PIRFENIDONE- pirfenidone tablet

Pirfenidone by

Drug Labeling and Warnings

Pirfenidone by is a Prescription medication manufactured, distributed, or labeled by Apotex Corp., Apotex Inc., Apotex Inc, Signa S.A. de C.V.. Drug facts, warnings, and ingredients follow.

Drug Details [pdf]

  • 1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

    Pirfenidone tablets are indicated for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).

  • 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

    2.1 Testing Prior to Pirfenidone Tablets Administration

    Conduct liver function tests prior to initiating treatment with pirfenidone tablets [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    2.2 Recommended Dosage

    The recommended daily maintenance dosage of pirfenidone tablets is 801 mg three times daily for a total of 2,403 mg/day. Doses should be taken with food at the same time each day.

    Upon initiation of treatment, titrate to the full dosage of 2,403 mg/day over a 14-day period as follows:  

    Table 1. Dosage Titration for pirfenidone tablets in Patients with IPF 

    Treatment daysDosage
    Days 1 through 7 267 mg three times daily (801 mg/day)
    Days 8 through 14 534 mg three times daily (1,602 mg/day)
    Days 15 onward 801 mg three times daily (2,403 mg/day)

    Dosages above 2,403 mg/day are not recommended for any patient. Patients should not take 2 doses at the same time to make up for a missed dose. Patients should not take more than 3 doses per day.

    2.3 Dosage Modifications due to Adverse Reactions

    Patients who miss 14 or more days of pirfenidone tablets should re-initiate treatment by undergoing the initial 2-week titration regimen up to the full maintenance dosage [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)]. For treatment interruption of less than 14 days, the dosage prior to the interruption can be resumed.

    If patients experience significant adverse reactions (i.e., gastrointestinal, photosensitivity reaction or rash, severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR)), consider temporary dosage reductions or interruptions of pirfenidone tablets to allow for resolution of symptoms. If a SCAR is confirmed, permanently discontinue pirfenidone tablets [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4)].

    Dosage Modification due to Elevated Liver Enzymes

    Dosage modifications or interruptions may also be necessary when liver enzyme and bilirubin elevations are exhibited. For liver enzyme elevations, modify the dosage as follows:  

    If a patient exhibits > 3 but ≤ 5 × the upper limit of normal (ULN) ALT and/or AST without symptoms or hyperbilirubinemia after starting pirfenidone tablets therapy:

    • Discontinue confounding medications, exclude other causes, and monitor the patient closely.

    • Repeat liver chemistry tests as clinically indicated.

    • The full daily dosage may be maintained, if clinically appropriate, or reduced or interrupted (e.g., until liver chemistry tests are within normal limits) with subsequent re-titration to the full dosage as tolerated.

    If a patient exhibits > 3 but ≤ 5 × ULN ALT and/or AST accompanied by symptoms or hyperbilirubinemia:

    • Permanently discontinue pirfenidone tablets.
    • Do not rechallenge patient with pirfenidone tablets.

    If a patient exhibits > 5 × ULN ALT and/or AST:

    • Permanently discontinue pirfenidone tablets.
    • Do not rechallenge patient with pirfenidone tablets.

    2.4 Dosage Modifications due to Drug Interactions

    Strong CYP1A2 Inhibitors (e.g., fluvoxamine, enoxacin)

    Reduce pirfenidone tablets to 267 mg three times a day (801 mg/day).

    Moderate CYP1A2 Inhibitors (e.g., ciprofloxacin)

    With use of ciprofloxacin at a dosage of 750 mg twice daily, reduce pirfenidone tablets to 534 mg three times a day (1,602 mg/day).

  • 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

    267 mg tablets: yellow, oval, biconvex, film-coated tablets. Engraved "APO" on one side, "267" on the other side.  

    801 mg tablets: brown, oval, biconvex, film-coated tablet. Engraved "APO" on one side, "801" on the other side.

  • 4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

    None.

  • 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

    5.1 Elevated Liver Enzymes and Drug-Induced Liver Injury

    Cases of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) have been observed with pirfenidone. In the postmarketing period, non-serious and serious cases of DILI, including severe liver injury with fatal outcome, have been reported. Patients treated with pirfenidone 2,403 mg/day in three Phase 3 trials had a higher incidence of elevations in ALT or AST ≥ 3 × ULN than placebo patients (3.7% vs 0.8%, respectively). Elevations ≥ 10 × ULN in ALT or AST occurred in 0.3% of patients in the pirfenidone 2,403 mg/day group and in 0.2% of patients in the placebo group. Increases in ALT and AST ≥ 3 × ULN were reversible with dose modification or treatment discontinuation.

    Conduct liver function tests (ALT, AST, and bilirubin) prior to the initiation of therapy with pirfenidone, monthly for the first 6 months, every 3 months thereafter, and as clinically indicated. Measure liver function tests promptly in patients who report symptoms that may indicate liver injury, including fatigue, anorexia, right upper abdominal discomfort, dark urine, or jaundice. Dosage modification or interruption may be necessary for liver enzyme elevations [see Dosage and Administration (2.1, 2.3)].

