Topiramate - Zydus Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. | Zydus Worldwide DMCC | Zydus Lifesciences Limited

Topiramate extended-release capsules are indicated as initial monotherapy for the treatment of partial-onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients 2 years of age and older.

Topiramate extended-release capsules are indicated as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in patients 2 years of age and older.

Topiramate extended-release capsules are indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine in patients 12 years of age and older.

Adults and Pediatric Patients 10 Years of Age and Older

The recommended dose for topiramate extended-release capsules monotherapy in adults and pediatric patients 10 years of age and older is 400 mg orally once daily. Titrate topiramate extended-release capsules according to the following schedule (see Table 1).

Pediatric Patients 2 Years to 9 Years of Age

Dosing in patients 2 years to 9 years of age is based on weight. During the titration period, the initial dose of topiramate extended-release capsule is 25 mg/day nightly for the first week. Based upon tolerability, the dosage can be increased to 50 mg/day in the second week. Dosage can be increased by 25 mg to 50 mg once daily each subsequent week, as tolerated. Titration to the minimum maintenance dose should be attempted over 5 weeks to 7 weeks. Based upon tolerability and clinical response, additional titration to a higher dose (up to the maximum maintenance dose) can be attempted at 25 mg to 50 mg once daily weekly increments. The total daily dose should not exceed the maximum maintenance dose for each range of body weight (see Table 2).

Adults (17 Years of Age and Older)

The recommended total daily dose of topiramate extended-release capsules as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures or Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome is 200 mg to 400 mg orally once daily, and with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures is 400 mg orally once daily. Initiate therapy at 25 mg to 50 mg once daily followed by titration to an effective dose in increments of 25 mg to 50 mg every week. Titrating in increments of 25 mg/day every week may delay the time to reach an effective dose. Doses above 400 mg/day have not been shown to improve responses in adults with partial-onset seizures.

Pediatric Patients 2 Years to 16 Years of Age

The recommended total daily dose of topiramate extended-release capsules as adjunctive therapy for pediatric patients 2 years to 16 years of age with partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is approximately 5 mg/kg to 9 mg/kg orally once daily. Begin titration at 25 mg once daily (or less, based on a range of 1 mg/kg/day to 3 mg/kg/day) given nightly for the first week. Subsequently, increase the dosage at 1 week or 2 week intervals by increments of 1 mg/kg/day to 3 mg/kg/day to achieve optimal clinical response. Dose titration should be guided by clinical outcome. The total daily dose should not exceed 400 mg/day.

The recommended total daily dose of topiramate extended-release capsules as treatment for the preventive treatment of migraine in patients 12 years of age and older is 100 mg once daily. The recommended titration rate for topiramate extended-release capsules for the preventive treatment of migraine is as follows:

Dose and titration rate should be guided by clinical outcome. If required, longer intervals between dose adjustment can be used.

In patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 70 mL/min/1.73 m²), one-half of the usual adult dose of topiramate extended-release capsules are recommended [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5, 8.6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

To avoid rapid drops in topiramate plasma concentration during hemodialysis, a supplemental dose of topiramate extended-release capsules may be required. The actual adjustment should take into account 1) the duration of dialysis period, 2) the clearance rate of the dialysis system being used, and 3) the effective renal clearance of topiramate in the patient being dialyzed [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Topiramate extended-release capsules may be swallowed whole or may be administered by carefully opening the capsule and sprinkling the entire contents on a small amount (teaspoon) of soft food. This drug/food mixture should be swallowed immediately and not chewed or crushed. It should not be stored for further use. Topiramate extended-release capsules can be taken without regard to meals [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

A syndrome consisting of acute myopia associated with secondary angle closure glaucoma has been reported in patients receiving topiramate. Symptoms include acute onset of decreased visual acuity and/or ocular pain. Ophthalmologic findings can include some or all of the following: myopia, mydriasis, anterior chamber shallowing, ocular hyperemia (redness), choroidal detachments, retinal pigment epithelial detachments, macular striae, and increased intraocular pressure. This syndrome may be associated with supraciliary effusion resulting in anterior displacement of the lens and iris, with secondary angle closure glaucoma. Symptoms typically occur within 1 month of initiating topiramate therapy. In contrast to primary narrow angle glaucoma, which is rare under 40 years of age, secondary angle closure glaucoma associated with topiramate has been reported in pediatric patients as well as adults. The primary treatment to reverse symptoms is discontinuation of topiramate extended-release capsules as rapidly as possible, according to the judgment of the treating physician. Other measures, in conjunction with discontinuation of topiramate extended-release capsules, may be helpful.

