Dicyclomine Hydrochloride by is a Prescription medication manufactured, distributed, or labeled by Camber Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Grand River Aseptic Manufacturing Inc.. Drug facts, warnings, and ingredients follow.
Warnings and Precautions, Peripheral and Central Nervous System (5.3) 07/2012
Dicyclomine hydrochloride injection is an antispasmodic and anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) agent indicated for the treatment of functional bowel/irritable bowel syndrome (1)
Dosage for dicyclomine hydrochloride injection must be adjusted to individual patient needs (2)
If a dose is missed, patients should continue the normal dosing schedule (2)
Intramuscular in adults (2.2):
The most serious adverse reactions include cardiovascular and central nervous system symptoms. The most common adverse reactions (>5% of patients) are dizziness, dry mouth, vision blurred, nausea, somnolence, asthenia and nervousness (6) (6)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Camber at 1-866-495-1995 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch (6)
See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION.
Revised: 11/2019
Dosage must be adjusted to individual patient needs.
Dicyclomine hydrochloride injection must be administered via intramuscular route only. Do not administer by any other route.
The recommended intramuscular dose is 10 mg to 20 mg four times a day [see Clinical Pharmacology (12)].
The intramuscular injection is to be used only for 1 or 2 days when the patient cannot take oral medication.
Intramuscular injection is about twice as bioavailable as oral dosage forms.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
Aspirate the syringe before injecting to avoid intravascular injection, since thrombosis may occur if the drug is inadvertently injected intravascularly.
Dicyclomine hydrochloride injection is contraindicated in infants less than 6 months of age [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS (8.4)], nursing mothers [see USE IN SPECIFICPOPULATIONS (8.3)] , and in patients with:
Dicyclomine hydrochloride solution is for intramuscular administration only. Do not administer by any other route. Inadvertent intravenous administration may result in thrombosis, thrombophlebitis and injection site reactions such as pain, edema, skin color change, and reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.2)].
Dicyclomine hydrochloride needs to be used with caution in conditions characterized by tachyarrhythmia such as thyrotoxicosis, congestive heart failure and in cardiac surgery, where they may further accelerate the heart rate. Investigate any tachycardia before administration of dicyclomine hydrochloride. Care is required in patients with coronary heart disease, as ischemia and infarction may be worsened, and in patients with hypertension [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.3)].
The peripheral effects of dicyclomine hydrochloride are a consequence of their inhibitory effect on muscarinic receptors of the autonomic nervous system. They include dryness of the mouth with difficulty in swallowing and talking, thirst, reduced bronchial secretions, dilatation of the pupils (mydriasis) with loss of accommodation (cycloplegia) and photophobia, flushing and dryness of the skin, transient bradycardia followed by tachycardia, with palpitations and arrhythmias, and difficulty in micturition, as well as reduction in the tone and motility of the gastrointestinal tract leading to constipation [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6)].
In the presence of high environmental temperature heat prostration can occur with drug use (fever and heat stroke due to decreased sweating). It should also be used cautiously in patients with fever. If symptoms occur, the drug should be discontinued and supportive measures instituted. Because of the inhibitory effect on muscarinic receptors within the autonomic nervous system, caution should be taken in patients with autonomic neuropathy.
Central nervous system (CNS) signs and symptoms include confusional state, disorientation, amnesia, hallucinations, dysarthria, ataxia, coma, euphoria, fatigue, insomnia, agitation and mannerisms, and inappropriate affect.
Psychosis and delirium have been reported in sensitive individuals (such as elderly patients and/or in patients with mental illness) given anticholinergic drugs. These CNS signs and symptoms usually resolve within 12 to 24 hours after discontinuation of the drug.
Dicyclomine hydrochloride injection may produce drowsiness, dizziness or blurred vision. The patient should be warned not to engage in activities requiring mental alertness, such as operating a motor vehicle or other machinery or performing hazardous work while taking dicyclomine chloride.
With overdosage, a curare-like action may occur (i.e., neuromuscular blockade leading to muscular weakness and possible paralysis). It should not be given to patients with myasthenia gravis except to reduce adverse muscarinic effects of an anticholinesterase [see CONTRAINDICATIONS (4)].
