SODIUM PHENYLACETATE AND SODIUM BENZOATE injection, solution, concentrate

SODIUM PHENYLACETATE AND SODIUM BENZOATE by

Drug Labeling and Warnings

SODIUM PHENYLACETATE AND SODIUM BENZOATE by is a Prescription medication manufactured, distributed, or labeled by MAIA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC, GLAND PHARMACEUTICALS LIMITED. Drug facts, warnings, and ingredients follow.

Drug Details [pdf]

  • 1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

    Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection is indicated as adjunctive therapy in pediatric and adult patients for the treatment of acute hyperammonemia and associated encephalopathy in patients with deficiencies in enzymes of the urea cycle. During acute hyperammonemic episodes, arginine supplementation, caloric supplementation, dietary protein restriction, hemodialysis, and other ammonia lowering therapies should be considered [see Warnings and Precautions (5)].

  • 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

    2.1 Recommended Dose

    Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection must be diluted with sterile 10% Dextrose Injection (D10W) before administration. The dilution and dosage of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection are determined by weight for neonates, infants and young children, and by body surface area for larger patients, including older children, adolescents, and adults (Table 1).

    Table 1 Dosage and Administration
    Patient PopulationComponents of Infusion Solution
    Sodium Phenylacetate and Sodium Benzoate Injection must be diluted with sterile 10% Dextrose Injection at ≥ 25 mL/Kg before administration.    		Dosage Provided
    Sodium Phenylacetate and Sodium Benzoate InjectionArginine HCl Injection, 10%Sodium PhenylacetateSodium BenzoateArginine HCl
    Patients 0 to 20 kg:
    CPS and OTC Deficiency
    Dose
    Loading: over 90 to 120 minutes2.5 mL/kg2 mL/kg250 mg/kg250 mg/kg200 mg/kg
    Maintenance: over 24 hours
    ASS and ASL Deficiency
    Dose
    Loading: over 90 to 120 minutes2.5 mL/kg6 mL/kg250 mg/kg250 mg/kg600 mg/kg
    Maintenance: over 24 hours
    Patients > 20 kg:
    CPS and OTC Deficiency
    Dose
    Loading: over 90 to 120 minutes55 mL/m22 mL/kg5.5 g/m25.5 g/m2200 mg/kg
    Maintenance: over 24 hours
    ASS and ASL Deficiency
    Dose
    Loading: over 90 to 120 minutes55 mL/m26 mL/kg5.5 g/m25.5 g/m2600 mg/kg
    Maintenance: over 24 hours

    2.2 Administration

    Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection is a concentrated solution and must be diluted before intravenous administration via a central venous catheter. Administration through a peripheral intravenous catheter may cause burns. Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection may not be administered by any other route.

    Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection should be administered as a loading dose infusion over 90 to 120 minutes, followed by the same dose repeated as a maintenance infusion administered over 24 hours. Because of prolonged plasma levels achieved by phenylacetate in pharmacokinetic studies, repeat loading doses of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection should not be administered. Maintenance infusions may be continued until elevated plasma ammonia levels have been normalized or the patient can tolerate oral nutrition and medications. An antiemetic may be administered during sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection infusion to aid control of infusion-associated nausea and vomiting. Administration of analogous oral drugs, such as sodium phenylbutyrate, should be terminated prior to sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection.

    Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection infusion should be started as soon as the diagnosis of hyperammonemia is made. Treatment of hyperammonemia also requires caloric supplementation and restriction of dietary protein. Non-protein calories should be supplied principally as glucose (8–10 mg/kg/min) with an intravenous fat emulsion added. Attempts should be made to maintain a caloric intake of greater than 80 kcal/kg/day. During and after infusion of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection, ongoing monitoring of the following clinical laboratory values is crucial: plasma ammonia, glutamine, quantitative plasma amino acids, blood glucose, electrolytes, venous or arterial blood gases, AST and ALT. On-going monitoring of the following clinical responses is also crucial to assess patient response to treatment: neurological status, Glasgow Coma Scale, tachypnea, CT or MRI scan or fundoscopic evidence of cerebral edema, and/or of gray matter and white matter damage. Hemodialysis should be considered in patients with severe hyperammonemia or who are not responsive to sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection administration [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. In the non-neonatal study patient population treated with sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection administration, dialysis was required in 13% of hyperammonemic episodes. Standard hemodialysis was the most frequently used dialysis method. High levels of ammonia can be reduced quickly when sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection administration is used with hemodialysis, as the ammonia-scavenging of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection administration suppresses the production of ammonia from catabolism of endogenous protein and hemodialysis eliminates the ammonia and ammonia conjugates.

    Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection administration solutions are physically and chemically stable for up to 24 hours at room temperature and room lighting conditions. No compatibility information is presently available for sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection administration infusion solutions except for Arginine HCl Injection, 10%, which may be mixed in the same container as sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection administration. Other infusion solutions and drug products should not be administered together with sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection administration infusion solution. Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection solutions may be prepared in glass and PVC containers.

    Arginine Administration

    Intravenous arginine is an essential component of therapy for patients with carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), or argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) deficiency. Because hyperchloremic acidosis may develop after high-dose arginine hydrochloride administration, chloride and bicarbonate levels should be monitored and appropriate amounts of bicarbonate administered.

    In hyperammonemic infants with suspected, but unconfirmed urea cycle disorders, intravenous arginine should be given (6 mL/kg of Arginine HCl Injection 10%, over 90 minutes followed by the same dose given as a maintenance infusion over 24 hours). If deficiencies of ASS or ASL are excluded as diagnostic possibilities, the intravenous dose of arginine HCl should be reduced to 2 mL/kg/day Arginine HCl Injection 10%.

    Converting To Oral Treatment

    Once elevated ammonia levels have been reduced to the normal range, oral therapy, such as sodium phenylbutyrate, dietary management and maintenance protein restrictions should be started or reinitiated.

  • 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

    Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection, for intravenous use, is a sterile, concentrated, aqueous solution of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate.

  • 4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

    None.

  • 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

    5.1 Management of Acute Hyperammonemia

    Any episode of acute symptomatic hyperammonemia should be treated as a life-threatening emergency. Uncontrolled hyperammonemia can rapidly result in brain damage or death, and prompt use of all therapies necessary, including hemodialysis, to reduce ammonia levels is essential.

    Hyperammonemic coma (regardless of cause) in the newborn infant should be aggressively treated while the specific diagnosis is pursued. Hemodialysis should be promptly initiated in all newborn patients. A blood flow rate of 150 mL/min/m2 should be targeted (ammonia clearance [mL/min] is similar to the blood flow rate [mL/min] through the dialyzer). Clearance of ammonia is approximately ten times greater by hemodialysis than by peritoneal dialysis or hemofiltration. Exchange transfusion is ineffective in the management of hyperammonemia. Hemodialysis may be repeated until the plasma ammonia level is stable at normal or near normal levels.

    Hyperammonemia due to urea cycle disorders should be managed in coordination with medical personnel experienced in metabolic disorders. Ongoing monitoring of plasma ammonia levels, neurological status, laboratory tests, and clinical response in patients receiving sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection is crucial to assess patient response to treatment.

    5.2 Decreased Potassium Levels

    Because urine potassium loss is enhanced by the excretion of the non-reabsorbable anions, phenylacetylglutamine and hippurate, plasma potassium levels should be carefully monitored and appropriate treatment given when necessary.

    5.3 Conditions Associated with Fluid Overload

    Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection contains 30.5 mg of sodium per mL of undiluted product. Thus, sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection should be used with great care, if at all, in patients with congestive heart failure or severe renal insufficiency, and in clinical states in which there is sodium retention with edema. Discontinue administration of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection. evaluate the patient, and institute appropriate therapeutic countermeasures if an adverse event occurs.

    5.4 Extravasation

    Administration must be through a central line. Administration through a peripheral line may cause burns. Bolus infusion flow rates are relatively high, especially for infants [see Dosage and Administration (2)]. Extravasation of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection into the perivenous tissues may lead to skin necrosis. If extravasation is suspected, discontinue the infusion and resume at a different infusion site, if necessary. The infusion site must be monitored closely for possible infiltration during drug administration. Do not administer undiluted product.