    5.2 Photosensitivity Reaction or Rash

    Patients treated with pirfenidone 2,403 mg/day in the three Phase 3 studies had a higher incidence of photosensitivity reactions (9%) compared with patients treated with placebo (1%). The majority of the photosensitivity reactions occurred during the initial 6 months. Instruct patients to avoid or minimize exposure to sunlight (including sunlamps), to use a sunblock (SPF 50 or higher), and to wear clothing that protects against sun exposure. Additionally, instruct patients to avoid concomitant medications known to cause photosensitivity. Dosage reduction or discontinuation may be necessary in some cases of photosensitivity reaction or rash [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].

    5.3 Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions

    Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR), including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), have been reported in association with the use of pirfenidone tablets in the postmarketing setting. If signs or symptoms of SCAR occur, interrupt pirfenidone treatment until the etiology of the reaction has been determined. Consultation with a dermatologist is recommended. If a SCAR is confirmed, permanently discontinue pirfenidone tablets

    5.4 Gastrointestinal Disorders

    In the clinical studies, gastrointestinal events of nausea, diarrhea, dyspepsia, vomiting, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, and abdominal pain were more frequently reported by patients in the pirfenidone treatment groups than in those taking placebo. Dosage reduction or interruption for gastrointestinal events was required in 18.5% of patients in the 2,403 mg/day group, as compared to 5.8% of patients in the placebo group; 2.2% of patients in the pirfenidone 2,403 mg/day group discontinued treatment due to a gastrointestinal event, as compared to 1% in the placebo group. The most common (> 2%) gastrointestinal events that led to dosage reduction or interruption were nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and dyspepsia. The incidence of gastrointestinal events was highest early in the course of treatment (with highest incidence occurring during the initial 3 months) and decreased over time. Dosage modifications may be necessary in some cases of gastrointestinal adverse reactions [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].

  • 6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

    The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling:

    • Liver Enzyme Elevations and Drug-Induced Liver Injury [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
    • Photosensitivity Reaction or Rash [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]
    • Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions(5.3)]
    • Gastrointestinal Disorders [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]

    6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

    Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.  

    The safety of pirfenidone has been evaluated in more than 1,400 subjects with over 170 subjects exposed to pirfenidone for more than 5 years in clinical trials.  

    Pirfenidone was studied in 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (Studies 1, 2, and 3) in which a total of 623 patients received 2,403 mg/day of pirfenidone and 624 patients received placebo. Subjects ages ranged from 40 to 80 years (mean age of 67 years). Most patients were male (74%) and Caucasian (95%). The mean duration of exposure to pirfenidone was 62 weeks (range: 2 to 118 weeks) in these 3 trials.  

    At the recommended dosage of 2,403 mg/day, 14.6% of patients on pirfenidone compared to 9.6% on placebo permanently discontinued treatment because of an adverse event. The most common (> 1%) adverse reactions leading to discontinuation were rash and nausea. The most common (> 3%) adverse reactions leading to dosage reduction or interruption were rash, nausea, diarrhea, and photosensitivity reaction.  

    The most common adverse reactions with an incidence of ≥ 10% and more frequent in the pirfenidone than placebo treatment group are listed in Table 2.

    Table 2. Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 10% of Pirfenidone-Treated Patients and More Commonly Than Placebo in Studies 1, 2, and 3

     Adverse Reaction% of Patients (0 to 118 Weeks)
    Pirfenidone 2,403 mg/day
    (N = 623)    		Placebo
    (N = 624)
    Nausea 36% 16%
    Rash 30% 10%
    Abdominal Pain1 24% 15%
    Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 27% 25%
    Diarrhea 26% 20%
    Fatigue 26% 19%
    Headache 22% 19%
    Decreased Appetite21%8%
    Dyspepsia 19% 7%
    Dizziness 18% 11%
    Vomiting 13% 6%
    Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease 11% 7%
    Sinusitis 11% 10%
    Insomnia 10% 7%
    Weight Decreased 10% 5%
    Arthralgia 10% 7%
    1 Includes abdominal pain, upper abdominal pain, abdominal distension, and stomach discomfort.

    Adverse reactions occurring in ≥ 5 to < 10% of pirfenidone-treated patients and more commonly than placebo are photosensitivity reaction (9% vs. 1%), pruritus (8% vs. 5%), asthenia (6% vs. 4%), dysgeusia (6% vs. 2%), and non-cardiac chest pain (5% vs. 4%).

    6.2 Postmarketing Experience

    In addition to adverse reactions identified from clinical trials the following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of pirfenidone. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency.  

    Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: Agranulocytosis  

    Hepatobiliary Disorders: Drug-induced liver injury

    Immune System Disorders: Angioedema

    Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions (SCAR)

  • 7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

    7.1 CYP1A2 Inhibitors

    Pirfenidone is metabolized primarily (70 to 80%) via CYP1A2 with minor contributions from other CYP isoenzymes including CYP2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 2E1.

    Strong CYP1A2 Inhibitors

    The concomitant administration of pirfenidone and fluvoxamine or other strong CYP1A2 inhibitors (e.g., enoxacin) is not recommended because it significantly increases exposure to pirfenidone [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Use of fluvoxamine or other strong CYP1A2 inhibitors should be discontinued prior to administration of pirfenidone and avoided during pirfenidone treatment. In the event that fluvoxamine or other strong CYP1A2 inhibitors are the only drug of choice, dosage reductions are recommended. Monitor for adverse reactions and consider discontinuation of pirfenidone as needed [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)].