Diarrhea may be an early symptom of incomplete intestinal obstruction, especially in patients with ileostomy or colostomy. In this instance, treatment with this drug would be inappropriate and possibly harmful [see CONTRAINDICATIONS (4)].
Rarely development of Ogilvie's syndrome (colonic pseudo-obstruction) has been reported. Ogilvie's syndrome is a clinical disorder with signs, symptoms, and radiographic appearance of an acute large bowel obstruction but with no evidence of distal colonic obstruction.
Toxic dilatation of intestine and intestinal perforation is possible when anticholinergic agents are administered in patients with Salmonella dysentery.
Caution should be taken in patients with ulcerative colitis. Large doses may suppress intestinal motility to the point of producing a paralytic ileus and the use of this drug may precipitate or aggravate the serious complication of toxic megacolon [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.3)]. Dicyclomine hydrochloride injection is contraindicated in patients with severe ulcerative colitis [see CONTRAINDICATIONS (4)].
Dicyclomine hydrochloride injection should be used with caution in patients with known or suspected prostatic enlargement, in whom prostatic enlargement may lead to urinary retention [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.3)].
The pattern of adverse effects seen with dicyclomine is mostly related to its pharmacological actions at muscarinic receptors [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12)]. They are a consequence of the inhibitory effect on muscarinic receptors within the autonomic nervous system. These effects are dose-related and are usually reversible when treatment is discontinued.
The most serious adverse reactions reported with dicyclomine hydrochloride include cardiovascular and central nervous system symptoms [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.2, 5.3)].
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The data described below reflect exposure in controlled clinical trials involving over 100 patients treated for functional bowel/irritable bowel syndrome with dicyclomine hydrochloride at initial doses of 160 mg daily (40 mg four times a day).
In these trials most of the side effects were typically anticholinergic in nature and were reported by 61% of the patients.
Table 1 presents adverse reactions (MedDRA 13.0 preferred terms) by decreasing order of frequency in a side-by-side comparison with placebo.
MedDRA Preferred Term | Dicyclomine Hydrochloride (40 mg four times a day) % | Placebo % |
Dry Mouth | 33 | 5 |
Dizziness | 40 | 5 |
Vision Blurred | 27 | 2 |
Nausea | 14 | 6 |
Somnolence | 9 | 1 |
Asthenia | 7 | 1 |
Nervousness | 6 | 2 |
Nine percent (9%) of patients were discontinued from dicyclomine hydrochloride because of one or more of these side effects (compared with 2% in the placebo group). In 41% of the patients with side effects, side effects disappeared or were tolerated at the 160 mg daily dose without reduction. A dose reduction from 160 mg daily to an average daily dose of 90 mg was required in 46% of the patients with side effects who then continued to experience a favorable clinical response; their side effects either disappeared or were tolerated.
The following adverse reactions, presented by system organ class in alphabetical order, have been identified during post approval use of dicyclomine. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Cases of thrombosis, thrombophlebitis and injection site reactions such as local pain, edema, skin color change and even reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome have been reported following inadvertent IV injection of Dicyclomine hydrochloride injection.
Gastrointestinal: anorexia
Central Nervous System: tingling, numbness, dyskinesia, speech disturbance, insomnia
Peripheral Nervous System: With overdosage, a curare-like action may occur (i.e., neuromuscular blockade leading to muscular weakness and possible paralysis)
Ophthalmologic: diplopia, increased ocular tension
Dermatologic/Allergic: urticaria, itching, and other dermal manifestations
Genitourinary: urinary hesitancy, urinary retention in patients with prostatic hypertrophy
Cardiovascular: hypertension
Respiratory: apnea
Other: decreased sweating, sneezing, throat congestion, impotence. With the injectable form, there may be temporary sensation of light-headedness. Some local irritation and focal coagulation necrosis may occur following the intramuscular injection of dicyclomine hydrochloride injection.
Anticholinergics antagonize the effects of antiglaucoma agents. Anticholinergic drugs in the presence of increased intraocular pressure may be hazardous when taken concurrently with agents such as corticosteroids. Use of dicyclomine hydrochloride injection in patients with glaucoma is not recommended [see CONTRAINDICATIONS (4)].