    5.5 Neurotoxicity of Phenylacetate

    Because of prolonged plasma levels achieved by phenylacetate in pharmacokinetic studies, repeat loading doses of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection should not be administered. Additionally, neurotoxicity was reported in cancer patients receiving intravenous phenylacetate, 250–300 mg/kg/day for 14 days, repeated at 4-week intervals. Manifestations were predominantly somnolence, fatigue, and lightheadedness, with less frequent headaches, dysgeusia, hypoacusis, disorientation, impaired memory, and exacerbation of a pre­ existing neuropathy. The acute onset of symptoms upon initiation of treatment and reversibility of symptoms when the phenylacetate was discontinued suggest a drug effect. [See Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology (13.2)]

    5.6 Hyperventilation and Metabolic Acidosis

    Due to structural similarities between phenylacetate and benzoate to salicylate, sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection may cause side effects typically associated with salicylate overdose, such as hyperventilation and metabolic acidosis.
    Monitoring of blood chemistry profiles, blood pH and should be performed.

  • 6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

    6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

    Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

    The safety data were obtained from 316 patients who received sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection as emergency (rescue) or prospective treatment for hyperammonemia as part of an uncontrolled, open-label study. The study population included patients between the ages of 0 to 53 years with a mean (SD) of 6.2 (8.54) years; 51% were male and 49% were female who had the following diagnoses: OTC (46%), ASS (22%), CPS (12%), ASL (2%), ARG (< 1%), THN (< 1%), and other (18%).

    Table 2. Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 3% of Patients Treated with Sodium Phenylacetate and Sodium Benzoate Injection
    Patients
    N=316
    Number of patients with any adverse event163 (52%)
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders35 (11%)
      Anemia12 (4%)
      Disseminated intravascular coagulation11 (3%)
    Cardiac disorders28 (9%)
    Gastrointestinal disorders42 (13%)
      Diarrhea10 (3%)
      Nausea9 (3%)
      Vomiting29 (9%)
    General disorders and administration-site conditions45 (14%)
      Injection-site reaction11 (3%)
      Pyrexia17 (5%)
    Infections39 (12%)
      Urinary tract infection9 (3%)
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications12 (4%)
    Investigations32 (10%)
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders67 (21%)
      Acidosis8 (3%)
      Hyperammonemia17 (5%)
      Hyperglycemia22 (7%)
      Hypocalcemia8 (3%)
      Hypokalemia23 (7%)
      Metabolic acidosis13 (4%)
    Nervous system disorders71 (22%)
      Brain edema17 (5%)
      Coma10 (3%)
      Convulsions19 (6%)
      Mental impairment18 (6%)
    Psychiatric disorders16 (5%)
      Agitation8 (3%)
    Renal and urinary disorders14 (4%)
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders47 (15%)
      Respiratory distress9 (3%)
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders19 (6%)
    Vascular disorders19 (6%)
      Hypotension14 (4%)

    Adverse reactions were reported with similar frequency in patients with OTC, ASS, CPS, and diagnoses categorized as "other." Nervous system disorders were more frequent in patients with OTC and CPS, compared with patients with ASS and patients with "other" diagnoses. Convulsions and mental impairment were reported in patients with OTC and CPS. These observations are consistent with literature reports that patients with enzyme deficiencies occurring earlier in the urea cycle (i.e., OTC and CPS) tend to be more severely affected.

    Adverse reactions profiles differed by age group. Patients ≤ 30 days of age had more blood and lymphatic system disorders and vascular disorders (specifically hypotension), while patients > 30 days of age had more gastrointestinal disorders (specifically nausea, vomiting and diarrhea).

    Less common adverse reactions (< 3% of patients) that are characterized as severe are listed below by body system.

    BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM DISORDERS: coagulopathy, pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia

    CARDIAC DISORDERS: atrial rupture, bradycardia, cardiac or cardiopulmonary arrest/failure, cardiogenic shock, cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion

    EYE DISORDERS: blindness

    GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS: abdominal distension, gastrointestinal hemorrhage

    GENERAL DISORDERS AND ADMINISTRATION-SITE CONDITIONS: asthenia, brain death, chest pain, multiorgan failure, edema

    HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS: cholestasis, hepatic artery stenosis, hepatic failure/hepatotoxicity, jaundice

    INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS: sepsis/septic shock

    INJURY, POISONING AND PROCEDURAL COMPLICATIONS: brain herniation, subdural hematoma, overdose

