and hepatic impairment.

    Steps to reduce the risk of and manage metformin-associated lactic acidosis in these high risk groups are provided in the full prescribing information [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)>, Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.1), Drug Interactions (7), and Use in Specific Populations (8.6, 8.7)].

    If metformin-associated lactic acidosis is suspected, immediately discontinue sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets and institute general supportive measures in a hospital setting. Prompt hemodialysis is recommended [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

  • 1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    Limitations of Use

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is not recommended in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets has not been studied in patients with a history of pancreatitis. It is unknown whether patients with a history of pancreatitis are at increased risk for the development of pancreatitis while using sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

  • 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

    2.1 Recommended Dosage

    • Take sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets orally twice daily with meals.
    • Individualize the dosage of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets on the basis of the patient's current regimen, effectiveness, and tolerability.
    • The maximum recommended daily dose is 100 mg of sitagliptin and 2,000 mg of metformin hydrochloride (HCl).
    • Do not split or divide sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets.
    • The recommended starting dose in patients not currently treated with metformin is 50 mg sitagliptin and 500 mg metformin HCl twice daily, with gradual dose escalation recommended to reduce gastrointestinal side effects associated with metformin.
    • The starting dose in patients already treated with metformin should provide sitagliptin dosed as 50 mg twice daily (100 mg total daily dose) and the dose of metformin already being taken. For patients taking metformin HCl 850 mg twice daily, the recommended starting dose of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is 50 mg sitagliptin and 1,000 mg metformin HCl twice daily.

    2.2 Recommendations for Use in Renal Impairment

    • Assess renal function prior to initiation of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets and periodically thereafter.
    • Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is contraindicated in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2[see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
    • Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is not recommended in patients with an eGFR between 30 and less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m2because these patients require a lower dosage of sitagliptin than what is available in the fixed combination sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets product.

    2.3 Discontinuation for Iodinated Contrast Imaging Procedures

    Discontinue sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets at the time of, or prior to, an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with an eGFR between 30 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m2; in patients with a history of liver disease, alcoholism, or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinated contrast. Re-evaluate eGFR 48 hours after the imaging procedure; restart sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets if renal function is stable [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

  • 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

    Tablets:

    • sitagliptin 50 mg and metformin HCl 500 mg tablets are white to off-white, oval shaped, biconvex, film coated tablets debossed with "1786" on one side and plain on the other side.
    • sitagliptin 50 mg and metformin HCl 1,000 mg tablets are reddish brown, oval shaped, biconvex, film coated tablets debossed with "1787" on one side and plain on the other side.
  • 4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is contraindicated in patients with:

    • Severe renal impairment (eGFR below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
    • Acute or chronic metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis.
    • History of a serious hypersensitivity reaction to sitagliptin, metformin, or any of the excipients in sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets. Serious hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis or angioedema have been reported. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) and Adverse Reactions (6.2)].
  • 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

    5.1 Lactic Acidosis

    There have been postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis, including fatal cases. These cases had a subtle onset and were accompanied by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, myalgias, abdominal pain, respiratory distress, or increased somnolence; however, hypothermia, hypotension and resistant bradyarrhythmias have occurred with severe acidosis. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis was characterized by elevated blood lactate concentrations (>5 mmol/Liter), anion gap acidosis (without evidence of ketonuria or ketonemia), and an increased lactate/pyruvate ratio; metformin plasma levels were generally >5 mcg/mL. Metformin decreases liver uptake of lactate increasing lactate blood levels which may increase the risk of lactic acidosis, especially in patients at risk.

    If metformin-associated lactic acidosis is suspected, general supportive measures should be instituted promptly in a hospital setting, along with immediate discontinuation of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets. In sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets treated patients with a diagnosis or strong suspicion of lactic acidosis, prompt hemodialysis is recommended to correct the acidosis and remove accumulated metformin (metformin HCl is dialyzable, with a clearance of up to 170 mL/min under good hemodynamic conditions). Hemodialysis has often resulted in reversal of symptoms and recovery.

    Educate patients and their families about the symptoms of lactic acidosis and if these symptoms occur instruct them to discontinue sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets and report these symptoms to their health care provider.

    For each of the known and possible risk factors for metformin-associated lactic acidosis, recommendations to reduce the risk of and manage metformin-associated lactic acidosis are provided below:

    Renal Impairment

    The postmarketing metformin-associated lactic acidosis cases primarily occurred in patients with significant renal impairment. The risk of metformin accumulation and metformin-associated lactic acidosis increases with the severity of renal impairment because metformin is substantially excreted by the kidney. Clinical recommendations based upon the patient's renal function include [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]:

    • Before initiating sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, obtain an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).
    • Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2[see Contraindications (4)].
    • Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is not recommended in patients with an eGFR between 30 and less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m2because these patients require a lower dosage of sitagliptin than what is available in the fixed combination sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets product.
    • Obtain an eGFR at least annually in all patients taking sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets. In patients at increased risk for the development of renal impairment (e.g., the elderly), renal function should be assessed more frequently.

    Drug Interactions

    The concomitant use of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets with specific drugs may increase the risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis: those that impair renal function, result in significant hemodynamic change, interfere with acid-base balance or increase metformin accumulation [see Drug Interactions (7)]. Therefore, consider more frequent monitoring of patients.

    Age 65 or Greater

    The risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis increases with the patient's age because elderly patients have a greater likelihood of having hepatic, renal, or cardiac impairment than younger patients. Assess renal function more frequently in elderly patients [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)].

    Radiological Studies with Contrast

    Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to an acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. Stop sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets at the time of, or prior to, an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with an eGFR between 30 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m2; in patients with a history of hepatic impairment, alcoholism, or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinated contrast. Re-evaluate eGFR 48 hours after the imaging procedure, and restart sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets if renal function is stable.

    Surgery and Other Procedures

    Withholding of food and fluids during surgical or other procedures may increase the risk for volume depletion, hypotension and renal impairment. Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets should be temporarily discontinued while patients have restricted food and fluid intake.

    Hypoxic States

    Several of the postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis occurred in the setting of acute congestive heart failure (particularly when accompanied by hypoperfusion and hypoxemia). Cardiovascular collapse (shock), acute myocardial infarction, sepsis, and other conditions associated with hypoxemia have been associated with lactic acidosis and may also cause prerenal azotemia. When such events occur, discontinue sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets.

    Excessive Alcohol Intake

    Alcohol potentiates the effect of metformin on lactate metabolism and this may increase the risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis. Warn patients against excessive alcohol intake while receiving sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets.

    Hepatic Impairment

    Patients with hepatic impairment have developed with cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis. This may be due to impaired lactate clearance resulting in higher lactate blood levels. Therefore, avoid use of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets in patients with clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatic disease.

    5.2 Pancreatitis

    There have been postmarketing reports of acute pancreatitis, including fatal and non-fatal hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis, in patients taking sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets. After initiation of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, patients should be observed carefully for signs and symptoms of pancreatitis. If pancreatitis is suspected, sitagliptin should promptly be discontinued and appropriate management should be initiated. It is unknown whether patients with a history of pancreatitis are at increased risk for the development of pancreatitis while using sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets.

    5.3 Heart Failure

    An association between DPP-4 inhibitor treatment and heart failure has been observed in cardiovascular outcomes trials for two other members of the DPP-4 inhibitor class. These trials evaluated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Consider the risks and benefits of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets prior to initiating treatment in patients at risk for heart failure, such as those with a prior history of heart failure and a history of renal impairment, and observe these patients for signs and symptoms of heart failure during therapy. Advise patients of the characteristic symptoms of heart failure and to immediately report such symptoms. If heart failure develops, evaluate and manage according to current standards of care and consider discontinuation of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets.

    5.4 Acute Renal Failure

    There have been postmarketing reports of worsening renal function, including acute renal failure, sometimes requiring dialysis. Before initiation of therapy with sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets and at least annually thereafter, renal function should be assessed. In patients in whom development of renal dysfunction is anticipated, particularly in elderly patients, renal function should be assessed more frequently and sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets discontinued if evidence of renal impairment is present.  Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    5.5 Vitamin B12 Deficiency

    In controlled clinical trials of metformin of 29 weeks duration, a decrease to subnormal levels of previously normal serum vitamin B12 levels was observed in approximately 7% of patients. Such decrease, possibly due to interference with B12 absorption from the B12-intrinsic factor complex, may be associated with anemia but appears to be rapidly reversible with discontinuation of metformin or vitamin B12 supplementation. Certain individuals (those with inadequate vitamin B12 or calcium intake or absorption) appear to be predisposed to developing subnormal vitamin B12 levels. Measure hematologic parameters on an annual basis and vitamin B12 measurements at 2- to 3-year intervals in patients on sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets and manage any abnormalities [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

    5.6 Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin or Insulin Secretagogues

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets may increase the risk of hypoglycemia when combined with insulin and/or an insulin secretagogue (e.g., sulfonylurea) [see Adverse Reactions (6)]. A lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue may be required to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia when used in combination with sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets [see Drug Interactions (7)].

    5.7 Hypersensitivity Reactions

    There have been postmarketing reports of serious hypersensitivity reactions in patients treated with sitagliptin, one of the components of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets. These reactions include anaphylaxis, angioedema, and exfoliative skin conditions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Onset of these reactions occurred within the first 3 months after initiation of treatment with sitagliptin, with some reports occurring after the first dose.

    If a hypersensitivity reaction is suspected, discontinue sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, assess for other potential causes for the event, and institute alternative treatment for diabetes. [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].

    Angioedema has also been reported with other DPP-4 inhibitors. Use caution in a patient with a history of angioedema with another DPP-4 inhibitor because it is unknown whether such patients will be predisposed to angioedema with sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets.

    5.8 Severe and Disabling Arthralgia

    There have been postmarketing reports of severe and disabling arthralgia in patients taking DPP-4 inhibitors. The time to onset of symptoms following initiation of drug therapy varied from one day to years. Patients experienced relief of symptoms upon discontinuation of the medication. A subset of patients experienced a recurrence of symptoms when restarting the same drug or a different DPP-4 inhibitor. Consider DPP-4 inhibitors as a possible cause for severe joint pain and discontinue drug if appropriate.

    5.9 Bullous Pemphigoid

    Postmarketing cases of bullous pemphigoid requiring hospitalization have been reported with DPP- 4 inhibitor use. In reported cases, patients typically recovered with topical or systemic immunosuppressive treatment and discontinuation of the DPP-4 inhibitor. Tell patients to report development of blisters or erosions while receiving sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets. If bullous pemphigoid is suspected, sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets should be discontinued and referral to a dermatologist should be considered for diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

  • 6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

    The following adverse reactions are also discussed elsewhere in the prescribing information:

    • Lactic Acidosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
    • Pancreatitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]
    • Heart Failure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
    • Acute Renal Failure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]
    • Vitamin B12 Deficiency [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]
    • Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin or Insulin Secretagogues [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]
    • Hypersensitivity Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)]
    • Severe and Disabling Arthralgia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)]
    • Bullous Pemphigoid [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)]

    6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

    Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

    Common Adverse Reactions

    Sitagliptin and Metformin Coadministration in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled on Diet and Exercise

    Table 1 summarizes the most common (≥5% of patients) adverse reactions reported in a 24-week placebo-controlled factorial trial in which sitagliptin and metformin were coadministered to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on diet and exercise.