The following agents may increase certain actions or side effects of anticholinergic drugs including dicyclomine chloride injection: amantadine, antiarrhythmic agents of Class I (e.g., quinidine), antihistamines, antipsychotic agents (e.g., phenothiazines), benzodiazepines, MAO inhibitors, narcotic analgesics (e.g., meperidine), nitrates and nitrites, sympathomimetic agents, tricyclic antidepressants, and other drugs having anticholinergic activity.
Interaction with other gastrointestinal motility drugs may antagonize the effects of drugs that alter gastrointestinal motility, such as metoclopramide.
Because antacids may interfere with the absorption of anticholinergic agents including dicyclomine hydrochloride injection, simultaneous use of these drugs should be avoided.
Pregnancy
Adequate and well-controlled studies have not been conducted with dicyclomine hydrochloride injection in pregnant women at the recommended doses of 80 to 160 mg/day. However, epidemiologic studies did not show an increased risk of structural malformations among babies born to women who took products containing dicyclomine hydrochloride at doses up to 40 mg/day during the first trimester of pregnancy. Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at doses of up to 33 times the maximum recommended human dose based on 160 mg/day (3 mg/kg) and have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to dicyclomine. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Dicyclomine hydrochloride injection is contraindicated in women who are breastfeeding. Dicyclomine hydrochloride is excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breast-fed infants from dicyclomine hydrochloride injection, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS (8.4)].
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Dicyclomine hydrochloride injection is contraindicated in infants less than 6 months of age [see CONTRAINDICATIONS (4)]. There are published cases reporting that the administration of dicyclomine hydrochloride to infants has been followed by serious respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, shortness of breath, breathlessness, respiratory collapse, apnea and asphyxia), seizures, syncope, pulse rate fluctuations, muscular hypotonia, and coma, and death, however; no causal relationship has been established.
Clinical studies of dicyclomine hydrochloride injection did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range in adults, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
Effects of renal impairment on PK, safety and efficacy of dicyclomine have not been studied. Dicyclomine hydrochloride drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Dicyclomine hydrochloride injection should be administered with caution in patients with renal impairment.
In case of an overdose, patients should contact a physician, poison control center (1-800-222-1222), or emergency room.
The signs and symptoms of overdosage include: headache; nausea; vomiting; blurred vision; dilated pupils; hot, dry skin; dizziness; dryness of the mouth; difficulty in swallowing; and CNS stimulation including convulsion. A curare-like action may occur (i.e., neuromuscular blockade leading to muscular weakness and possible paralysis).
One reported event included a 37-year-old who reported numbness on the left side, cold fingertips, blurred vision, abdominal and flank pain, decreased appetite, dry mouth, and nervousness following ingestion of 320 mg daily (four 20 mg tablets four times daily.) These events resolved after discontinuing the dicyclomine.
The acute oral LD50 of the drug is 625 mg/kg in mice.
The amount of drug in a single dose that is ordinarily associated with symptoms of overdosage or that is likely to be life-threatening, has not been defined. The maximum human oral dose recorded was 600 mg by mouth in a 10-month-old child and approximately 1500 mg in an adult, each of whom survived. In three of the infants who died following administration of dicyclomine hydrochloride [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.1)], the blood concentrations of drug were 200, 220, and 505 ng/mL.
It is not known if dicyclomine chloride is dialyzable.
Treatment should consist of gastric lavage, emetics, and activated charcoal. Sedatives (e.g., short-acting barbiturates, benzodiazepines) may be used for management of overt signs of excitement. If indicated, an appropriate parenteral cholinergic agent may be used as an antidote.
Dicyclomine hydrochloride is an antispasmodic and anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) agent available in the following dosage form:
Dicyclomine hydrochloride injection, USP is a sterile, pyrogen-free, aqueous solution for intramuscular injection (NOT FOR INTRAVENOUS USE) supplied as an ampoule containing 20 mg/2 mL (10 mg/mL). Each mL contains 10 mg dicyclomine hydrochloride USP in sterile water for injection, made isotonic with sodium chloride.