    Moderate CYP1A2 Inhibitors

    Concomitant administration of pirfenidone and ciprofloxacin (a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2) moderately increases exposure to pirfenidone [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. If ciprofloxacin at the dosage of 750 mg twice daily cannot be avoided, dosage reductions are recommended [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)]. Monitor patients closely when ciprofloxacin is used at a dosage of 250 mg or 500 mg once daily.

    Concomitant CYP1A2 and other CYP Inhibitors

    Agents or combinations of agents that are moderate or strong inhibitors of both CYP1A2 and one or more other CYP isoenzymes involved in the metabolism of pirfenidone (i.e., CYP2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 2E1) should be discontinued prior to and avoided during pirfenidone treatment.

    7.2 CYP1A2 Inducers

    The concomitant use of pirfenidone and a CYP1A2 inducer may decrease the exposure of pirfenidone and this may lead to loss of efficacy. Therefore, discontinue use of strong CYP1A2 inducers prior to pirfenidone treatment and avoid the concomitant use of pirfenidone and a strong CYP1A2 inducer [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

  • 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

    8.1 Pregnancy

    Risk Summary

    The data with pirfenidone use in pregnant women are insufficient to inform on drug associated risks for major birth defects and miscarriage. In animal reproduction studies, pirfenidone was not teratogenic in rats and rabbits at oral doses up to 3 and 2 times, respectively, the maximum recommended daily dose (MRDD) in adults [see Data].  

    In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.  

    Data

    Animal Data

    Animal reproductive studies were conducted in rats and rabbits. In a combined fertility and embryofetal development study, female rats received pirfenidone at oral doses of 0, 50, 150, 450, and 1,000 mg/kg/day from 2 weeks prior to mating, during the mating phase, and throughout the periods of early embryonic development from gestation days (GD) 0 to 5 and organogenesis from GD 6 to 17. In an embryofetal development study, pregnant rabbits received pirfenidone at oral doses of 0, 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg/day throughout the period of organogenesis from GD 6 to 18. In these studies, pirfenidone at doses up to 3 and 2 times, respectively, the maximum recommended daily dose (MRDD) in adults (on mg/m2 basis at maternal oral doses up to 1,000 mg/kg/day in rats and 300 mg/kg/day in rabbits, respectively) revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to pirfenidone. In the presence of maternal toxicity, acyclic/irregular cycles (e.g., prolonged estrous cycle) were seen in rats at doses approximately equal to and higher than the MRDD in adults (on a mg/m2 basis at maternal doses of 450 mg/kg/day and higher). In a pre- and post-natal development study, female rats received pirfenidone at oral doses of 0, 100, 300, and 1,000 mg/kg/day from GD 7 to lactation day 20. Prolongation of the gestation period, decreased numbers of live newborn, and reduced pup viability and body weights were seen in rats at an oral dosage approximately 3 times the MRDD in adults (on a mg/m2 basis at a maternal oral dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day).

    8.2 Lactation

    Risk Summary

    No information is available on the presence of pirfenidone in human milk, the effects of the drug on the breastfed infant, or the effects of the drug on milk production. The lack of clinical data during lactation precludes clear determination of the risk of pirfenidone to an infant during lactation; therefore, the developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for pirfenidone and the potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from pirfenidone or from the underlying maternal condition.

    Data

    Animal Data: A study with radio-labeled pirfenidone in rats has shown that pirfenidone or its metabolites are excreted in milk. There are no data on the presence of pirfenidone or its metabolites in human milk, the effects of pirfenidone on the breastfed child, or its effects on milk production.

    8.4 Pediatric Use

    Safety and effectiveness of pirfenidone in pediatric patients have not been established.

    8.5 Geriatric Use

    Of the total number of subjects in the clinical studies receiving pirfenidone, 714 (67%) were 65 years old and over, while 231 (22%) were 75 years old and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between older and younger patients. No dosage adjustment is required based upon age.

    8.6 Hepatic Impairment

    Pirfenidone should be used with caution in patients with mild (Child Pugh Class A) to moderate (Child Pugh Class B) hepatic impairment. Monitor for adverse reactions and consider dosage modification or discontinuation of pirfenidone as needed [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].  

    The safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of pirfenidone have not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Pirfenidone is not recommended for use in patients with severe (Child Pugh Class C) hepatic impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

    8.7 Renal Impairment

    Pirfenidone should be used with caution in patients with mild (CLcr 50 to 80 mL/min), moderate (CLcr 30 to 50 mL/min), or severe (CLcr less than 30 mL/min) renal impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Monitor for adverse reactions and consider dosage modification or discontinuation of pirfenidone as needed [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)]. The safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of pirfenidone have not been studied in patients with end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis. Use of pirfenidone in patients with end-stage renal diseases requiring dialysis is not recommended.

    8.8 Smokers

    Smoking causes decreased exposure to pirfenidone [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)], which may alter the efficacy profile of pirfenidone. Instruct patients to stop smoking prior to treatment with pirfenidone and to avoid smoking when using pirfenidone.