  • * Intent-to-treat population.
  • † Data pooled for the patients given the lower and higher doses of metformin.
    		•
    Table 1: Sitagliptin and Metformin Coadministered to Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled on Diet and Exercise:
    Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥5% of Patients Receiving Combination Therapy (and Greater than in Patients Receiving Placebo)*

    Number of Patients (%)


    Placebo

    Sitagliptin 100 mg once daily

    Metformin HCl 500 mg/
    Metformin HCl 1,000 mg twice daily†
    		Sitagliptin
    50 mg twice daily + Metformin HCl 500 mg/ Metformin HCl 1,000 mg
    twice daily†
    N = 176
    		N = 179
    		N = 364†
    		N = 372†
    Diarrhea
    		 7 (4)
    		 5 (2.8)
    		 28 (7.7)
    		 28 (7.5)
    Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
    		 9 (5.1)
    		 8 (4.5)
    		 19 (5.2)
    		 23 (6.2)
    Headache
    		 5 (2.8)
    		 2 (1.1)
    		 14 (3.8)
    		 22 (5.9)

    Sitagliptin Add-on Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled on Metformin Alone

    In a 24-week placebo-controlled trial of sitagliptin 100 mg administered once daily added to a twice daily metformin regimen, there were no adverse reactions in ≥5% of patients and more commonly than in patients given placebo. Discontinuation of therapy due to clinical adverse reactions was similar to the placebo treatment group (sitagliptin and metformin, 1.9%; placebo and metformin, 2.5%).

    Gastrointestinal Adverse Reactions

    The incidences of pre-selected gastrointestinal adverse experiences in patients treated with sitagliptin and metformin were similar to those reported for patients treated with metformin alone. See Table 2.

  • * Data pooled for the patients given the lower and higher doses of metformin.
  • † Abdominal discomfort was included in the analysis of abdominal pain in the trial of initial therapy.
    		•
    Table 2: Pre-selected Gastrointestinal Adverse Reactions Reported in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Receiving Sitagliptin and Metformin

    Number of Patients (%)
    Trial of Sitagliptin and Metformin in Patients Inadequately Controlled on Diet and Exercise
    		Trial of Sitagliptin Add-on in Patients Inadequately Controlled on Metformin Alone

    Placebo

    Sitagliptin 100 mg once daily

    Metformin HCl 500 mg/ Metformin HCl
    1,000 mg twice daily*
    		Sitagliptin 50 mg twice daily +
    Metformin HCl 500 mg/ Metformin HCl 1,000 mg twice daily*
    		Placebo and Metformin HCl
    ≥1,500 mg
    daily
    		Sitagliptin 100 mg once daily and Metformin HCl
    ≥1,500 mg daily
    N = 176
    		N = 179
    		N = 364
    		N = 372
    		N = 237
    		N = 464
    Diarrhea
    		 7 (4)
    		 5 (2.8)
    		 28 (7.7)
    		 28 (7.5)
    		 6 (2.5)
    		 11 (2.4)
    Nausea
    		 2 (1.1)
    		 2 (1.1)
    		 20 (5.5)
    		 18 (4.8)
    		 2 (0.8)
    		 6 (1.3)
    Vomiting
    		 1 (0.6)
    		 0 (0)
    		 2 (0.5)
    		 8 (2.2)
    		 2 (0.8)
    		 5 (1.1)
    Abdominal Pain†
    		4 (2.3)
    		 6 (3.4)
    		 14 (3.8)
    		 11 (3)
    		 9 (3.8)
    		 10 (2.2)

    Sitagliptin in Combination with Metformin and Glimepiride

    In a 24-week placebo-controlled trial of sitagliptin 100 mg as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin and glimepiride (sitagliptin, N=116; placebo, N=113), the adverse reactions reported in ≥5% of patients treated with sitagliptin and more commonly than in patients treated with placebo were: hypoglycemia (see Table 3) and headache (6.9%, 2.7%).

    Sitagliptin in Combination with Metformin and Rosiglitazone

    In a placebo-controlled trial of sitagliptin 100 mg as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin and rosiglitazone (sitagliptin, N=181; placebo, N=97), the adverse reactions reported through Week 18 in ≥5% of patients treated with sitagliptin and more commonly than in patients treated with placebo were: upper respiratory tract infection (sitagliptin, 5.5%; placebo, 5.2%) and nasopharyngitis (6.1%, 4.1%). Through Week 54, the adverse reactions reported in ≥5% of patients treated with sitagliptin and more commonly than in patients treated with placebo were: upper respiratory tract infection (sitagliptin, 15.5%; placebo, 6.2%), nasopharyngitis (11%, 9.3%), peripheral edema (8.3%, 5.2%), and headache (5.5%, 4.1%).

    Sitagliptin in Combination with Metformin and Insulin

    In a 24-week placebo-controlled trial of sitagliptin 100 mg as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin and insulin (sitagliptin, N=229; placebo, N=233), the only adverse reaction reported in ≥5% of patients treated with sitagliptin and more commonly than in patients treated with placebo was hypoglycemia (Table 3).

    Hypoglycemia

    In the above trials (N=5), adverse reactions of hypoglycemia were based on all reports of symptomatic hypoglycemia; a concurrent glucose measurement was not required although most (77%) reports of hypoglycemia were accompanied by a blood glucose measurement ≤70 mg/dL. When the combination of sitagliptin and metformin was coadministered with a sulfonylurea or with insulin, the percentage of patients reporting at least one adverse reaction of hypoglycemia was higher than that observed with placebo and metformin coadministered with a sulfonylurea or with insulin (Table 3).

  • * Adverse reactions of hypoglycemia were based on all reports of symptomatic hypoglycemia; a concurrent glucose measurement was not required: Intent-to-treat population.
  • † Based on total number of events (i.e., a single patient may have had multiple events).
  • ‡ Severe events of hypoglycemia were defined as those events requiring medical assistance or exhibiting depressed level/loss of consciousness or seizure.
    		•
    Table 3: Incidence and Rate of Hypoglycemia* in Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials of Sitagliptin in Combination with Metformin Coadministered with Glimepiride or Insulin
    Add-On to Glimepiride
    + Metformin (24 weeks)
    		 Sitagliptin 100 mg
    + Metformin
    + Glimepiride
    		Placebo
    + Metformin
    + Glimepiride
    N = 116
    		 N = 113
    Overall (%)
    		 19 (16.4)
    		 1 (0.9)
    Rate (episodes/patient-year)†
    		0.82
    		 0.02
    Severe (%)‡
    		0 (0)
    		 0 (0)
    Add-On to Insulin
    + Metformin (24 weeks)
    		 Sitagliptin 100 mg
    + Metformin
    + Insulin
    		Placebo
    + Metformin
    + Insulin
    N = 229
    		 N = 233
    Overall (%)
    		 35 (15.3)
    		 19 (8.2)
    Rate (episodes/patient-year)†
    		0.98
    		 0.61
    Severe (%)‡
    		1 (0.4)
    		 1 (0.4)

    The overall incidence of reported adverse reactions of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on diet and exercise was 0.6% in patients given placebo, 0.6% in patients given sitagliptin alone, 0.8% in patients given metformin alone, and 1.6% in patients given sitagliptin in combination with metformin. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin alone, the overall incidence of adverse reactions of hypoglycemia was 1.3% in patients given add-on sitagliptin and 2.1% in patients given add-on placebo.

    In the trial of sitagliptin and add-on combination therapy with metformin and rosiglitazone, the overall incidence of hypoglycemia was 2.2% in patients given add-on sitagliptin and 0% in patients given add-on placebo through Week 18. Through Week 54, the overall incidence of hypoglycemia was 3.9% in patients given add-on sitagliptin and 1% in patients given add-on placebo.

    In an additional, 30-week placebo-controlled, trial of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin comparing the maintenance of sitagliptin 100 mg versus withdrawal of sitagliptin when initiating basal insulin therapy, the event rate and incidence of documented symptomatic hypoglycemia (blood glucose measurement ≤70 mg/dL) did not differ between the sitagliptin and placebo groups.

    Vital Signs and Electrocardiograms

    With the combination of sitagliptin and metformin, no clinically meaningful changes in vital signs or in ECG (including in QTc interval) were observed.

    Pancreatitis

    In a pooled analysis of 19 double-blind clinical trials that included data from 10,246 patients randomized to receive sitagliptin 100 mg/day (N=5,429) or corresponding (active or placebo) control (N=4,817), the incidence of acute pancreatitis was 0.1 per 100 patient-years in each group (4 patients with an event in 4,708 patient-years for sitagliptin and 4 patients with an event in 3,942 patient-years for control).

    Sitagliptin

    The most common adverse experience in sitagliptin monotherapy reported  in ≥5% of patients and more commonly than in patients given placebo was nasopharyngitis.

    Metformin

    The most common (>5%) established adverse reactions due to initiation of metformin therapy are diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, flatulence, abdominal discomfort, indigestion, asthenia, and headache.

    Laboratory Tests

    Sitagliptin

    The incidence of laboratory adverse reactions was similar in patients treated with sitagliptin and metformin (7.6%) compared to patients treated with placebo and metformin (8.7%). In most but not all trials, a small increase in white blood cell count (approximately 200 cells/microL difference in WBC vs placebo; mean baseline WBC approximately 6,600 cells/microL) was observed due to a small increase in neutrophils. This change in laboratory parameters is not considered to be clinically relevant.

    Metformin

    In controlled clinical trials of metformin of 29 weeks duration, a decrease to subnormal levels of previously normal serum vitamin B12 levels, without clinical manifestations, was observed in approximately 7% of patients. Such decrease, possibly due to interference with B12 absorption from the B12-intrinsic factor complex, is, however, very rarely associated with anemia and appears to be rapidly reversible with discontinuation of metformin or vitamin B12 supplementation.

    6.2 Postmarketing Experience

    Additional adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, sitagliptin, or metformin. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is generally not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis, angioedema, rash, urticaria, cutaneous vasculitis, and exfoliative skin conditions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome; bullous pemphigoid;

    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: upper respiratory tract infection;

    Hepatobiliary disorders: hepatic enzyme elevations; cholestatic, hepatocellular, and mixed hepatocellular liver injury;

    Gastrointestinal disorders: acute pancreatitis, including fatal and non-fatal hemorrhagic and necrotizing pancreatitis [see Indications and Usage (1)]; constipation; vomiting; mouth ulceration; stomatitis;

    Renal and urinary disorders: worsening renal function, including acute renal failure (sometimes requiring dialysis) and tubulointerstitial nephritis;

    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: severe and disabling arthralgia; myalgia; pain in extremity; back pain; pruritus; rhabdomyolysis;

    Nervous system disorders: headache.