Dicyclomine hydrochloride is [bicyclohexyl]-1-carboxylic acid, 2-(diethylamino) ethyl ester, hydrochloride, with a molecular formula of C19H35NO2HCl and the following structural formula:
Molecular weight: 345.95
Dicyclomine hydrochloride occurs as a fine, white, crystalline, practically odorless powder with a bitter taste. It is soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and chloroform, and very slightly soluble in ether.
Dicyclomine relieves smooth muscle spasm of the gastrointestinal tract. Animal studies indicate that this action is achieved via a dual mechanism:
Atropine did not affect responses to these two agonists. In vivo studies in cats and dogs showed dicyclomine to be equally potent against acetylcholine (ACh)- or barium chloride (BaCl2)-induced intestinal spasm while atropine was at least 200 times more potent against effects of ACh than BaCl2. Tests for mydriatic effects in mice showed that dicyclomine was approximately 1/500 as potent as atropine; antisialagogue tests in rabbits showed dicyclomine to be 1/300 as potent as atropine.
Dicyclomine hydrochloride injection can inhibit the secretion of saliva and sweat, decrease gastrointestinal secretions and motility, cause drowsiness, dilate the pupils, increase heart rate, and depress motor function.
Absorption and Distribution
In man, dicyclomine is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, reaching peak values within 60 to 90 minutes. Mean volume of distribution for a 20 mg oral dose is approximately 3.65 L/kg suggesting extensive distribution in tissues.
Elimination
The metabolism of dicyclomine was not studied. The principal route of excretion is via the urine (79.5% of the dose). Excretion also occurs in the feces, but to a lesser extent (8.4%). Mean half-life of plasma elimination in one study was determined to be approximately 1.8 hours when plasma concentrations were measured for 9 hours after a single dose. In subsequent studies, plasma concentrations were followed for up to 24 hours after a single dose, showing a secondary phase of elimination with a somewhat longer half-life.
In controlled clinical trials involving over 100 patients who received drug, 82% of patients treated for functional bowel/irritable bowel syndrome with dicyclomine hydrochloride at initial doses of 160 mg daily (40 mg four times daily) demonstrated a favorable clinical response compared with 55% treated with placebo (p<0.05).
Dicyclomine Hydrochloride Injection, USP, 20 mg/2 mL (10 mg/mL), (for Intramuscular use only, NOT FOR INTRAVENOUS USE) is supplied as follows:
NDC: 31722-963-32 5 x 2mL Single Dose Vials
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Protect from freezing.
Dicyclomine hydrochloride injection is for intramuscular administration only. Do not administer by any other route. Inadvertent administration may result in thrombosis or thrombophlebitis, and injection site reactions such as pain, edema, skin color change and even reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.2)].
Inform parents and caregivers not to administer dicyclomine hydrochloride injection in infants less than 6 months of age [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS (8.4)].
Advise lactating women that dicyclomine should not be used while breastfeeding their infants [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS (8.3, 8.4)].
In the presence of a high environmental temperature, heat prostration can occur with dicyclomine hydrochloride injection use (fever and heat stroke due to decreased sweating). If symptoms occur, the drug should be discontinued and a physician contacted. Dicyclomine hydrochloride injection may produce drowsiness or blurred vision. The patient should be warned not to engage in activities requiring mental alertness, such as operating a motor vehicle or other machinery or to perform hazardous work while taking dicyclomine hydrochloride [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.3)].
Manufactured for
Camber Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Piscataway, NJ 08854
INS-0006 R4
NDC: 31722-963-31
Dicyclomine Hydrochloride
Injection, USP
20 mg/2 mL (10 mg/mL)
FOR INTRAMUSCULAR USE ONLY
5 Single-Dose Vial (2mL each)
NDC: 31722-963-32
Dicyclomine Hydrochloride
Injection, USP
20 mg/2 mL (10 mg/mL)
FOR INTRAMUSCULAR USE ONLY
5 Single-Dose Vial (2mL each)
DICYCLOMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
dicyclomine hydrochloride injection, solution |
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Labeler - Camber Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (826774775) |
Registrant - Camber Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (826774775) |
Establishment | |||
Name | Address | ID/FEI | Business Operations |
---|---|---|---|
Grand River Aseptic Manufacturing Inc. | 005593490 | manufacture(31722-963) , pack(31722-963) |