  • 10 OVERDOSAGE

    There is limited clinical experience with overdosage. Multiple dosages of pirfenidone up to a maximum tolerated dose of 4005 mg per day were administered as five 267 mg capsules three times daily to healthy adult volunteers over a 12-day dose escalation. In the event of a suspected overdosage, appropriate supportive medical care should be provided, including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the clinical status of the patient.

  • 11 DESCRIPTION

    Pirfenidone belongs to the chemical class of pyridone. Pirfenidone tablets are available as film-coated tablets containing 267 mg (yellow) and 801 mg (brown) pirfenidone. Pirfenidone has a molecular formula of C12H11NO and a molecular weight of 185.22 g/mol.

    Pirfenidone has the following structural formula, which has been referred to as 5-methyl-1­ phenyl-2-1(H)-pyridone or 5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-(1H)-pyridinone.

    Structure.jpg

    Pirfenidone is a white to pale yellow, non-hygroscopic powder. It is freely soluble in methanol, ethyl alcohol, acetone and chloroform. Sparingly soluble in 1 N hydrochloric acid, water and 0.1 N sodium hydroxide. The melting point is approximately 106°C to 112°C.    

    Pirfenidone tablets, USP contain pirfenidone and the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, ferric ferrous oxide (801 mg only), ferric oxide red (801 mg only), ferric oxide yellow (267 mg only), hydroxypropyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium starch glycolate, talc and titanium dioxide.

  • 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

    12.1 Mechanism of Action

    The mechanism of action of pirfenidone in the treatment of IPF has not been established.

    12.2 Pharmacodynamics

    Cardiac Electrophysiology:

    The effect of pirfenidone on QT interval was evaluated in a randomized, placebo, and positive controlled parallel study in 160 healthy adult volunteers. Volunteers received pirfenidone 2,403 mg/day (recommended dose) and 4,005 mg/day (1.6 times recommended dose) or placebo for 10 days or a single dose of 400 mg moxifloxacin (active control).

    Relative to placebo, the maximum mean change from baseline in study-specific QT interval was 3.2 milliseconds (ms) and 2.2 ms for pirfenidone 2,403 mg/day and 4,005 mg/day, respectively. No volunteer had a QTc interval greater than 480 ms or change from baseline greater than 60 ms. Although there was no evidence that pirfenidone prolonged the QTc interval in this study, a definitive conclusion may not be drawn as the positive control (moxifloxacin) did not perform as expected in this study, and pirfenidone at 4,005 mg/day (1.7 times the maximum recommended dose) did not cover the maximum pirfenidone exposure increase with co-administration of fluvoxamine, a strong CYP1A2 inhibitor.

    12.3 Pharmacokinetics

    Absorption:

    After single oral-dose administration of 801 mg pirfenidone (three 267 mg capsules), the maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) was achieved between 30 minutes and 4 hours (median time of 0.5 hours). Food decreased the rate and extent of absorption. Median Tmax increased from 0.5 hours to 3 hours with food. Maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) and AUC0-inf decreased by approximately 49% and 16% with food, respectively. 

    Bioequivalence was demonstrated in the fasted state when comparing the 801 mg tablet to three 267 mg capsules. The effect of food on pirfenidone exposure was consistent between the tablet and capsule formulations. 

    A reduced incidence of adverse reactions was observed in the fed group when compared to the fasted group. In controlled studies with IPF patients, pirfenidone was taken with food [see Dosage and Administration (2) and Clinical Studies (14)]. 

    The absolute bioavailability of pirfenidone has not been determined in humans.  

    Distribution:

    Pirfenidone binds to human plasma proteins, primarily to serum albumin, in a concentration- independent manner over the range of concentrations observed in clinical trials. The overall mean binding was 58% at concentrations observed in clinical studies (1 to 10 mcg/mL). Mean apparent oral volume of distribution is approximately 59 to 71 liters. 

    Metabolism:

    In vitro profiling studies in hepatocytes and liver microsomes have shown that pirfenidone is primarily metabolized in the liver by CYP1A2 and multiple other CYPs (CYP2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 2E1). Oral administration of pirfenidone results in the formation of four metabolites. In humans, only pirfenidone and 5-carboxy-pirfenidone are present in plasma in significant quantities. The mean metabolite-to-parent ratio ranged from approximately 0.6 to 0.7. 

    No formal radiolabeled studies have assessed the metabolism of pirfenidone in humans. In vitro data suggests that metabolites are not expected to be pharmacologically active at observed metabolite concentrations. 

    Elimination:

    The mean terminal half-life is approximately 3 hours in healthy subjects. Pirfenidone is excreted predominantly as metabolite 5-carboxy-pirfenidone, mainly in the urine (approximately 80% of the dose). The majority of pirfenidone was excreted as the 5-carboxy metabolite (approximately 99.6% of that recovered). 

    Specific Populations: 

    Hepatic Impairment

    The pharmacokinetics of pirfenidone and the 5-carboxy-pirfenidone metabolite were studied in 12 subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh Class B) and in 12 subjects with normal hepatic function. Results showed that the mean exposure, AUC0-inf and Cmax of pirfenidone increased approximately 1.6- and approximately 1.4-fold in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment, respectively. The exposure of 5-carboxy-pirfenidone did not change significantly in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment. 