    INVESTIGATIONS: blood carbon dioxide changes, blood glucose changes, blood pH increased, cardiac output decreased, pCO2 changes, respiratory rate increased

    METABOLISM AND NUTRITION DISORDERS: alkalosis, dehydration, fluid overload/retention, hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, alkalosis, tetany

    NEOPLASMS BENIGN, MALIGNANT AND UNSPECIFIED: hemangioma acquired

    NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS: areflexia, ataxia, brain infarction, brain hemorrhage, cerebral atrophy, clonus, depressed level of consciousness, encephalopathy, nerve paralysis, intracranial pressure increased, subdural hematoma, tremor

    PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS: acute psychosis, aggression, confusional state, hallucinations

    RENAL AND URINARY DISORDERS: anuria, renal failure, urinary retention

    RESPIRATORY, THORACIC AND MEDIASTINAL DISORDERS: acute respiratory distress syndrome, dyspnea, hypercapnia, hyperventilation, Kussmaul respiration, pneumonia aspiration, pneumothorax, pulmonary hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, respiratory acidosis or alkalosis, respiratory arrest/failure

    SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE DISORDERS: alopecia, blister, pruritis generalized, rash, urticaria

    VASCULAR DISORDERS: flushing, hemorrhage, hypertension, phlebothrombosis/thrombosis

  • 7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

    Formal drug interaction studies have not been performed with sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection.

    Some antibiotics such as penicillin may compete with phenylacetylglutamine and hippurate for active secretion by renal tubules, which may affect the overall disposition of the infused drug.

    Probenecid is known to inhibit the renal transport of many organic compounds, including aminohippuric acid, and may affect renal excretion of phenylacetylglutamine and hippurate.

    There have been reports that valproic acid can induce hyperammonemia through inhibition of the synthesis of N-acetylglutamate, a co-factor for carbamyl phosphate synthetase. Therefore, administration of valproic acid to patients with urea cycle disorders may exacerbate their condition and antagonize the efficacy of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection.

    Use of corticosteroids may cause a protein catabolic state and, thereby, potentially increase plasma ammonia levels in patients with impaired ability to form urea.

  • 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

    8.1 Pregnancy

    Pregnancy Category C. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection. It is not known whether sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Thus, sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.

    8.3 Nursing Mothers

    It is not known whether sodium phenylacetate, sodium benzoate, or their conjugation products are excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection is administered to a nursing woman.

    8.4 Pediatric Use

    Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection has been used as a treatment for acute hyperammonemia in pediatric patients including patients in the early neonatal period [see Dosage and Administration (2)].

    8.5 Geriatric Use

    Clinical studies of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection did not include any patients aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. Urea cycle disorders are presently diseases of the pediatric and younger adult populations. No pharmacokinetic studies of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection have been performed in geriatric patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and concomitant disease or other drug therapy in this patient population.

    8.6 Gender

    Pharmacokinetic parameters of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection were compared in healthy males and females. Bioavailability of both benzoate and phenylacetate was slightly higher in females than in males. However, conclusions cannot be drawn due to the limited number of subjects in this study.

    8.7 Hepatic Insufficiency

    Limited information is available on the metabolism and excretion of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate in patients with impaired hepatic function. However, metabolic conjugation of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate is known to take place in the liver and kidney. Therefore, caution should be used in administering sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection to patients with hepatic insufficiency.

    8.8 Renal Impairment

    The drug metabolites of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection (phenylacetylglutamine and hippurate) and subsequently ammonia are primarily excreted by the kidney. Therefore, use caution and closely monitor patients with impaired renal function who receivesodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection.

  • 10 OVERDOSAGE

    Overdosage has been reported during sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection treatment in urea cycle-deficient patients. All patients in the uncontrolled open-label study were to be treated with the same dose of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection. However, some patients received more than the dose level specified in the protocol. In 16 of the 64 deaths, the patient received a known overdose of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection. Causes of death in these patients included cardiorespiratory failure/arrest (6 patients), hyperammonemia (3 patients), increased intracranial pressure (2 patients), pneumonitis with septic shock and coagulopathy (1 patient), error in dialysis procedure (1 patient), respiratory failure (1 patient), intractable hypotension and probable sepsis (1 patient), and unknown (1 patient). Additionally, other signs of intoxication may include obtundation (in the absence of hyperammonemia), hyperventilation, a severe compensated metabolic acidosis, perhaps with a respiratory component, large anion gap, hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity, progressive encephalopathy, cardiovascular collapse, and death.