  • 7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

    Table 4 presents clinically significant drug interactions with sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets:

    Table 4: Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with  sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets
    Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
    Clinical Impact:
    		Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors frequently cause a decrease in serum bicarbonate and induce non-anion gap, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Concomitant use of these drugs with  sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets may increase the risk for lactic acidosis.
    Intervention:
    		Consider more frequent monitoring of these patients.
    Examples:
    		Topiramate, zonisamide, acetazolamide or dichlorphenamide.
    Drugs that Reduce Metformin Clearance
    Clinical Impact:
    		Concomitant use of drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin (e.g., organic cationic transporter-2 [OCT2] / multidrug and toxin extrusion [MATE] inhibitors) could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
    Intervention:
    		Consider the benefits and risks of concomitant use with  sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets.
    Examples:
    		Ranolazine, vandetanib, dolutegravir, and cimetidine.
    Alcohol
    Clinical Impact:
    		Alcohol is known to potentiate the effect of metformin on lactate metabolism.
    Intervention:
    		Warn patients against alcohol intake while receiving  sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets.
    Insulin Secretagogues or Insulin
    Clinical Impact:
    		Coadministration of  sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets with an insulin secretagogue (e.g., sulfonylurea) or insulin may increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
    Intervention:
    		Patients receiving an insulin secretagogue or insulin may require lower doses of the insulin secretagogue or insulin.
    Drugs Affecting Glycemic Control
    Clinical Impact:
    		Certain drugs tend to produce hyperglycemia and may lead to loss of glycemic control.
    Intervention:
    		When such drugs are administered to a patient receiving sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, observe the patient closely for loss of blood glucose control. When such drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving  sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, observe the patient closely for hypoglycemia.
    Examples:
    		Thiazides and other diuretics, corticosteroids, phenothiazines, thyroid products, estrogens, oral contraceptives, phenytoin, nicotinic acid, sympathomimetics, calcium channel blockers, and isoniazid.
  • 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

    8.1 Pregnancy

    Risk Summary

    Available data with sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets and sitagliptin use in pregnant women are not sufficient to inform a sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets-associated or sitagliptin-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage. Published studies with metformin use during pregnancy have not reported a clear association with metformin and major birth defect or miscarriage risk [see Data]. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy [see Clinical Considerations]. No adverse developmental effects were observed when sitagliptin was administered to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at oral doses up to 30-times and 20-times, respectively, the 100 mg clinical dose, based on AUC. No adverse developmental effects were observed when metformin was administered to pregnant Sprague Dawley rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses up to 2- and 6-times, respectively, a 2,000 mg clinical dose, based on body surface area [see Data].

    The estimated background risk of major birth defects is 6 to 10% in women with pre-gestational diabetes with a hemoglobin A1c (A1C) >7% and has been reported to be as high as 20% to 25% in women with a A1C >10%. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20% respectively.

    Clinical Considerations

    Disease-Associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal Risk

    Poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for diabetic ketoacidosis, preeclampsia, spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery, and delivery complications. Poorly controlled diabetes increases the fetal risk for major birth defects, still birth, and macrosomia related morbidity.

    Data

    Human Data

    Published data from post-marketing studies do not report a clear association with metformin and major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes when metformin is used during pregnancy. However, these studies cannot definitely establish the absence of any risk because of methodological limitations, including small sample size and inconsistent comparator groups.

    Animal Data

    Sitagliptin and Metformin

    No animal reproduction studies were conducted with the coadministration of sitagliptin and metformin.

    Sitagliptin

    In embryo-fetal development studies, sitagliptin administered to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis (gestation day 6 to 20) did not adversely affect developmental outcomes at oral doses up to 250 mg/kg (30-times the 100 mg clinical dose) and 125 mg/kg (20-times the 100 mg clinical dose), respectively, based on AUC. Higher doses in rats associated with maternal toxicity increased the incidence of rib malformations in offspring at 1,000 mg/kg, or approximately 100-times the clinical dose, based on AUC. Placental transfer of sitagliptin was observed in pregnant rats and rabbits.

    Sitagliptin administered to female rats from gestation day 6 to lactation day 21 caused no functional or behavioral toxicity in offspring of rats at doses up to 1,000 mg/kg.

    Metformin

    Metformin did not cause adverse developmental effects when administered to pregnant Sprague Dawley rats and rabbits up to 600 mg/kg/day during the period of organogenesis. This represents an exposure of about 2- and 6-times a 2,000 mg clinical dose based on body surface area (mg/m2) for rats and rabbits, respectively.

    8.2 Lactation

    Risk Summary

    There is no information regarding the presence of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. Limited published studies report that metformin is present in human milk [see Data]. There are no reports of adverse effects on breastfed infants exposed to metformin. There is no information on the effects of metformin on milk production. Sitagliptin is present in rat milk and therefore possibly present in human milk [see Data]. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets or from the underlying maternal condition.

    Data

    Sitagliptin

    Sitagliptin is secreted in the milk of lactating rats at a milk to plasma ratio of 4:1.

    Metformin

    Published clinical lactation studies report that metformin is present in human milk, which resulted in infant doses approximately 0.11% to 1% of the maternal weight-adjusted dosage and a milk/plasma ratio ranging between 0.13 and 1. However, the studies were not designed to definitely establish the risk of use of metformin during lactation because of small sample size and limited adverse event data collected in infants.

    8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

    Discuss the potential for unintended pregnancy with premenopausal women as therapy with metformin may result in ovulation in some anovulatory women.

    8.4 Pediatric Use

    The safety and effectiveness of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets have not been established in pediatric patients.

    Pediatric information describing clinical studies in which efficacy was not demonstrated is approved for Merck Sharp and Dohme's JANUMET (sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride) tablets. However, due to Merck Sharp and Dohme's marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that information.

    8.5 Geriatric Use

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets

    In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy and the higher risk of lactic acidosis. Renal function should be assessed more frequently in elderly patients. [See Contraindications (4); Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3).]

    Sitagliptin

    Of the total number of subjects (N=3,884) in clinical studies of sitagliptin, 725 patients were 65 years and over, while 61 patients were 75 years and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness of sitagliptin have been observed between subjects 65 years and over and younger patients.

    Metformin

    Controlled clinical studies of metformin did not include sufficient numbers of elderly patients to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients, although other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and young patients.

    8.6 Renal Impairment

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is not recommended in patients with an eGFR between 30 and less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 because these patients require a lower dosage of sitagliptin than what is available in the fixed dose combination sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets product. Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is contraindicated in severe renal impairment, patients with an eGFR below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) >, Contraindications (4)>, Warnings and Precautions (5.1)> and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

    Sitagliptin

    Sitagliptin is excreted by the kidney, and sitagliptin exposure is increased in patients with renal impairment. [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

    Metformin

    Metformin is substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of metformin accumulation and lactic acidosis increases with the degree of renal impairment.

    8.7 Hepatic Impairment

    Use of metformin in patients with hepatic impairment has been associated with some cases of lactic acidosis. Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is not recommended in patients with hepatic impairment. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

  • 10 OVERDOSAGE

    In the event of overdose with sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, consider contacting the Poison Help Line (1-800-222-1222) or a medical toxicologist for additional overdosage management recommendations. Employ the usual supportive measures dictated by the patient's clinical status. Per clinical judgement, consider  removal of unabsorbed material from the gastrointestinal tract, and clinical monitoring (including obtaining an ECG).

    Sitagliptin is modestly dialyzable. In clinical studies, approximately 13.5% of the dose was removed over a 3- to 4-hour hemodialysis session. Prolonged hemodialysis may be considered if clinically appropriate. It is not known if sitagliptin is dialyzable by peritoneal dialysis.

    Overdose of metformin has occurred, including ingestion of amounts greater than 50 grams. Hypoglycemia was reported in approximately 10% of cases, but no causal association with metformin has been established. Lactic acidosis has been reported in approximately 32% of metformin overdose cases [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. Metformin is dialyzable with a clearance of up to 170 mL/min under good hemodynamic conditions. Therefore, hemodialysis may be useful for removal of accumulated drug from patients in whom metformin overdosage is suspected.

  • 11 DESCRIPTION

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets (sitagliptin and metformin HCl) tablets for oral use contain sitagliptin and metformin HCl.

    Sitagliptin

    Sitagliptin is an orally-active inhibitor of DPP-4 enzyme. Sitagliptin is present in sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets tablets in the form of sitagliptin free base. Sitagliptin free base is described chemically as 7-[(3R)-3-amino-1-oxo-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3 (trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine with an empirical formula of C16H15F6N5O and a molecular weight of 407.31. The structural formula is:

    Structure

    Sitagliptin free base is a white to off-white, non-hygroscopic powder. It is soluble in methanol and slightly soluble in water.

    Metformin HCl USP

    Metformin HCl, USP (N,N-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide hydrochloride) is not chemically or pharmacologically related to any other classes of oral antihyperglycemic agents. Metformin HCl, USP is a white crystalline powder with a molecular formula of C4H11N5HCl and a molecular weight of 165.62. Metformin HCl is freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol (95%), practically insoluble in acetone and in methylene chloride. The pKa of metformin HCl is 12.4. The pH of a 1% aqueous solution of metformin HCl is 6.68.

    The structural formula is as shown:

    Structure

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is available as film-coated tablets containing:

    • 50 mg of sitagliptin and 389.93 mg of metformin equivalent to 500 mg metformin HCl (sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets 50/500).
    • 50 mg of sitagliptin and 779.86 mg of metformin equivalent to 1,000 mg metformin HCl (sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets 50/1,000).

    Each film-coated tablet of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets contains the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, low substituted hydroxypropylcellulose, magnesium stearate, malic acid, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, and sodium stearyl fumarate. In addition, the film coating contains the following inactive ingredients:  polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, talc, and titanium dioxide. The film coating of 50 mg/1,000 mg also contains: FD&C yellow #6 aluminum lake, iron oxide red, and iron oxide yellow.

  • 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

    12.1 Mechanism of Action

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets combines two antihyperglycemic agents with complementary mechanisms of action to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: sitagliptin, a DPP- 4 inhibitor, and metformin HCl, a member of the biguanide class.

    Sitagliptin

    Sitagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor, which is believed to exert its actions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by slowing the inactivation of incretin hormones. Concentrations of the active intact hormones are increased by sitagliptin, thereby increasing and prolonging the action of these hormones. Incretin hormones, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are released by the intestine throughout the day, and levels are increased in response to a meal. These hormones are rapidly inactivated by the enzyme DPP-4. The incretins are part of an endogenous system involved in the physiologic regulation of glucose homeostasis. When blood glucose concentrations are normal or elevated, GLP-1 and GIP increase insulin synthesis and release from pancreatic beta cells by intracellular signaling pathways involving cyclic AMP. GLP-1 also lowers glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells, leading to reduced hepatic glucose production. By increasing and prolonging active incretin levels, sitagliptin increases insulin release and decreases glucagon levels in the circulation in a glucose-dependent manner. Sitagliptin demonstrates selectivity for DPP-4 and does not inhibit DPP-8 or DPP-9 activity in vitro at concentrations approximating those from therapeutic doses.

    Metformin

    Metformin is an antihyperglycemic agent which improves glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. With metformin therapy, insulin secretion remains unchanged while fasting insulin levels and day-long plasma insulin response may decrease.

    12.2 Pharmacodynamics

    Sitagliptin

    In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, administration of sitagliptin led to inhibition of DPP-4 enzyme activity for a 24-hour period. After an oral glucose load or a meal, this DPP-4 inhibition resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in circulating levels of active GLP-1 and GIP, decreased glucagon concentrations, and increased responsiveness of insulin release to glucose, resulting in higher C-peptide and insulin concentrations. The rise in insulin with the decrease in glucagon was associated with lower fasting glucose concentrations and reduced glucose excursion following an oral glucose load or a meal.

    In studies with healthy subjects, sitagliptin did not lower blood glucose or cause hypoglycemia.