    Renal Impairment

    The pharmacokinetics of pirfenidone and the 5-carboxy-pirfenidone metabolite were studied in 18 subjects with mild (CLcr 50 to 80 mL/min), moderate (CLcr 30 to 50 mL/min), and severe (CLcr less than 30 mL/min) renal impairment (n = 6/group) and in 6 subjects with normal CLcr (greater than or equal to 80 mL/min) renal function. Results showed that systemic exposure (AUC0-inf) to pirfenidone increased approximately 1.4, 1.5, and 1.2-fold in subjects with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment, respectively. The corresponding AUC0-inf of 5-carboxy-pirfenidone increased 1.7, 3.4, and 5.6-fold, although the change in the patients with mild renal impairment was not statistically significant. The renal clearance of 5-carboxy-pirfenidone decreased significantly in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment. 

    The pharmacokinetics and safety of pirfenidone has not been studied in subjects with end- stage renal disease requiring dialysis. 

    Geriatric

    Results of population pharmacokinetic analysis suggest that no dosage adjustment is needed in geriatric patients. 

    Gender

    Results of population pharmacokinetic analysis of pirfenidone showed no significant differences in pharmacokinetics between males and females. 

    Obesity

    Results of population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that obesity (Body Mass Index [BMI] greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2) has no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of pirfenidone. 

    Race

    Population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that race has no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of pirfenidone. 

    Drug Interaction Studies:  

    Cytochrome P450 1A2 Inhibitors

    Pirfenidone is a substrate of cytochrome P450 1A2. In a single-dose drug interaction study in 25 healthy nonsmokers and 25 smokers, pirfenidone was coadministered with fluvoxamine (50 mg at bedtime for 3 days; 50 mg twice a day for 3 days, and 50 mg in the morning and 100 mg at bedtime for 4 days). An approximately 4-fold increase in exposure to pirfenidone in nonsmokers and approximately 7-fold increase in exposure in smokers was observed.

    In a single-dose drug interaction study in 27 healthy subjects, coadministration of 801 mg of pirfenidone and 750 mg of ciprofloxacin (a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2) on Day 6 (ciprofloxacin was dosed at 750 mg twice daily from Day 2 to Day 7) increased the exposure to pirfenidone by 81%.  

    Cytochrome P450 1A2 Inducers

    Following a single oral dose of 801 mg pirfenidone in 25 smokers and 25 healthy nonsmokers, the systemic exposure in smokers was significantly lower compared to nonsmokers. AUC0-inf and Cmax of pirfenidone in smokers were 46% and 68% of those in nonsmokers, respectively.

    Inhibitory Effect of Pirfenidone on P-glycoprotein (Pgp)

    The potential for pirfenidone to inhibit Pgp mediated transport of digoxin (5 mcM) was evaluated in the absence and presence of pirfenidone at concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,000 mcM in in vitro system. Pirfenidone showed weak inhibition (10 to 30%) of Pgp facilitated digoxin B-A efflux at concentrations of 100 mcM and above. Effect of pirfenidone upon Pgp substrate pharmacokinetics and safety has not been evaluated in humans.

    Inhibitory Effect of Pirfenidone on CYP2C9, 2C19 or 1A2, 2D6, 3A4

    The potential for pirfenidone to inhibit CYP2C9, 2C19 or 1A2 was evaluated in vitro at concentrations up to 1,000 mcM (approximately 10-fold the mean human Cmax). Pirfenidone showed a concentration-dependent inhibition on CYP2C9, 2C19 or 1A2, 2D6, and 3A4. At 1,000 mcM, pirfenidone inhibits the activity of these enzymes by 30.4%, 27.5%, 34.1%, 21%, and 9.6%, respectively. Effect of pirfenidone upon pharmacokinetics and safety of CYP2C9, 2C19, 1A2, 2D6, and 3A4 substrates has not been evaluated in humans.

  • 13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

    13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

    Carcinogenesis

    Long-term studies were conducted in mice and rats with admixture of pirfenidone to the diet to evaluate its carcinogenic potential.  

    In a 24-month carcinogenicity study in B6C3F1 mice, pirfenidone caused statistically significant dose-related increases of the combination of hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma and hepatoblastoma in male mice at doses of 800 mg/kg and above (AUC exposure approximately 0.4 times adult exposure at the MRDD). There were statistically significant dose-related increases of the combination of hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma in female mice at doses of 2,000 mg/kg and above (AUC exposure approximately 0.7 times adult exposure at the MRDD).  

    In a 24-month carcinogenicity study in Fischer rats, pirfenidone caused statistically significant dose-related increases of the combination of hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma in male rats at doses of 750 mg/kg and above (AUC exposure approximately 1.9 times adult exposure at the MRDD). There were statistically significant increases of the combination of hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma and the combination of uterine adenocarcinoma and adenoma at a dose of 1,500 mg/kg/day (AUC exposure approximately 3 times adult exposure at the MRDD).  

    The relevance of these tumor findings in rodents to humans is unknown.

    Mutagenesis

    Pirfenidone was not mutagenic or clastogenic in the following tests: mutagenicity tests in bacteria, a chromosomal aberration test in Chinese hamster lung cells, and a micronucleus test in mice.