    In case of overdose of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection, discontinue the drug and institute appropriate emergency medical monitoring and procedures. In severe cases, the latter may include hemodialysis (procedure of choice) or peritoneal dialysis (when hemodialysis is unavailable).

  • 11 DESCRIPTION

    sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection (sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate) Injection 10% per 10% (a nitrogen binding agent), is a sterile, concentrated, aqueous solution of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate. The pH of the solution is between 6 and 8. Sodium phenylacetate is a crystalline, white to off-white powder with a strong, offensive odor. It is soluble in water. Sodium benzoate is a white and odorless, crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water.

    Figure 1

    Chemical Structure

    Sodium phenylacetate has a molecular weight of 158.13 and the molecular formula C8H7NaO2. Sodium benzoate has a molecular weight of 144.11 and the molecular formula C7H5NaO2.

    Each mL of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection contains 100 mg of sodium phenylacetate and 100 mg of sodium benzoate, and Water for Injection. Sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid may have been used for pH adjustment.

    Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection injection is a sterile, concentrated solution intended for intravenous administration via a central line only after dilution [see Dosage and Administration (2)].

  • 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

    12.1 Mechanism of Action

    Urea cycle disorders can result from decreased activity of any of the following enzymes: N-acetylglutamate synthetase (NAGS), carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), or arginase (ARG).

    Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate are metabolically active compounds that can serve as alternatives to urea for the excretion of waste nitrogen. Figure 2 is a schematic illustrating how the components of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection, phenylacetate and benzoate, provide an alternative pathway for nitrogen disposal in patients without a fully functioning urea cycle. Phenylacetate conjugates with glutamine in the liver and kidneys to form phenylacetylglutamine, via acetylation. Phenylacetylglutamine is excreted by the kidneys via glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. The nitrogen content of phenylacetylglutamine per mole is identical to that of urea (both contain two moles of nitrogen). Two moles of nitrogen are removed per mole of phenylacetate when it is conjugated with glutamine. Similarly, preceded by acylation, benzoate conjugates with glycine to form hippuric acid, which is rapidly excreted by the kidneys by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. One mole of hippuric acid contains one mole of waste nitrogen. Thus, one mole of nitrogen is removed per mole of benzoate when it is conjugated with glycine

    Figure 2

    Figure 2

    CPS = carbamyl phosphate synthetase;
    OTC = ornithine transcarbamylase;
    ASS = argininosuccinate synthetase;
    ASL = argininosuccinate lyase;
    ARG = arginase;
    NAGS = N-acetylglutamate synthetase

    12.2 Pharmacodynamics

    In patients with hyperammonemia due to deficiencies in enzymes of the urea cycle, sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection has been shown to decrease elevated plasma ammonia levels. These effects are considered to be the result of reduction in nitrogen overload through glutamine and glycine scavenging by sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection in combination with appropriate dietary and other supportive measures.

    12.3 Pharmacokinetics

    The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection was characterized in healthy adult volunteers. Both benzoate and phenylacetate exhibited nonlinear kinetics. Following 90 minute intravenous infusion mean AUClast for benzoate was 20.3, 114.9, 564.6, 562.8, and 1599.1 mcg/mL following doses of 1, 2, 3.75, 4, and 5.5 g/m2, respectively.  The total clearance decreased from 5.19 to 3.62 L/h/m2 at the 3.75 and 5.5 g/m2 doses, respectively.

    Similarly, phenylacetate exhibited nonlinear kinetics following the priming dose regimens. AUClast was 175.6, 713.8, 2040.6, 2181.6, and 3829.2 mcg⋅h/mL following doses of 1, 2, 3.75, 4, and 5.5 g/m2, respectively. The total clearance decreased from 1.82 to 0.89 mcg⋅h/mL with increasing dose (3.75 and 4 g/m2, respectively).