    Sitagliptin and Metformin Coadministration

    In a two-day study in healthy subjects, sitagliptin alone increased active GLP-1 concentrations, whereas metformin alone increased active and total GLP-1 concentrations to similar extents. Coadministration of sitagliptin and metformin had an additive effect on active GLP-1 concentrations. Sitagliptin, but not metformin, increased active GIP concentrations. It is unclear what these findings mean for changes in glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    Cardiac Electrophysiology

    In a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study, 79 healthy subjects were administered a single oral dose of sitagliptin 100 mg, sitagliptin 800 mg (8 times the recommended dose), and placebo. At the recommended dose of 100 mg, there was no effect on the QTc interval obtained at the peak plasma concentration, or at any other time during the study. Following the 800-mg dose, the maximum increase in the placebo-corrected mean change in QTc from baseline at 3 hours postdose was 8.0 msec. This increase is not considered to be clinically significant. At the 800-mg dose, peak sitagliptin plasma concentrations were approximately 11 times higher than the peak concentrations following a 100-mg dose.

    In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus administered sitagliptin 100 mg (N=81) or sitagliptin 200 mg (N=63) daily, there were no meaningful changes in QTc interval based on ECG data obtained at the time of expected peak plasma concentration.

    12.3 Pharmacokinetics

    Sitagliptin

    The pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin have been extensively characterized in healthy subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Following a single oral 100-mg dose to healthy volunteers, mean plasma AUC of sitagliptin was 8.52 µMhr, Cmax was 950 nM, and apparent terminal half-life (t1/2) was 12.4 hours. Plasma AUC of sitagliptin increased in a dose-proportional manner and increased approximately 14% following 100 mg doses at steady-state compared to the first dose. The intra-subject and inter-subject coefficients of variation for sitagliptin AUC were small (5.8% and 15.1%). The pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin was generally similar in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    Absorption

    Sitagliptin

    After oral administration of a 100 mg dose to healthy subjects, sitagliptin was rapidly absorbed with peak plasma concentrations (median Tmax) occurring 1 to 4 hours postdose. The absolute bioavailability of sitagliptin is approximately 87%.

    Effect of Food

    Coadministration of a high-fat meal with sitagliptin had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin.

    Metformin

    The absolute bioavailability of a metformin HCl 500-mg tablet given under fasting conditions is approximately 50% to 60%. Studies using single oral doses of metformin HCl tablets 500 mg to 1,500 mg, and 850 mg to 2,550 mg (approximately 1.3 times the maximum recommended daily dosage), indicate that there is a lack of dose proportionality with increasing doses, which is due to decreased absorption rather than an alteration in elimination.

    Effect of Food

    Food decreases the extent of and slightly delays the absorption of metformin, as shown by approximately a 40% lower mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax), a 25% lower area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC), and a 35-minute prolongation of time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) following administration of a single 850-mg tablet of metformin HCl with food, compared to the same tablet strength administered fasting. The clinical relevance of these decreases is unknown.

    Distribution

    Sitagliptin

    The mean volume of distribution at steady state following a single 100-mg intravenous dose of sitagliptin to healthy subjects is approximately 198 liters. The fraction of sitagliptin reversibly bound to plasma proteins is low (38%).

    Metformin

    The apparent volume of distribution (V/F) of metformin following single oral doses of metformin HCl tablets 850 mg averaged 654 ± 358 L. Metformin is negligibly bound to plasma proteins, in contrast to sulfonylureas, which are more than 90% protein bound. Metformin partitions into erythrocytes, most likely as a function of time. At usual clinical doses and dosing schedules of metformin HCl tablets, steady-state plasma concentrations of metformin are reached within 24 to 48 hours and are generally <1 mcg/mL.

    Elimination

    Sitagliptin

    Approximately 79% of sitagliptin is excreted unchanged in the urine with metabolism being a minor pathway of elimination. The apparent terminal t1/2 following a 100 mg oral dose of sitagliptin was approximately 12.4 hours and renal clearance was approximately 350 mL/min.

    Metformin

    Following oral administration, approximately 90% of the absorbed drug is eliminated via the renal route within the first 24 hours, with a plasma elimination half-life of approximately 6.2 hours. In blood, the elimination half-life is approximately 17.6 hours, suggesting that the erythrocyte mass may be a compartment of distribution.

    Metabolism

    Sitagliptin

    Following a [14C] sitagliptin oral dose, approximately 16% of the radioactivity was excreted as metabolites of sitagliptin. Six metabolites were detected at trace levels and are not expected to contribute to the plasma DPP-4 inhibitory activity of sitagliptin. In vitro studies indicated that the primary enzyme responsible for the limited metabolism of sitagliptin was CYP3A4, with contribution from CYP2C8.

    Metformin

    Intravenous single-dose studies in normal subjects demonstrate that metformin is excreted unchanged in the urine and does not undergo hepatic metabolism (no metabolites have been identified in humans) nor biliary excretion.

    Excretion

    Sitagliptin

    Following administration of an oral [14C] sitagliptin dose to healthy subjects, approximately 100% of the administered radioactivity was eliminated in feces (13%) or urine (87%) within one week of dosing.

    Elimination of sitagliptin occurs primarily via renal excretion and involves active tubular secretion. Sitagliptin is a substrate for human organic anion transporter-3 (hOAT-3), which may be involved in the renal elimination of sitagliptin. The clinical relevance of hOAT-3 in sitagliptin transport has not been established. Sitagliptin is also a substrate of p-glycoprotein (P-gp), which may also be involved in mediating the renal elimination of sitagliptin. However, cyclosporine, a P-gp inhibitor, did not reduce the renal clearance of sitagliptin.

    Metformin

    Elimination of metformin occurs primarily via renal excretion. Renal clearance is approximately 3.5 times greater than creatinine clearance, which indicates that tubular secretion is the major route of metformin elimination.

    Specific Populations

    Patients with Renal Impairment

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets

    Studies characterizing the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin and metformin after administration of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets in renally impaired patients have not been performed [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].

    Sitagliptin

    An approximately 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC of sitagliptin was observed in patients with moderate renal impairment with eGFR of 30 to less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m2, and an approximately 4-fold increase was observed in patients with severe renal impairment including patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis, as compared to normal healthy control subjects. [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].

    Metformin

    In patients with decreased renal function, the plasma and blood half-life of metformin is prolonged and the renal clearance is decreased [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    Patients with Hepatic Impairment

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets

    Studies characterizing the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin and metformin after administration of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets in patients with hepatic impairment have not been performed.

    Sitagliptin

    In patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 7 to 9), mean AUC and Cmax of sitagliptin increased approximately 21% and 13%, respectively, compared to healthy matched controls following administration of a single 100-mg dose of sitagliptin. These differences are not considered to be clinically meaningful. There is no clinical experience in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score >9) [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].

    Metformin

    No pharmacokinetic studies of metformin have been conducted in patients with hepatic impairment.

    Effects of Age, Body Mass Index (BMI), Gender, and Race

    Sitagliptin

    Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis or a composite analysis of available pharmacokinetic data, BMI, gender, and race do not have a clinically meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin. When the effects of age on renal function are taken into account, age alone did not have a clinically meaningful impact on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Elderly subjects (65 to 80 years) had approximately 19% higher plasma concentrations of sitagliptin compared to younger subjects.

    Metformin

    Limited data from controlled pharmacokinetic studies of metformin in healthy elderly subjects suggest that total plasma clearance of metformin is decreased, the half-life is prolonged, and Cmax is increased, compared to healthy young subjects. From these data, it appears that the change in metformin pharmacokinetics with aging is primarily accounted for by a change in renal function.

    Metformin pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly between normal subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus when analyzed according to gender. Similarly, in controlled clinical studies in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the antihyperglycemic effect of metformin was comparable in males and females.

    No studies of metformin pharmacokinetic parameters according to race have been performed. In controlled clinical studies of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the antihyperglycemic effect was comparable in Whites (n=249), Blacks or African Americans (n=51), and Hispanics (n=24).

    Drug Interaction Studies

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets

    Coadministration of multiple doses of sitagliptin (50 mg) and metformin HCl (1,000 mg) given twice daily did not meaningfully alter the pharmacokinetics of either sitagliptin or metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    Pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies with sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets have not been performed; however, such studies have been conducted with the individual components of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets  (sitagliptin and metformin HCl).

    Sitagliptin

    In Vitro Assessment of Drug Interactions

    Sitagliptin is not an inhibitor of CYP isozymes CYP3A4, 2C8, 2C9, 2D6, 1A2, 2C19 or 2B6, and is not an inducer of CYP3A4. Sitagliptin is a P-gp substrate but does not inhibit P-gp mediated transport of digoxin. Based on these results, sitagliptin is considered unlikely to cause interactions with other drugs that utilize these pathways.

    Sitagliptin is not extensively bound to plasma proteins. Therefore, the propensity of sitagliptin to be involved in clinically meaningful drug-drug interactions mediated by plasma protein binding displacement is very low.

    In Vivo Assessment of Drug Interactions

    Effects of Sitagliptin on Other Drugs

    In clinical studies, sitagliptin did not meaningfully alter the pharmacokinetics of metformin, glyburide, simvastatin, rosiglitazone, digoxin, warfarin, or an oral contraception (ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone) (Table 5), providing in vivo evidence of a low propensity for causing drug interactions with substrates of CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, P-gp, and organic cationic transporter (OCT).

  • * All doses administered as single dose unless otherwise specified.
  • † AUC is reported as AUC0-∞ unless otherwise specified.
  • ‡ Multiple dose.
  • § AUC0-24hr.
  • AUC0-last.
  • # AUC0-12hr.
    • Table 5: Effect of Sitagliptin on Systemic Exposure of Coadministered Drugs
    Coadministered Drug
    		Dose of Coadministered Drug*
    		Dose of Sitagliptin*
    		Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/without sitagliptin)
    No Effect = 1
    AUC†
    		Cmax
    Digoxin
    		 0.25 mg‡ once daily for 10 days
    		 100 mg‡ once daily for 10 days
    		 Digoxin
    		 1.11§
    		1.18
    Glyburide
    		 1.25 mg
    		 200 mg‡ once daily for 6 days
    		 Glyburide
    		 1.09
    		 1.01
    Simvastatin
    		 20 mg
    		 200 mg‡ once daily for 5 days
    		 Simvastatin
    		 0.85
    		0.8
    Simvastatin Acid
    		 1.12
    		1.06
    Rosiglitazone
    		 4 mg
    		 200 mg‡ once daily for 5 days
    		 Rosiglitazone
    		 0.98
    		 0.99
    Warfarin
    		 30 mg single dose on day 5
    		 200 mg‡ once daily for 11 days
    		 S(-) Warfarin
    		 0.95
    		 0.89
    R(+) Warfarin
    		 0.99
    		 0.89
    Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone
    		 21 days once daily of 35 µg ethinyl estradiol with norethindrone 0.5 mg x 7 days, 0.75 mg x 7 days, 1 mg x 7 days
    		 200 mg‡ once daily for 21 days
    		 Ethinyl estradiol
    		 0.99
    		 0.97
    Norethindrone
    		 1.03
    		 0.98
    Metformin HCl
    		 1,000 mg‡ twice daily for 14 days
    		 50 mg‡ twice daily for 7 days
    		 Metformin
    		 1.02#
    		0.97

    Effects of Other Drugs on Sitagliptin

    Clinical data described below suggest that sitagliptin is not susceptible to clinically meaningful interactions by coadministered medications (Table 6).