    Impairment of Fertility

    Pirfenidone had no effects on fertility and reproductive performance in rats at dosages up to 1,000 mg/kg/day (approximately 3 times the MRDD in adults on a mg/m2 basis).

  • 14 CLINICAL STUDIES

    The efficacy of pirfenidone was evaluated in patients with IPF in three phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trials (Studies 1, 2, and 3).

    Study 1 was a 52-week trial comparing pirfenidone 2,403 mg/day (n = 278) versus placebo (n = 277) in patients with IPF. Study 2 and Study 3 were nearly identical to each other in design, with few exceptions, including an intermediate dose treatment arm in Study 2. Study 2 compared treatment with either pirfenidone 2,403 mg/day (n = 174) or pirfenidone 1197 mg/day (n = 87) to placebo (n = 174), while Study 3 compared pirfenidone 2,403 mg/day (n = 171) to placebo (n = 173). Study drug was administered three times daily with food for a minimum of 72 weeks. Patients continued on treatment until the last patient completed 72 weeks of treatment, which included observations to approximately 120 weeks of study treatment. The primary endpoint was the change in percent predicted forced vital capacity (%FVC) from baseline to study end, measured at 52 weeks in Study 1, and at 72 weeks in Studies 2 and 3.

    Studies 1, 2 and 3 enrolled adult patients who had a clinical and radiographic diagnosis of IPF (with or without accompanying surgical lung biopsy), without evidence or suspicion of an alternative diagnosis for interstitial lung disease. Eligible patients were to have %FVC greater than or equal to 50% at baseline and a percent predicted diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (%DLCO) greater than or equal to 30% (Study 1) or 35% (Studies 2 and 3) at baseline. In all three trials, over 80% of patients completed study treatment.

    A total of 1,247 patients with IPF were randomized to receive pirfenidone 2,403 mg/day (n = 623) or placebo (n = 624) in these three trials. Baseline characteristics were generally balanced across treatment groups. The study population ranged from 40 to 80 years of age (mean age 67 years). Most patients were male (74%), white (95%), and current or former smokers (65%). Approximately 93% of patients met criteria for definite IPF on high resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Baseline mean %FVC and %DLCO were 72% and 46%, respectively. Approximately 15% subjects discontinued from each treatment group.

    Change from Baseline in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity

    In Study 1, the primary efficacy analysis for the change in %FVC from baseline to Week 52 demonstrated a statistically significant treatment effect of pirfenidone 2,403 mg/day (n = 278) compared with placebo (n = 277) using a rank ANCOVA with the lowest rank imputation for missing data due to death. In Study 2, there was a statistically significant difference at Week 72 for the change in %FVC from baseline. In Study 3, there was no statistically significant difference at Week 72 for the change in %FVC from baseline.

    Figure 1 presents the cumulative distribution for all cut-offs for the change from baseline in %FVC at Week 52 for Study 1. For all categorical declines in lung function, the proportion of patients declining was lower on pirfenidone than on placebo. Study 2 showed similar results.

    Figure 1. Cumulative Distribution of Patients by Change in Percent Predicted FVC from Baseline to Week 52 (Study 1). The Dashed Lines Indicate ≥ 10% Decline or ≥ 0% Decline.

    Figure1.jpg

    Mean Change from Baseline in FVC (mL)

    In Study 1, a reduction in the mean decline in FVC (in mL) was observed in patients receiving pirfenidone 2,403 mg/day (-235 mL) compared to placebo (-428 mL) (mean treatment difference 193 mL) at Week 52 (see Figure 2). In Study 2, a reduction in the decline in FVC volume was also observed in patients receiving pirfenidone 2,403 mg/day compared with placebo (mean treatment difference 157 mL) at Week 72. There was no statistically significant difference in decline in FVC volume seen in Study 3.

    Figure 2. Mean Change from Baseline in Forced Vital Capacity (Study 1)

    Figure2.jpg

    Survival

    Survival was evaluated for pirfenidone compared to placebo in Studies 1, 2, and 3 as an exploratory analysis to support the primary endpoint (FVC). All-cause mortality was assessed over the study duration and available follow-up period, irrespective of cause of death and whether patients continued treatment. All-cause mortality did not show a statistically significant difference (see Figure 3).

    Figure 3. Kaplan-Meier Estimates of All-Cause Mortality at Vital Status – End of Study: Studies 1, 2, and 3

    Figure3.jpg

  • 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

    Pirfenidone film-coated tablets contain 267 mg pirfenidone (yellow) and 801 mg pirfenidone (brown) and are available as follows:

    267 mg tablets: Yellow, oval, biconvex, film-coated tablets. Engraved "APO" on one side, "267" on the other side.

    Bottle of 90 tablets NDC: 60505-4681-9

    Bottle of 270 tablets  NDC: 60505-4681-7

    801 mg tablets: Brown, oval, biconvex, film-coated tablet. Engraved "APO" on one side, "801" on the other side.

    Bottle of 90 tablets NDC: 60505-4682-9

    Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted from 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) (see USP Controlled Room Temperature).

    Keep the bottle tightly closed. Do not use if the seal over the bottle opening is broken or missing. Safely throw away any pirfenidone tablets that are out of date or no longer needed.

  • 17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

    Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information).