    During the sequence of 90 minute priming infusion followed by a 24 hour maintenance infusion, phenylacetate was detected in the plasma at the end of infusion (Tmax of 2 hr at 3.75 g/m2) whereas, benzoate concentrations declined rapidly (Tmax of 1.5 hr at 3.75 g/m2) and were undetectable at 14 and 26 hours following the 3.75 and 4 g/m2 dose, respectively.

    A difference in the metabolic rates for phenylacetate and benzoate was noted. The formation of hippurate from benzoate occurred more rapidly than that of phenylacetylglutamine from phenylacetate, and the rate of elimination for hippurate appeared to be more rapid than that for phenylacetylglutamine.

    Pharmacokinetic observations have also been reported from twelve episodes of hyperammonemic encephalopathy in seven children diagnosed (age 3 to 26 months) with urea cycle disorders who had been administered sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection intravenously. These data showed peak plasma levels of phenylacetate and benzoate at approximately the same times as were observed in healthy adults. As in healthy adults, the plasma levels of phenylacetate were higher than benzoate and were present for a longer time.

    The pharmacokinetics of intravenous phenylacetate have been reported following administration to adult patients with advanced solid tumors. The decline in serum phenylacetate concentrations following a loading infusion of 150 mg/kg was consistent with saturable enzyme kinetics. Ninety-nine percent of administered phenylacetate was excreted as phenylacetylglutamine [2,3].

  • 13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

    13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

    Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection. Studies to evaluate the possible impairment of fertility or mutagenic potential of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection have not been performed. Results indicate that sodium benzoate is not mutagenic or carcinogenic, and does not impair fertility.

    13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology

    In animal studies, subcutaneous administration to rat pups of 190–474 mg/kg of phenylacetate caused decreased proliferation and increased loss of neurons, and reduced central nervous system (CNS) myelin. Cerebral synapse maturation was retarded, and the number of functioning nerve terminals in the cerebrum was reduced, which resulted in impaired brain growth]. Pregnant rats were given phenylacetate at 3.5 μmol/g/day subcutaneously from gestation day 7 through normal delivery. Prenatal exposure of rat pups to phenylacetate produced lesions in layer 5 cortical pyramidal cells; dendritic spines were longer and thinner than normal and reduced in number.

  • 14 CLINICAL STUDIES

    The efficacy of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection in improving patient survival of acute hyperammonemic episodes was demonstrated in an analysis of 316 patients (1045 episodes of hospitalization) treated between 1981 and 2003.The demographic characteristics and diagnoses of the patient population are shown in Table 3.

    Table 3 Baseline Characteristics and Diagnoses of Study Population
    Patients*
    N=316
    OTC = ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency;
    ASS = argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency;
    CPS = carbamyl phosphate synthetase deficiency;
    ASL = argininosuccinate lyase deficiency;
    ARG = arginase deficiency;
    THN = transient hyperammonemia of the newborn
  • * For the summary at the patient level, data obtained at first episode used.
  • † Diagnosis unknown or pending (33 episodes), acidemia (14 episodes), HHH syndrome (6 episodes), carnitine translocase deficiency (4 episodes), liver disease (3 episodes), HMG CoA lyase deficiency (1 episode), non-ketotic hyperglycinemia (1 episode), suspected fatty acid oxidation deficiency (1 episode), and valproic-acid-induced hyperammonemia (1 episode).
    		•
    GenderMale158 (51%)
    Female150 (49%)
    Age (years)N310
    Mean (SD)6.2 (8.54)
    Min–Max0.0–53.0
    Age groups0–30 days104 (34%)
    31 days–2 years55 (18%)
    > 2–12 years90 (29%)
    > 12–16 years30 (10%)
    > 16 years31 (10%)
    EnzymeOTC146 (46%)
    deficiencyASS71 (22%)
    CPS38 (12%)
    ASL7 (2%)
    ARG2 (< 1%)
    THN2 (< 1%)
    Other†56 (18%)