  • * All doses administered as single dose unless otherwise specified.
  • † AUC is reported as AUC0-∞ unless otherwise specified.
  • ‡ Multiple dose.
  • § AUC0-12hr.
    • Table 6: Effect of Coadministered Drugs on Systemic Exposure of Sitagliptin

    Coadministered Drug
    		Dose of Coadministered Drug*
    		Dose of Sitagliptin*
    		Geometric Mean Ratio
    (ratio with/without coadministered drug) No Effect = 1
    AUC†
    		Cmax
    Cyclosporine
    		 600 mg once daily
    		 100 mg once daily
    		 Sitagliptin
    		 1.29
    		 1.68
    Metformin HCl
    		 1,000 mg‡ twice daily for 14 days
    		 50 mg‡ twice daily for 7 days
    		 Sitagliptin
    		 1.02§
    		1.05

    Metformin HCl

  • * All doses administered as single dose unless otherwise specified.
  • † AUC is reported as AUC0-∞ unless otherwise specified.
  • ‡ AUC0-24hr.
  • § GLUMETZA (metformin HCl extended-release tablets) 500 mg.
  • Ratio of arithmetic means, p value of difference <0.05.
  • # Ratio of arithmetic means.
    		•
    Table 7: Effect of Metformin HCl on Systemic Exposure of Coadministered Drugs

    Coadministered Drug
    		Dose of Coadministered Drug*
    		Dose of Metformin HCl*
    		Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/without metformin)
    No Effect = 1

    		AUC†
    		Cmax
    Cimetidine
    		 400 mg
    		 850 mg
    		 Cimetidine
    		 0.95‡
    		1.01
    Glyburide
    		 5 mg
    		 500 mg§
    		Glyburide
    		 0.78
    		0.63
    Furosemide
    		 40 mg
    		 850 mg
    		 Furosemide
    		 0.87
    		0.69
    Nifedipine
    		 10 mg
    		 850 mg
    		 Nifedipine
    		 1.10‡
    		1.08
    Propranolol
    		 40 mg
    		 850 mg
    		 Propranolol
    		 1.01‡
    		0.94
    Ibuprofen
    		 400 mg
    		 850 mg
    		 Ibuprofen
    		 0.97#
    		1.01#
  • * All doses administered as single dose unless otherwise specified.
  • † AUC is reported as AUC0-∞ unless otherwise specified.
  • ‡ GLUMETZA (metformin HCl extended-release tablets) 500 mg.
  • § Ratio of arithmetic means.
  • Steady state 100 mg Topiramate every 12 hr + metformin HCl 500 mg every 12 hr AUC = AUC0-12hr.
    • Table 8: Effect of Coadministered Drugs on Systemic Exposure of Metformin HCl

    Coadministered Drug
    		Dose of Coadministered Drug*
    		Dose of Metformin HCl*
    		Geometric Mean Ratio
    (ratio with/without coadministered drug) No Effect = 1

    		AUC†
    		Cmax
    Glyburide
    		 5 mg
    		 500 mg‡
    		Metformin‡
    		0.98§
    		0.99§
    Furosemide
    		 40 mg
    		 850 mg
    		 Metformin
    		 1.09§
    		1.22§
    Nifedipine
    		 10 mg
    		 850 mg
    		 Metformin
    		 1.16
    		 1.21
    Propranolol
    		 40 mg
    		 850 mg
    		 Metformin
    		 0.90
    		 0.94
    Ibuprofen
    		 400 mg
    		 850 mg
    		 Metformin
    		 1.05§
    		1.07§
    Drugs that are eliminated by renal tubular secretion may increase the accumulation of metformin. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Drug Interactions (7)].
    Cimetidine
    		 400 mg
    		 850 mg
    		 Metformin
    		 1.40
    		 1.61
    Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may cause metabolic acidosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Drug Interactions (7)].
    Topiramate
    		 100 mg
    		500 mg
    		Metformin
    		 1.25
    		1.17
  • 13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

    13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets

    No animal studies have been conducted with the combined products in sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets to evaluate carcinogenesis, mutagenesis or impairment of fertility. The following data are based on the findings in studies with sitagliptin and metformin individually.

    Sitagliptin

    A two-year carcinogenicity study was conducted in male and female rats given oral doses of sitagliptin of 50, 150, and 500 mg/kg/day. There was an increased incidence of combined liver adenoma/carcinoma in males and females and of liver carcinoma in females at 500 mg/kg. This dose results in exposures approximately 60 times the human exposure at the maximum recommended daily adult human dose (MRHD) of 100 mg/day based on AUC comparisons. Liver tumors were not observed at 150 mg/kg, approximately 20 times the human exposure at the MRHD. A two-year carcinogenicity study was conducted in male and female mice given oral doses of sitagliptin of 50, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day. There was no increase in the incidence of tumors in any organ up to 500 mg/kg, approximately 70 times human exposure at the MRHD. Sitagliptin was not mutagenic or clastogenic with or without metabolic activation in the Ames bacterial mutagenicity assay, a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) chromosome aberration assay, an in vitro cytogenetics assay in CHO, an in vitro rat hepatocyte DNA alkaline elution assay, and an in vivo micronucleus assay.

    In rat fertility studies with oral gavage doses of 125, 250, and 1,000 mg/kg, males were treated for 4 weeks prior to mating, during mating, up to scheduled termination (approximately 8 weeks total), and females were treated 2 weeks prior to mating through gestation day 7. No adverse effect on fertility was observed at 125 mg/kg (approximately 12 times human exposure at the MRHD of 100 mg/day based on AUC comparisons). At higher doses, nondose-related increased resorptions in females were observed (approximately 25 and 100 times human exposure at the MRHD based on AUC comparison).

    Metformin

    Long-term carcinogenicity studies have been performed in rats (dosing duration of 104 weeks) and mice (dosing duration of 91 weeks) at doses up to and including 900 mg/kg/day and 1,500 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are both approximately four times the maximum recommended human daily dose of 2,000 mg based on body surface area comparisons. No evidence of carcinogenicity with metformin was found in either male or female mice. Similarly, there was no tumorigenic potential observed with metformin in male rats. There was, however, an increased incidence of benign stromal uterine polyps in female rats treated with 900 mg/kg/day.

    There was no evidence of a mutagenic potential of metformin in the following in vitro tests: Ames test (S. typhimurium), gene mutation test (mouse lymphoma cells), or chromosomal aberrations test (human lymphocytes). Results in the in vivo mouse micronucleus test were also negative. Fertility of male or female rats was unaffected by metformin when administered at doses as high as 600 mg/kg/day, which is approximately three times the maximum recommended human daily dose based on body surface area comparisons.

  • 14 CLINICAL STUDIES

    The coadministration of sitagliptin and metformin has been evaluated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on diet and exercise and in combination with other antihyperglycemic agents.

    Sitagliptin and Metformin Coadministration in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled on Diet and Exercise

    A total of 1,091 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate glycemic control on diet and exercise participated in a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled factorial trial designed to assess the efficacy of sitagliptin and metformin coadministration. Patients on an antihyperglycemic agent (N=541) underwent a diet, exercise, and drug washout period of up to 12 weeks duration. After the washout period, patients with inadequate glycemic control (A1C 7.5% to 11%) were randomized after completing a 2-week single-blind placebo run-in period. Patients not on anti-hyperglycemic agents at trial entry (N=550) with inadequate glycemic control (A1C 7.5% to 11%) immediately entered the 2-week single-blind placebo run-in period and then were randomized. Approximately equal numbers of patients were randomized to receive placebo, 100 mg of sitagliptin once daily, 500 mg or 1,000 mg of metformin HCl twice daily, or 50 mg of sitagliptin twice daily in combination with 500 mg or 1,000 mg of metformin HCl twice daily. Patients who failed to meet specific glycemic goals during the trial were treated with glyburide (glibenclamide) rescue.

    Sitagliptin and metformin coadministration provided significant improvements in A1C, FPG, and 2-hour PPG compared to placebo, to metformin alone, and to sitagliptin alone (Table 9, Figure 1). Mean reductions from baseline in A1C were generally greater for patients with higher baseline A1C values. For patients not on an antihyperglycemic agent at trial entry, mean reductions from baseline in A1C were: sitagliptin 100 mg once daily, -1.1%; metformin HCl 500 mg bid, -1.1%; metformin HCl 1,000 mg bid, -1.2%; sitagliptin 50 mg bid with metformin HCl 500 mg bid, -1.6%; sitagliptin 50 mg bid with metformin HCl 1,000 mg bid, -1.9%; and for patients receiving placebo, -0.2%. Lipid effects were generally neutral. The decrease in body weight in the groups given sitagliptin in combination with metformin was similar to that in the groups given metformin alone or placebo.

  • * Intent-to-treat population using last observation in the trial prior to glyburide (glibenclamide) rescue therapy.
  • † Least squares means adjusted for prior antihyperglycemic therapy status and baseline value.
  • ‡ p<0.001 compared to placebo.
    		•
    Table 9: Glycemic Parameters at Final Visit (24-Week Trial) for Sitagliptin and Metformin, Alone and in Combination in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled on Diet and Exercise*



    Placebo

    Sitagliptin
    100 mg once daily

    Metformin HCl
    500 mg twice daily

    Metformin HCl
    1,000 mg twice daily
    		Sitagliptin 50 mg twice daily + Metformin HCl
    500 mg twice daily
    		Sitagliptin 50 mg twice daily + Metformin HCl
    1,000 mg twice daily
    A1C (%)
    		N = 165
    		N = 175
    		N = 178
    		N = 177
    		N = 183
    		N = 178
    Baseline (mean)
    		 8.7
    		 8.9
    		 8.9
    		 8.7
    		 8.8
    		 8.8
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†)
    		 0.2
    		 -0.7
    		 -0.8
    		 -1.1
    		 -1.4
    		 -1.9
    Difference from placebo (adjusted mean†)
    		 -0.8‡
    		-1‡
    		-1.3‡
    		-1.6‡
    		-2.1‡
    (95% CI)
    		 (-1.1, -0.6)
    		 (-1.2, -0.8)
    		 (-1.5, -1.1)
    		 (-1.8, -1.3)
    		 (-2.3, -1.8)
    Patients (%) achieving A1C <7%
    		 15 (9%)
    		 35 (20%)
    		 41 (23%)
    		 68 (38%)
    		 79 (43%)
    		 118 (66%)
    % Patients receiving rescue medication
    		 32
    		 21
    		 17
    		 12
    		 8
    		 2
    FPG (mg/dL)
    		N = 169
    		N = 178
    		N = 179
    		N = 179
    		N = 183
    		N = 180
    Baseline (mean)
    		 196
    		 201
    		 205
    		 197
    		 204
    		 197
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†)
    		 6
    		 -17
    		 -27
    		 -29
    		 -47
    		 -64
    Difference from placebo (adjusted mean†)
    		 -23‡
    		-33‡
    		-35‡
    		-53‡
    		-70‡
    (95% CI)
    		 (-33, -14)
    		 (-43, -24)
    		 (-45, -26)
    		 (-62, -43)
    		 (-79, -60)
    2-hour PPG (mg/dL)
    		N = 129
    		N = 136
    		N = 141
    		N = 138
    		N = 147
    		N = 152
    Baseline (mean)
    		 277
    		 285
    		 293
    		 283
    		 292
    		 287
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†)
    		 0
    		 -52
    		 -53
    		 -78
    		 -93
    		 -117
    Difference from placebo (adjusted mean†)
    		 -52‡
    		-54‡
    		-78‡
    		-93‡
    		-117‡
    (95% CI)
    		 (-67, -37)
    		 (-69, -39)
    		 (-93, -63)
    		 (-107, -78)
    		 (-131, -102)

    Figure 1: Mean Change from Baseline for A1C (%) over 24 Weeks with Sitagliptin and Metformin, Alone and in Combination in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled with Diet and Exercise*

    Graph

    *All Patients Treated Population: least squares means adjusted for prior antihyperglycemic therapy and baseline value.