    Liver Enzyme Elevations

    Advise patients that they may be required to undergo liver function testing periodically. Instruct patients to immediately report any symptoms of a liver problem (e.g., skin or the white of eyes turn yellow, urine turns dark or brown [tea colored], pain on the right side of stomach, bleed or bruise more easily than normal, lethargy) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

    Photosensitivity Reaction or Rash

    Advise patients to avoid or minimize exposure to sunlight (including sunlamps) during use of pirfenidone tablets because of concern for photosensitivity reactions or rash. Instruct patients to use a sunblock and to wear clothing that protects against sun exposure. Instruct patients to report symptoms of photosensitivity reaction or rash to their physician. Temporary dosage reductions or discontinuations may be required [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

    Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions Advise patients about signs and symptoms of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR). Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider immediately if they experience signs and symptoms of SCAR [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

    Gastrointestinal Events

    Instruct patients to report symptoms of persistent gastrointestinal effects including nausea, diarrhea, dyspepsia, vomiting, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, and abdominal pain. Temporary dosage reductions or discontinuations may be required [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

    Smokers

    Encourage patients to stop smoking prior to treatment with pirfenidone tablets and to avoid smoking when using pirfenidone tablets [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

    Take with Food

    Instruct patients to take pirfenidone tablets with food to help decrease nausea and dizziness.

    Manufactured by
    Apotex Inc.
    Toronto, Ontario
    Canada M9L1T9     		Manufactured for
    Apotex Corp.
    Weston, Florida,
    USA 33326

    Revision: 4

  • Patient Information

    Pirfenidone
    Tablets    , USP

    (pir fen’ i done)

    What are pirfenidone tablets?

    • Pirfenidone tablets are a prescription medicine used to treat people with a lung disease called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
    • It is not known if pirfenidone tablets are safe and effective in children.

    Before you take pirfenidone tablets, tell your doctor about all of your medical conditions, including if you:

    • have liver problems
    • have kidney problems
    • are a smoker
    • are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if pirfenidone will harm your unborn baby.
    • are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if pirfenidone passes into your breast milk. You and your doctor should decide if you will take pirfenidone tablets.

    Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.

    How should I take pirfenidone tablets?

    • Take pirfenidone tablets exactly as your doctor tells you to take it.
    • Your doctor may change your dose of pirfenidone tablets as needed.
    • Take pirfenidone tablets with food at the same time each day. This may help to decrease your nausea and dizziness.
    • Pirfenidone film-coated tablet 267 mg is supplied as a yellow tablet. If you have been prescribed pirfenidone tablets 267 mg, take it as follows:
      • Take 1 pirfenidone 267 mg tablet 3 times each day for days 1 through 7.
      • Take 2 pirfenidone 267 mg tablets 3 times each day for days 8 through 14.
      • Take 3 pirfenidone 267 mg tablets 3 times each day on day 15 and each day after.
    Pirfenidone Tablets 267 mg Dosing Schedule
    Week Morning
    (Breakfast)     		Afternoon
    (Lunch)     		Evening
    (Dinner)     		Total Pills
    Each Day
    Days 1-7 1 1 1 3
    Days 8-14 2 2 2 6
    Days 15 onward 3 3 3 9
    • If you have been prescribed the brown 801 mg pirfenidone film-coated tablets, take it as follows:
      • Take 1 brown 801 mg pirfenidone  tablet 3 times each day.
    Pirfenidone Tablets 801 mg Dosing Schedule
    Week Morning
    (Breakfast)     		Afternoon
    (Lunch)     		Evening
    (Dinner)     		Total Pills
    Each Day
    Days 15
    onward     		1 1 1 3
    • If you miss 14 days or more of pirfenidone tablets call your doctor right away for further instructions about how to take your medicine.
    • Do not take 2 doses at the same time to make up for your missed dose.
    • Do not take more than 3 doses each day.
    • If you take too much pirfenidone tablets, call your doctor or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away. Your doctor should do certain blood tests before you start taking pirfenidone tablets.

    What should I avoid while taking pirfenidone tablets?

    • Avoid sunlight. Pirfenidone tablets can make your skin sensitive to the sun and the light from sunlamps and tanning beds. You could get a severe sunburn. Use sunscreen (SPF 50) and wear a hat and clothes that cover your skin if you have to be in sunlight. Talk to your doctor if you get sunburn or a rash.
    • Avoid taking pirfenidone tablets with other medicines that can make your skin sensitive to the sun, the light from sunlamps and tanning beds.
    • Avoid smoking. Smoking may affect how well pirfenidone tablets works.

    What are the possible side effects of pirfenidone tablets?

    Pirfenidone tablets may cause serious side effects, including:

    • liver problems. Call your doctor right away if you have unexplained symptoms such as yellowing of your skin or the white part of your eyes (jaundice), dark or brown (tea colored) urine, pain on the upper right side of your stomach area (abdomen), bleeding or bruising more easily than normal, feeling tired. Your doctor will do blood tests to check how your liver is working during your treatment with pirfenidone tablets.
    • sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity) and rash. See “What should I avoid while taking  pirfenidone tablets?”
    • severe skin reactions. Call your doctor right away if you have a severe skin reaction such as skin blisters, rash, sores in the mouth, hives or any other severe skin symptoms. Your doctor may stop your treatment with pirfenidone tablets.
    • stomach problems. Pirfenidone tablets may cause stomach problems such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, indigestion, heartburn, and stomach pain. Tell your doctor right away if your stomach problems get worse or do not go away. Your doctor may need to change your dose of pirfenidone tablets.