    On admission to the hospital, patients with hyperammonemia and a suspected or confirmed urea cycle disorder (UCD) diagnosis were treated with a bolus dose of 0.25 g/kg (or 5.5 g/m2) sodium phenylacetate + 0.25 g/kg (or 5.5 g/m2) sodium benzoate over a period of 90 minutes to 6 hours, depending on the specific UCD. Infusions also contained arginine; the dose of arginine depended on the specific UCD. After completion of the bolus dose, maintenance infusions of the same dose over 24 hours were continued until the patient was no longer hyperammonemic or oral therapy could be tolerated. The mean (SD) duration of treatment was 4.6 (6.45) days per episode, and ranged from 1 to 72 days. Survival was substantially improved after sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection treatment compared with historical values (estimated 14% 1-year survival rate with dietary therapy alone) and with dialysis (estimated 43% survival of acute hyperammonemia) . Eighty percent of patients (252 of 316) survived their last episode. Of the 64 patients who died, 53 (83%) died during their first hyperammonemic episode. Of the 104 neonates (< 30d) treated with sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection, 34 (33%) died during the first hyperammonemic episode. Ammonia levels decreased from very high levels (> 4 times the upper limit of normal [ULN]) to lower levels in 91% of episodes after treatment. In patients responding to therapy, mean ammonia concentrations decreased from 200.9 umol/L at hour zero to 101.6 umol/L within four hours of initiation of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection therapy and were maintained. Hemodialysis is recommended for those patients who's plasma ammonia levels fail to fall below 150 umol/L or by more than 40% within 4 to 8 hours after receiving sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection. A shift from high (≤ 4 times ULN) to very high (> 4 times ULN) levels was observed in only 4% of the episodes. Overall, investigators rated neurological status as improved, much improved, or the same in 93% of episodes, and overall status in response to treatment as improved, much improved, or the same in 97% of episodes. Recovery from coma was observed in 97% of episodes where coma was present at admission (111 of 114 episodes).

  • 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

    Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection 10%/10% is supplied in a single-dose glass vial.

    NDC: 70511-101-50 single-dose vial containing 50 mL of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection 10% per 10%.

    Storage: Store at 25°C (77°F), excursions permitted to 15° - 30°C (59°- 86°F).

  • 17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

    Physicians should advise patients and caregivers about the following for safe use of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection:

    • When plasma ammonia levels have normalized, dietary protein intake can usually be increased with the goal of unrestricted protein intake.
    • Caution should be exercised when sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection is administered to a nursing woman
    • The most common adverse reactions are vomiting, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, convulsions, and mental impairment.
    • Generally BUPHENYL is stopped during the time sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection is used.
  • SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION

    Manufactured for:
    MAIA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 707 State Road, Suite 104, Princeton, NJ 08540

    Manufactured by:
    Gland Pharma, Ltd., Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 016, India

  • PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL

    PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 50 mL Vial

    NDC 70511-101-50

    SODIUM PHENYLACETATE AND SODIUM BENZOATE INJECTION

    10% / 10%

    Rx Only

    50 mL
    For IV use only

    Warning: Administration must be through a central line.
    Administration through a peripheral line may cause burns.

    Must be diluted before IV administration

    Sterile, non-pyrogenic, single use vial

    Vial

  • INGREDIENTS AND APPEARANCE
    SODIUM PHENYLACETATE AND SODIUM BENZOATE 
    sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection, solution, concentrate
    Product Information
    Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGItem Code (Source)NDC: 70511-101
    Route of AdministrationINTRAVENOUS
    Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
    Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
    sodium phenylacetate (UNII: 48N6U1781G) (phenylacetic acid - UNII:ER5I1W795A) sodium phenylacetate100 mg  in 1 mL
    sodium benzoate (UNII: OJ245FE5EU) (benzoic acid - UNII:8SKN0B0MIM) sodium benzoate100 mg  in 1 mL
    Inactive Ingredients
    Ingredient NameStrength
    water (UNII: 059QF0KO0R)  
    sodium hydroxide (UNII: 55X04QC32I)  
    hydrochloric acid (UNII: QTT17582CB)  
    Packaging
    #Item CodePackage DescriptionMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    1NDC: 70511-101-501 in 1 CARTON05/22/2017
    150 mL in 1 VIAL, SINGLE-DOSE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product
    Marketing Information
    Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
    ANDAANDA20852105/22/2017
    Labeler - MAIA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC (079211845)
    Registrant - MAIA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC (079211845)
    Establishment
    NameAddressID/FEIBusiness Operations
    GLAND PHARMACEUTICALS LIMITED918601238manufacture(70511-101)
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