    Initial combination therapy or maintenance of combination therapy should be individualized and are left to the discretion of the health care provider.

    Sitagliptin Add-on Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled on Metformin Alone

    A total of 701 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus participated in a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial designed to assess the efficacy of sitagliptin in combination with metformin. Patients already on metformin (N=431) at a dose of at least 1,500 mg per day were randomized after completing a 2-week, single-blind placebo run-in period. Patients on metformin and another antihyperglycemic agent (N=229) and patients not on any antihyperglycemic agents (off therapy for at least 8 weeks, N=41) were randomized after a run-in period of approximately 10 weeks on metformin HCl (at a dose of at least 1,500 mg per day) in monotherapy. Patients were randomized to the addition of either 100 mg of sitagliptin or placebo, administered once daily. Patients who failed to meet specific glycemic goals during the studies were treated with pioglitazone rescue.

    In combination with metformin, sitagliptin provided significant improvements in A1C, FPG, and 2-hour PPG compared to placebo with metformin (Table 10). Rescue glycemic therapy was used in 5% of patients treated with sitagliptin 100 mg and 14% of patients treated with placebo. A similar decrease in body weight was observed for both treatment groups.

  • * Intent-to-treat population using last observation on trial prior to pioglitazone rescue therapy.
  • † Least squares means adjusted for prior antihyperglycemic therapy and baseline value.
  • ‡ p<0.001 compared to placebo + metformin.
    		•
    Table 10: Glycemic Parameters at Final Visit (24-Week Trial) of Sitagliptin as Add-on Combination Therapy with Metformin*

    Sitagliptin 100 mg once
    daily + Metformin
    		Placebo +
    Metformin
    A1C (%)
    		N = 453
    		N = 224
    Baseline (mean)
    		 8
    		 8
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†)
    		 -0.7
    		 -0
    Difference from placebo + metformin (adjusted mean†) (95% CI)
    		 -0.7‡
    (-0.8, -0.5)
    Patients (%) achieving A1C <7%
    		 213 (47%)
    		 41 (18%)
    FPG (mg/dL)
    		N = 454
    		N = 226
    Baseline (mean)
    		 170
    		 174
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†)
    		 -17
    		 9
    Difference from placebo + metformin (adjusted mean†) (95% CI)
    		 -25‡
    (-31, -20)
    2-hour PPG (mg/dL)
    		N = 387
    		N = 182
    Baseline (mean)
    		 275
    		 272
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†)
    		 -62
    		 -11
    Difference from placebo + metformin (adjusted mean†) (95% CI)
    		 -51‡
    (-61, -41)

    Sitagliptin Add-on Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled on the Combination of Metformin and Glimepiride

    A total of 441 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus participated in a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial designed to assess the efficacy of sitagliptin in combination with glimepiride, with or without metformin. Patients entered a run-in treatment period on glimepiride (≥4 mg per day) alone or glimepiride in combination with metformin HCl (≥1,500 mg per day). After a dose-titration and dose-stable run-in period of up to 16 weeks and a 2-week placebo run-in period, patients with inadequate glycemic control (A1C 7.5% to 10.5%) were randomized to the addition of either 100 mg of sitagliptin or placebo, administered once daily. Patients who failed to meet specific glycemic goals during the studies were treated with pioglitazone rescue.

    Patients receiving sitagliptin with metformin and glimepiride had significant improvements in A1C and FPG compared to patients receiving placebo with metformin and glimepiride (Table 11), with mean reductions from baseline relative to placebo in A1C of -0.9% and in FPG of -21 mg/dL. Rescue therapy was used in 8% of patients treated with add-on sitagliptin 100 mg and 29% of patients treated with add-on placebo. The patients treated with add-on sitagliptin had a mean increase in body weight of 1.1 kg vs. add-on placebo (+0.4 kg vs. -0.7 kg). In addition, add-on sitagliptin resulted in an increased rate of hypoglycemia compared to add-on placebo. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

  • * Intent-to-treat population using last observation on trial prior to pioglitazone rescue therapy.
  • † Least squares means adjusted for prior antihyperglycemic therapy status and baseline value.
  • ‡ p<0.001 compared to placebo.
    		•
    Table 11: Glycemic Parameters at Final Visit (24-Week Trial) for Sitagliptin in Combination with Metformin and Glimepiride*

    Sitagliptin 100 mg
    + Metformin and Glimepiride
    		Placebo
    + Metformin and Glimepiride
    A1C (%)
    		N = 115
    		N = 105
    Baseline (mean)
    		 8.3
    		 8.3
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†)
    		 -0.6
    		 0.3
    Difference from placebo (adjusted mean†) (95% CI)
    		 -0.9‡
    (-1.1, -0.7)
    Patients (%) achieving A1C <7%
    		 26 (23%)
    		 1 (1%)
    FPG (mg/dL)
    		N = 115
    		N = 109
    Baseline (mean)
    		 179
    		 179
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†)
    		 -8
    		 13
    Difference from placebo (adjusted mean†) (95% CI)
    		 -21‡
    (-32, -10)

    Sitagliptin Add-on Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled on the Combination of Metformin and Rosiglitazone

    A total of 278 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus participated in a 54-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial designed to assess the efficacy of sitagliptin in combination with metformin and rosiglitazone. Patients on dual therapy with metformin HCl ≥1,500 mg/day and rosiglitazone ≥4 mg/day or with metformin HCl ≥1,500 mg/day and pioglitazone ≥30 mg/day (switched to rosiglitazone ≥4 mg/day) entered a dose-stable run-in period of 6 weeks. Patients on other dual therapy were switched to metformin HCl ≥1,500 mg/day and rosiglitazone ≥4 mg/day in a dose titration/stabilization run-in period of up to 20 weeks in duration. After the run-in period, patients with inadequate glycemic control (A1C 7.5% to 11%) were randomized 2:1 to the addition of either 100 mg of sitagliptin or placebo, administered once daily. Patients who failed to meet specific glycemic goals during the trials were treated with glipizide (or other sulfonylurea) rescue. The primary time point for evaluation of glycemic parameters was Week 18.

    In combination with metformin and rosiglitazone, sitagliptin provided significant improvements in A1C, FPG, and 2-hour PPG compared to placebo with metformin and rosiglitazone (Table 12) at Week 18. At Week 54, mean reduction in A1C was -1% for patients treated with sitagliptin and -0.3% for patients treated with placebo in an analysis based on the intent-to-treat population. Rescue therapy was used in 18% of patients treated with sitagliptin 100 mg and 40% of patients treated with placebo. There was no significant difference between sitagliptin and placebo in body weight change.

  • * Intent-to-treat population using last observation  in the trial prior to glipizide (or other sulfonylurea) rescue therapy.
  • † Least squares means adjusted for prior antihyperglycemic therapy status and baseline value.
  • ‡ p<0.001 compared to placebo + metformin + rosiglitazone.
    		•
    Table 12: Glycemic Parameters at Week 18 for Sitagliptin in Add-on Combination Therapy with Metformin and Rosiglitazone*

    Week 18
    Sitagliptin 100 mg + Metformin +
    Rosiglitazone
    		Placebo + Metformin + Rosiglitazone
    A1C (%)
    		N = 176
    		N = 93
    Baseline (mean)
    		 8.8
    		 8.7
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†)
    		 -1
    		 -0.4
    Difference from placebo + rosiglitazone + metformin (adjusted mean†) (95% CI)
    		 -0.7‡
    (-0.9,-0.4)
    Patients (%) achieving A1C <7%
    		 39 (22%)
    		 9 (10%)
    FPG (mg/dL)
    		N = 179
    		N = 94
    Baseline (mean)
    		 181
    		 182
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†)
    		 -30
    		 -11
    Difference from placebo + rosiglitazone + metformin (adjusted mean†) (95% CI)
    		 -18‡
    (-26, -10)
    2-hour PPG (mg/dL)
    		N = 152
    		N = 80
    Baseline (mean)
    		 256
    		 248
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†)
    		 -59
    		 -21
    Difference from placebo + rosiglitazone + metformin (adjusted mean†) (95% CI)
    		 -39‡
    (-51, -26)

    Sitagliptin Add-on Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled on the Combination of Metformin and Insulin

    A total of 641 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus participated in a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial designed to assess the efficacy of sitagliptin as add-on to insulin therapy. Approximately 75% of patients were also taking metformin. Patients entered a 2-week, single-blind run-in treatment period on pre-mixed, long-acting, or intermediate-acting insulin, with or without metformin HCl (≥1,500 mg per day). Patients using short-acting insulins were excluded unless the short-acting insulin was administered as part of a pre-mixed insulin. After the run-in period, patients with inadequate glycemic control (A1C 7.5% to 11%) were randomized to the addition of either 100 mg of sitagliptin (N=229) or placebo (N=233), administered once daily. Patients were on a stable dose of insulin prior to enrollment with no changes in insulin dose permitted during the run-in period. Patients who failed to meet specific glycemic goals during the double-blind treatment period were to have uptitration of the background insulin dose as rescue therapy.

    Among patients also receiving metformin, the median daily insulin (pre-mixed, intermediate or long acting) dose at baseline was 40 units in the sitagliptin-treated patients and 42 units in the placebo-treated patients. The median change from baseline in daily dose of insulin was zero for both groups at the end of the trial. Patients receiving sitagliptin with metformin and insulin had significant improvements in A1C, FPG and 2-hour PPG compared to patients receiving placebo with metformin and insulin (Table 13). The adjusted mean change from baseline in body weight was -0.3 kg in patients receiving sitagliptin with metformin and insulin and -0.2 kg in patients receiving placebo with metformin and insulin. There was an increased rate of hypoglycemia in patients treated with sitagliptin. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

  • * Intent-to-treat population using last observation on trial prior to rescue therapy.
  • † Least squares means adjusted for insulin use at the screening visit, type of insulin used at the screening visit (pre-mixed vs. non pre-mixed [intermediate- or long-acting]), and baseline value.
  • ‡ Treatment by insulin stratum interaction was not significant (p >0.10).
  • § p<0.001 compared to placebo.
    		•
    Table 13: Glycemic Parameters at Final Visit (24-Week Trial) for Sitagliptin as Add-on Combination Therapy with Metformin and Insulin*
    Sitagliptin 100 mg
    + Metformin
    + Insulin
    		Placebo
    + Metformin
    + Insulin
    A1C (%)
    		N = 223
    		N = 229
    Baseline (mean)
    		 8.7
    		 8.6
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†,‡)
    		 -0.7
    		 -0.1
    Difference from placebo (adjusted mean†) (95% CI)
    		 -0.5§ (-0.7, -0.4)
    Patients (%) achieving A1C <7%
    		 32 (14%)
    		 12 (5%)
    FPG (mg/dL)
    		N = 225
    		N = 229
    Baseline (mean)
    		 173
    		 176
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†)
    		 -22
    		 -4
    Difference from placebo (adjusted mean†) (95% CI)
    		 -18§ (-28, -8.4)
    2-hour PPG (mg/dL)
    		N = 182
    		N = 189
    Baseline (mean)
    		 281
    		 281
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†)
    		 -39
    		 1
    Difference from placebo (adjusted mean†) (95% CI)
    		 -40§ (-53, -28)

    Maintenance of Sitagliptin During Initiation and Titration of Insulin Glargine

    A total of 746 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean baseline HbA1C 8.8%, disease duration 10.8 years) participated in a 30-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of continuing sitagliptin during the initiation and uptitration of insulin glargine. Patients who were on a stable dose of metformin HCl (≥1,500 mg/day) in combination with a DPP-4 inhibitor and/or sulfonylurea but with inadequate glycemic control (A1C 7.5% to 11%) were enrolled in the study. Those on metformin and sitagliptin (100 mg/day) directly entered the double-blind treatment period; those on another DPP-4 inhibitor and/or on a sulfonylurea entered a 4 to 8 week run-in period in which they were maintained on metformin and switched to sitagliptin (100 mg); other DPP-4 inhibitors and sulfonylureas were discontinued. At randomization patients were randomized either to continue sitagliptin or to discontinue sitagliptin and switch to a matching placebo. On the day of randomization, insulin glargine was initiated at a dose of 10 units subcutaneously in the evening. Patients were instructed to uptitrate their insulin dose in the evening based on fasting blood glucose measurements to achieve a target of 72 to 100 mg/dL.