    The most common side effects of pirfenidone tablets include feeling tired, insomnia, upper respiratory tract infections, sinusitis, headache, dizziness, decreased weight and decreased or loss of appetite.

    These are not all the possible side effects of pirfenidone tablets. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

    How should I store pirfenidone tablets?

    • Store pirfenidone  tablets at room temperature, 66°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).
    • Keep in a tightly closed container.

    Safely throw away any pirfenidone tablets that is out of date or no longer needed. Keep pirfenidone tablets and all medicines out of reach of children.

    General information about the safe and effective use of pirfenidone tablets.

    Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use pirfenidone tablets for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give pirfenidone tablets to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. You can ask your pharmacist or doctor for information about pirfenidone tablets that is written for health professionals.

    What are the ingredients in pirfenidone tablets?

    Active ingredient: pirfenidone

    Inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, ferric ferrous oxide (801 mg only), ferric oxide red (801 mg only), ferric oxide yellow (267 mg only), hydroxypropyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium starch glycolate, talc and titanium dioxide.

    For more information, go to  www.apotex.com or call 1-800-706-5575.

    This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

    APOTEX INC

    Pirfenidone Tablets, USP

    267 mg and 801 mg

    Manufactured by
    Apotex Inc.
    Toronto, Ontario
    Canada M9L1T9     		Manufactured for
    Apotex Corp.
    Weston, Florida,
    USA 33326

    Revised: April 2024

    Revision: 7

  • PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL

    Representative sample of labeling (see HOW SUPPLIED section of complete listing):

    APOTEX CORP.

    NDC: 60505-4681-9

    267 mg

    Rx only

    LBL267mg90s.jpg

  • PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL

    Representative sample of labeling (see HOW SUPPLIED section of complete listing):

    APOTEX CORP.

    NDC: 60505-4682-9

    801 mg

    Rx only

    LBL801mg90s.jpg

  • INGREDIENTS AND APPEARANCE
    PIRFENIDONE 
    pirfenidone tablet
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 60505-4681
    Route of AdministrationORAL
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    PIRFENIDONE (UNII: D7NLD2JX7U) (Pirfenidone - UNII:D7NLD2JX7U) PIRFENIDONE267 mg
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    SILICON DIOXIDE (UNII: ETJ7Z6XBU4)  
    FERRIC OXIDE YELLOW (UNII: EX438O2MRT)  
    HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: 9XZ8H6N6OH)  
    MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30)  
    MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE (UNII: OP1R32D61U)  
    POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000 (UNII: Q662QK8M3B)  
    POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: 532B59J990)  
    SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATE TYPE A CORN (UNII: AG9B65PV6B)  
    TALC (UNII: 7SEV7J4R1U)  
    TITANIUM DIOXIDE (UNII: 15FIX9V2JP)  
    Product Characteristics
    ColorYELLOWScoreno score
    ShapeOVAL (Oval biconvex) Size13mm
    FlavorImprint Code APO;267
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 60505-4681-990 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product04/09/2024
    2NDC: 60505-4681-7270 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product04/09/2024
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    ANDAANDA21270904/09/2024
    PIRFENIDONE 
    pirfenidone tablet
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 60505-4682
    Route of AdministrationORAL
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    PIRFENIDONE (UNII: D7NLD2JX7U) (Pirfenidone - UNII:D7NLD2JX7U) PIRFENIDONE801 mg
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    SILICON DIOXIDE (UNII: ETJ7Z6XBU4)  
    HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: 9XZ8H6N6OH)  
    MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30)  
    MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE (UNII: OP1R32D61U)  
    POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 8000 (UNII: Q662QK8M3B)  
    POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, UNSPECIFIED (UNII: 532B59J990)  
    SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATE TYPE A CORN (UNII: AG9B65PV6B)  
    TALC (UNII: 7SEV7J4R1U)  
    TITANIUM DIOXIDE (UNII: 15FIX9V2JP)  
    FERROSOFERRIC OXIDE (UNII: XM0M87F357)  
    FERRIC OXIDE RED (UNII: 1K09F3G675)  
    Product Characteristics
    ColorBROWNScoreno score
    ShapeOVAL (Oval biconvex) Size20mm
    FlavorImprint Code APO;801
    Contains    
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 60505-4682-990 in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product04/09/2024
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    ANDAANDA21270904/09/2024
    Labeler - Apotex Corp. (845263701)
    Registrant - Apotex Inc. (209429182)
    Establishment
    NameAddressID/FEIBusiness Operations
    Apotex Inc.205576023manufacture(60505-4681, 60505-4682) , analysis(60505-4681, 60505-4682)
    Establishment
    NameAddressID/FEIBusiness Operations
    Apotex Inc.255092496analysis(60505-4681, 60505-4682)
    Establishment
    NameAddressID/FEIBusiness Operations
    Signa S.A. de C.V.810419275api manufacture(60505-4681, 60505-4682)
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