    At 30 weeks, the mean reduction in A1C was greater in the sitagliptin group than in the placebo group (Table 14). At the end of the trial, 27.3% of patients in the sitagliptin group and 27.3% in the placebo group had a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in the target range; there was no significant difference in insulin dose between arms.

  • * N is the number of randomized and treated patients.
  • † Analysis of Covariance including all post-baseline data regardless of rescue or treatment discontinuation. Model estimates calculated using multiple imputation to model washout of the treatment effect using placebo data for all subjects having missing Week 30 data.
  • ‡ p<0.001 compared to placebo.
    		•
    Table 14: Change from Baseline in A1C and FPG at Week 30 in the Maintenance of Sitagliptin During Initiation and Titration of Insulin Glargine Study
    Sitagliptin 100 mg
    +Metformin
    + Insulin Glargine
    		Placebo
    +Metformin
    + Insulin Glargine
    A1C (%)
    		N = 373*
    		N = 370*
    Baseline (mean)
    		 8.8
    		 8.8
    Week 30 (mean)
    		 6.9
    		 7.3
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean)†
    		-1.9
    		 -1.4
    Difference from placebo (adjusted mean) (95% CI)†
    		-0.4 (-0.6, -0.3)‡
    Patients (%) with A1C <7%
    		 202 (54.2%)
    		 131 (35.4%)
    FPG (mg/dL)
    		N = 373*
    		N = 370*
    Baseline (mean)
    		 199
    		 201
    Week 30 (mean)
    		 118
    		 123
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean)†
    		-81
    		 -76

    Sitagliptin Add-on Therapy vs. Glipizide Add-on Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled on Metformin

    The efficacy of sitagliptin was evaluated in a 52-week, double-blind, glipizide-controlled noninferiority trial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients not on treatment or on other antihyperglycemic agents entered a run-in treatment period of up to 12 weeks duration with metformin monotherapy (dose of ≥1,500 mg per day) which included washout of medications other than metformin, if applicable. After the run-in period, those with inadequate glycemic control (A1C 6.5% to 10%) were randomized 1:1 to the addition of sitagliptin 100 mg once daily or glipizide for 52 weeks. Patients receiving glipizide were given an initial dosage of 5 mg/day and then electively titrated over the next 18 weeks to a maximum dosage of 20 mg/day as needed to optimize glycemic control. Thereafter, the glipizide dose was to be kept constant, except for down-titration to prevent hypoglycemia. The mean dose of glipizide after the titration period was 10 mg.

    After 52 weeks, sitagliptin and glipizide had similar mean reductions from baseline in A1C in the intent-to-treat analysis (Table 15). These results were consistent with the per protocol analysis (Figure 2). A conclusion in favor of the non-inferiority of sitagliptin to glipizide may be limited to patients with baseline A1C comparable to those included in the trial (over 70% of patients had baseline A1C less than 8% and over 90% had A1C less than 9%).

  • * The intent-to-treat analysis used the patients' last observation in the trial prior to discontinuation.
  • † Least squares means adjusted for prior antihyperglycemic therapy status and baseline A1C value.
    		•
    Table 15: Glycemic Parameters in a 52-Week Trial Comparing Sitagliptin to Glipizide as Add-On Therapy in Patients Inadequately Controlled on Metformin (Intent-to-Treat Population)*

    Sitagliptin 100 mg
    + Metformin
    		Glipizide
    + Metformin
    A1C (%)
    		N = 576
    		N = 559
    Baseline (mean)
    		 7.7
    		 7.6
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†)
    		 -0.5
    		 -0.6
    FPG (mg/dL)
    		N = 583
    		N = 568
    Baseline (mean)
    		 166
    		 164
    Change from baseline (adjusted mean†)
    		 -8
    		 -8

    Figure 2: Mean Change from Baseline for A1C (%) Over 52 Weeks in a Trial Comparing Sitagliptin to Glipizide as Add-On Therapy in Patients Inadequately Controlled on Metformin (Per Protocol Population)*

    Graph

    *The per protocol population (mean baseline A1C of 7.5%) included patients without major protocol violations who had observations at baseline and at Week 52.

    The incidence of hypoglycemia in the sitagliptin group (4.9%) was significantly (p<0.001) lower than that in the glipizide group (32%). Patients treated with sitagliptin exhibited a significant mean decrease from baseline in body weight compared to a significant weight gain in patients administered glipizide (-1.5 kg vs. +1.1 kg).

  • 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

    Tablets supplied as follows:

    Contents
    		Description
    		How Supplied
    		NDC
    50 mg sitagliptin and
    500 mg metformin HCl
    		 White to off-white, oval shaped, biconvex, film coated tablets debossed with "1786" on one side and plain on the other side.
    		 Bottles of 60 tablets with child-resistant closure.
    		 NDC: 70710-1986-6
    Bottles of 180 tablets with child-resistant closure.
    		 NDC: 70710-1986-8
    50 mg sitagliptin and
    1,000 mg metformin
    HCl
    		 Reddish brown, oval shaped, biconvex, film coated tablets debossed with "1787" on one side and plain on the other side
    		 Bottles of 60 tablets with child-resistant closure.
    		 NDC: 70710-1987-6
    Bottles of 180 tablets with child-resistant closure.
    		 NDC: 70710-1987-8
  • 17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

    Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).

    Lactic Acidosis

    Explain the risks of lactic acidosis, its symptoms, and conditions that predispose to its development. Advise patients to discontinue sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets immediately and to promptly notify their healthcare provider if unexplained hyperventilation, myalgias, malaise, unusual somnolence or other nonspecific symptoms occur. Counsel patients against excessive alcohol intake and inform patients about the importance of regular testing of renal function while receiving sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets. Instruct patients to inform their doctor that they are taking sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets prior to any surgical or radiological procedure, as temporary discontinuation may be required [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    Pancreatitis

    Inform patients that acute pancreatitis has been reported during postmarketing use of sitagliptin. Inform patients that persistent severe abdominal pain, sometimes radiating to the back, which may or may not be accompanied by vomiting, is the hallmark symptom of acute pancreatitis. Instruct patients to promptly discontinue sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets and contact their physician if persistent severe abdominal pain occurs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

    Heart Failure

    Inform patients of the signs and symptoms of heart failure. Before initiating sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, ask patients about a history of heart failure or other risk factors for heart failure including moderate to severe renal impairment. Instruct patients to contact their health care provider as soon as possible if they experience symptoms of heart failure, including increasing shortness of breath, rapid increase in weight or swelling of the feet [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

    Vitamin B12 Deficiency

    Inform patients about the importance of regular monitoring of hematological parameters while receiving sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].

    Hypoglycemia

    Inform patients that the incidence of hypoglycemia is increased when sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is added to an insulin secretagogue (e.g., sulfonylurea) or insulin therapy. Explain to patients receiving sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets in combination with these medications the risks of hypoglycemia, its symptoms and treatment, and conditions that predispose to its development [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

    Hypersensitivity Reactions

    Inform patients that allergic reactions have been reported during postmarketing use of sitagliptin, one of the components of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets. If symptoms of allergic reactions (including rash, hives, and swelling of the face, lips, tongue, and throat that may cause difficulty in breathing or swallowing) occur, patients must stop taking sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets and seek medical advice promptly.

    Severe and Disabling Arthralgia

    Inform patients that severe and disabling joint pain may occur with this class of drugs. The time to onset of symptoms can range from one day to years. Instruct patients to seek medical advice if severe joint pain occurs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].

    Bullous Pemphigoid

    Inform patients that bullous pemphigoid may occur with this class of drugs. Instruct patients to seek medical advice if blisters or erosions occur [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].

    Females of Reproductive Age:

    Inform females that treatment with sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets may result in ovulation in some premenopausal anovulatory women which may lead to unintended pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)].

    Administration Instructions

    Inform patients that the tablets must never be split or divided before swallowing.

    The trademarks depicted herein are owned by their respective companies.

    Medication Guide available at www.zydususa.com/medguides/ or call 1-877-993-8779

    Manufactured by:

    Zydus Lifesciences Ltd.,

    Pharmez, Matoda, Ahmedabad, India.

    Distributed by:         

    Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc.

    Route 31 North, Pennington, NJ 08534

  • MEDICATION GUIDE

    Medication Guide
    Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets
    (SYE-ta-GLIP-tin and met-FOR-min HYE-droe-KLOR-ide)
    tablets, for oral use
    Read this Medication Guide carefully before you start taking sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking with your healthcare provider about your medical condition or your treatment. If you have any questions about sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist
    What is the most important information I should know about sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets?
    sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets can cause serious side effects , including:
    1. Lactic Acidosis. Metformin, one of the medicines in sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, can cause a rare but serious condition called lactic acidosis (a buildup of an acid in the blood) that can cause death. Lactic acidosis is a medical emergency and must be treated in the hospital.
    Stop taking sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets and call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the following symptoms, which could be signs of lactic acidosis:
    • you feel cold in your hands or feet
    • you feel dizzy or lightheaded
    • you have a slow or irregular heartbeat
    • you feel very weak or tired
    • you have unusual (not normal) muscle pain
    • you have trouble breathing
    • you feel sleepy or drowsy
    • you have stomach pains, nausea or vomiting
    Most people who have had lactic acidosis with metformin have other things that, combined with the metformin, led to the lactic acidosis. Tell your healthcare provider if you have any of the following, because you have a higher chance for getting lactic acidosis with sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets if you:
    • have severe kidney problems or your kidneys are affected by certain x-ray tests that use injectable dye have liver problems
    • drink alcohol very often, or drink a lot of alcohol in short-term "binge" drinking
    • get dehydrated (lose a large amount of body fluids). This can happen if you are sick with a fever, vomiting, or diarrhea.
    • Dehydration can also happen when you sweat a lot with activity or exercise and do not drink enough fluids.
    • have surgery
    • have a heart attack, severe infection, or stroke
    • are 65 years of age or older
    The best way to keep from having a problem with lactic acidosis from metformin is to tell your healthcare provider if you have any of the problems in the list above. Your healthcare provider may decide to stop your sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets for a while if you have any of these things. Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets can have other serious side effects. See "What are the possible side effects of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets?"
    2. Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) which may be severe and lead to death. Certain medical problems make you more likely to get pancreatitis.
    Before you start taking sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, tell your healthcare provider if you have ever had:
              pancreatitis
              stones in your gallbladder (gallstones)
              high blood triglyceride levels
              a history of alcoholism
              kidney problems
    Stop taking sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets and call your healthcare provider right away if you have pain in your stomach area (abdomen) that is severe and will not go away. The pain may be felt going from your abdomen through to your back. The pain may happen with or without vomiting. These may be symptoms of pancreatitis.
    3. Heart failure. Heart failure means that your heart does not pump blood well enough.
    Before you start taking sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, tell your healthcare provider if you have ever had heart failure or have problems with your kidneys. Contact your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the following symptoms:
              increasing shortness of breath or trouble breathing, especially when you lie down
              swelling or fluid retention, especially in the feet, ankles, or legs
              an unusually fast increase in weight
              unusual tiredness
    These may be symptoms of heart failure.
    What is sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets?
           Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is a prescription medicine that contains 2 prescription diabetes medicines, sitagliptin and metformin that is used along with diet and exercise to lower blood sugar in adults with type 2 diabetes.
           Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is not for people with type 1 diabetes.
           If you have had pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) in the past, it is not known if you have a higher chance of getting pancreatitis while you take sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets
           It is not known if sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is safe and effective in children .
    Who should not take sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets?
    Do not take sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets if you:
           have severe kidney problems.
           have diabetic ketoacidosis.
           are allergic to any of the ingredients in sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets. See the end of this Medication Guide for a complete list of ingredients in sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets.
    Symptoms of a serious allergic reaction to sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets may include rash, raised red patches on your skin (hives) or swelling of the face, lips, tongue, and throat that may cause difficulty in breathing or swallowing.
    What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets?
    Before you take sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:
           have or have had inflammation of your pancreas (pancreatitis).
           have kidney problems.
           have liver problems.
           have heart failure.
           drink alcohol very often or drink a lot of alcohol in short-term "binge" drinking.
           are going to get an injection of dye or contrast agents for an x-ray procedure. Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets may need to be stopped for a short time. Talk to your healthcare provider about when you should stop sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets and when you should start sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets again. See " What is the most important information I should know about sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets? "
           have low levels of vitamin B12 in your blood.
           are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets will harm your unborn baby. If you are pregnant, talk with your healthcare provider about the best way to control your blood sugar while you are pregnant.
           are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets will pass into your breast milk. Talk with your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you are taking sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets.
           are a woman who has not gone through menopause (premenopausal) who does not have periods regularly or at all. sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets can cause the release of an egg from an ovary in a woman (ovulation). This can increase your chance of getting pregnant. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant while taking sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets.
    Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take , including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets may affect the way other medicines work and other medicines may affect how sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets works.
    Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of your medicines and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.
    How should I take sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets?
              Take sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets 2 times a day by mouth. Your healthcare provider will tell you exactly how many sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets to take and when you should take them.
              Take sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets with meals to help to lower your chance of having an upset stomach.
              Do not break or cut sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets before swallowing. If you cannot swallow sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets whole, tell your healthcare provider.
              Your healthcare provider may tell you to take sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets along with certain other diabetes medicines. Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can happen more often when sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets is taken with certain other diabetes medicines. See "What are the possible side effects of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets?".
              When your body is under some types of stress, such as fever, trauma (such as a car accident), infection or surgery, the amount of diabetes medicine that you need may change. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have any of these problems and follow your healthcare provider's instructions.
              Your healthcare provider will do blood tests to check how well your kidneys are working before and during your treatment with sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets
              If you take too much sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, call your healthcare provider or Poison Help Line at 1-800-222-1222 or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away. 
    What are the possible side effects of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets?
    sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets may cause serious side effects, including:
    • see "What is the most important information I should know about sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets?".
    • kidney problems, sometimes requiring dialysis.
    • low vitamin B12 (vitamin B12 deficiency). Using metformin for long periods of time may cause a decrease in the amount of vitamin B12 in your blood, especially if you have had low vitamin B12 blood levels before. Your healthcare provider may do blood tests to check your vitamin B12 levels.
    • low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). If you take sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets with another medicine that can cause low blood sugar, such as a sulfonylurea or insulin, your risk of getting low blood sugar is higher. The dose of your sulfonylurea medicine or insulin may need to be lowered while you use sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets. Signs and symptoms of low blood sugar may include:
    o  headache
    		 o  drowsiness
    		 o  irritability
    o  hunger
    		 o  dizziness
    		 o  confusion
    o  sweating
    		 o  feeling jittery
    		 o  weakness
    o  fast heart beat
    • Serious allergic reactions. If you have any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, stop taking sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets and call your healthcare provider right away or get emergency medical help. See " Who should not take sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets?". Your healthcare provider may give you a medicine for your allergic reaction and prescribe a different medicine for your diabetes.
    • Joint pain. Some people who take medicines called DPP-4 inhibitors, one of the medicines in sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, may develop joint pain that can be severe. Call your healthcare provider if you have severe joint pain.
    • Skin reaction. Some people who take medicines called DPP-4 inhibitors, one of the medicines in sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets, may develop a skin reaction called bullous pemphigoid that can require treatment in a hospital. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you develop blisters or the breakdown of the outer layer of your skin (erosion). Your healthcare provider may tell you to stop taking sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets.
    The most common side effects of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets include:
    • stuffy or runny nose and sore throat
    • upper respiratory infection
    • low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) when used in combination with certain medicines, such as a sulfonylurea or insulin
    • gas, upset stomach, indigestion
    • weakness
    • nausea and vomiting
    • headache
    • diarrhea
    Taking sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets with meals can help lessen the common stomach side effects of metformin that usually happen at the beginning of treatment. If you have unusual or sudden stomach problems, talk with your healthcare provider. Stomach problems that start later during treatment may be a sign of something more serious.
    sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets may have other side effects, including swelling of the hands or legs . Swelling of the hands and legs can happen if you take sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets in combination with rosiglitazone (Avandia). Rosiglitazone is another type of diabetes medicine.
    Tell your healthcare provider if you have any side effect that bothers you, or does not go away.
    These are not all the possible side effects of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets. For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist.
    Call your healthcare provider for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
    How should I store sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets?
    • Store sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets in the original container at room temperature, between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).
    • Keep sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets in the original container to protect it from moisture.
    • Use sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets within 3 months of opening the bottle.
     Keep  sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets and all medicines out of the reach of children.
    General information about the safe and effective use of sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets.
    Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. It may harm them.
    . You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets that is written for health professionals.
    What are the ingredients in sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablets ?
    Active ingredients: sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride
    Inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, low substituted hydroxypropylcellulose, magnesium stearate, malic acid, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, and sodium stearyl fumarate.
    In addition, the film coating contains the following inactive ingredients: polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, talc, and titanium dioxide. The film coating of 50 mg/1,000 mg also contains: FD&C yellow #6 aluminum lake, iron oxide red, and iron oxide yellow.
    Manufactured by: Zydus Lifesciences Ltd., Pharmez, Matoda, Ahmedabad, India
    Distributed by: Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc., Route 31 North, Pennington, NJ 08534
    The trademarks depicted herein are owned by their respective companies.
    For more information, call 1-877-993-8779, email medicalaffairs@zydusua.com, or go to www.zyususa.com/medguides/
    This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.   
    Revised: 02/2024
  • PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL

    NDC: 70710-1986-6 in bottle of 60 tablets with child-resistant closure.

    Sitagliptin and Metformin tablets

    (sitagliptin and metformin HCl) tablets, 50 mg/500 mg

    Dispense the enclosed Medication Guide to each patient.

    Rx only

    Zydus

    Label

    NDC: 70710-1987-6 in bottle of 60 tablets with child-resistant closure.

    Sitagliptin and Metformin tablets (sitagliptin and metformin HCl) tablets, 50 mg/1000 mg

    Dispense the enclosed Medication Guide to each patient.

    Rx only

    Zydus

    Label
  • INGREDIENTS AND APPEARANCE
    SITAGLIPTIN AND METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE 
    sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablet, film coated
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 70710-1986
    Route of AdministrationORAL
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    SITAGLIPTIN (UNII: QFP0P1DV7Z) (SITAGLIPTIN - UNII:QFP0P1DV7Z) SITAGLIPTIN50 mg
    METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE (UNII: 786Z46389E) (METFORMIN - UNII:9100L32L2N) METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE500 mg
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM (UNII: M28OL1HH48)  
    LOW-SUBSTITUTED HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE (11% HYDROXYPROPYL; 120000 MW) (UNII: NZ94SDL6WR)  
    MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30)  
    MALIC ACID (UNII: 817L1N4CKP)  
    MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE (UNII: OP1R32D61U)  
    POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 3350 (UNII: G2M7P15E5P)  
    POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: 532B59J990)  
    POVIDONE K30 (UNII: U725QWY32X)  
    SILICON DIOXIDE (UNII: ETJ7Z6XBU4)  
    SODIUM STEARYL FUMARATE (UNII: 7CV7WJK4UI)  
    TALC (UNII: 7SEV7J4R1U)  
    TITANIUM DIOXIDE (UNII: 15FIX9V2JP)  
    Product Characteristics
    ColorWHITE (white to off-white) Scoreno score
    ShapeOVALSize17mm
    FlavorImprint Code 1786
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 70710-1986-660 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product03/14/2024
    2NDC: 70710-1986-8180 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product03/14/2024
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    NDA authorized genericNDA21674303/14/2024
    SITAGLIPTIN AND METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE 
    sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablet, film coated
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 70710-1987
    Route of AdministrationORAL
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    SITAGLIPTIN (UNII: QFP0P1DV7Z) (SITAGLIPTIN - UNII:QFP0P1DV7Z) SITAGLIPTIN50 mg
    METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE (UNII: 786Z46389E) (METFORMIN - UNII:9100L32L2N) METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE1000 mg
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM (UNII: M28OL1HH48)  
    FD&C YELLOW NO. 6 (UNII: H77VEI93A8)  
    FERRIC OXIDE RED (UNII: 1K09F3G675)  
    FERRIC OXIDE YELLOW (UNII: EX438O2MRT)  
    LOW-SUBSTITUTED HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE (11% HYDROXYPROPYL; 120000 MW) (UNII: NZ94SDL6WR)  
    MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30)  
    MALIC ACID (UNII: 817L1N4CKP)  
    MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE (UNII: OP1R32D61U)  
    POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 3350 (UNII: G2M7P15E5P)  
    POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: 532B59J990)  
    POVIDONE K30 (UNII: U725QWY32X)  
    SILICON DIOXIDE (UNII: ETJ7Z6XBU4)  
    SODIUM STEARYL FUMARATE (UNII: 7CV7WJK4UI)  
    TALC (UNII: 7SEV7J4R1U)  
    TITANIUM DIOXIDE (UNII: 15FIX9V2JP)  
    Product Characteristics
    ColorBROWN (reddish brown) Scoreno score
    ShapeOVALSize21mm
    FlavorImprint Code 1787
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 70710-1987-660 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product03/14/2024
    2NDC: 70710-1987-8180 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product03/14/2024
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    NDA authorized genericNDA21674303/14/2024
    Labeler - Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. (156861945)
    Registrant - Zydus Lifesciences Global FZE (850107010)
    Establishment
    NameAddressID/FEIBusiness Operations
    Zydus Lifesciences Limited863362789ANALYSIS(70710-1986, 70710-1987) , MANUFACTURE(70710-1986, 70710-1987)
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