Elevated intraocular pressure of any etiology, if left untreated, can lead to serious sequelae including permanent vision loss.

Visual field defects (independent of elevated intraocular pressure) have been reported in clinical trials and in postmarketing experience in patients receiving topiramate independent of elevated intraocular pressure. In clinical trials, most of these events were reversible after topiramate discontinuation. If visual problems occur at any time during treatment with topiramate, consideration should be given to discontinuing the drug.

Oligohydrosis (decreased sweating), infrequently resulting in hospitalization in some cases, has been reported in association with topiramate use. Decreased sweating and an elevation in body temperature above normal characterized these cases. Some of the cases were reported after exposure to elevated environmental temperatures.

The majority of the reports have been in pediatric patients. Patients, (especially pediatric patients) treated with topiramate extended-release capsules should be monitored closely for evidence of decreased sweating and increased body temperature, especially in hot weather. Caution should be used when topiramate extended-release capsules is prescribed with other drugs that predispose patients to heat-related disorders; these drugs include, but are not limited to, other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and drugs with anticholinergic activity.

Topiramate extended-release capsules can cause hyperchloremic, non-anion gap, metabolic acidosis (i.e., decreased serum bicarbonate below the normal reference range in the absence of chronic respiratory alkalosis). This metabolic acidosis is caused by renal bicarbonate loss due to carbonic anhydrase inhibition by topiramate extended-release capsules. Topiramate extended-release capsules-induced metabolic acidosis can occur at any time during treatment. Bicarbonate decrements are usually mild to moderate (average decrease of 4 mEq/L at daily doses of 400 mg in adults and at approximately 6 mg/kg/day in pediatric patients); rarely, patients can experience severe decrements to values below 10 mEq/L. Conditions or therapies that predispose patients to acidosis (such as renal disease, severe respiratory disorders, status epilepticus, diarrhea, ketogenic diet or specific drugs) may be additive to the bicarbonate lowering effects of topiramate extended-release capsules.

Metabolic acidosis was commonly observed in adult and pediatric patients treated with immediate-release topiramate in clinical trials. The incidence of decreased serum bicarbonate in pediatric trials, for adjunctive treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or refractory partial-onset seizures was as high as 67% for immediate-release topiramate (at approximately 6 mg/kg/day), and 10% for placebo. The incidence of a markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate (i.e., absolute value < 17 mEq/L and > 5 mEq/L decrease from pretreatment) in these trials was up to 11%, compared to ≤ 2% for placebo.

Manifestations of acute or chronic metabolic acidosis may include hyperventilation, nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue and anorexia, or more severe sequelae including cardiac arrhythmias or stupor. Chronic, untreated metabolic acidosis may increase the risk for nephrolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis and may also result in osteomalacia (referred to as rickets in pediatric patients) and/or osteoporosis with an increased risk for fractures [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9, 5.13)]. A one-year, active-controlled study of pediatric patients treated with immediate-release topiramate demonstrated that topiramate decreased lumbar spine bone mineral density and that this lumbar spine bone mineral density decrease was correlated (using change from baseline for lumbar spine Z score at final visit versus lowest post-treatment serum bicarbonate) with decreased serum bicarbonate, a reflection of metabolic acidosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9), Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. Chronic metabolic acidosis in pediatric patients may also reduce growth rates, which may decrease the maximal height achieved. Long-term, open-label treatment of pediatric patients 1 month to 24 months old with intractable partial epilepsy, for up to 1 year, showed reductions from baseline in length, weight, and head circumference compared to age and sex-matched normative data, although these patients with epilepsy are likely to have different growth rates than normal 1 month to 24 month-old patients. Reductions in length and weight were correlated to the degree of acidosis [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. Topiramate extended-release capsules treatment that causes metabolic acidosis during pregnancy can possibly produce adverse effects on the fetus and might also cause metabolic acidosis in the neonate from possible transfer of topiramate to the fetus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7), Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

Measurement of Serum Bicarbonate in Epilepsy and Migraine Patients

Measurement of baseline and periodic serum bicarbonate during topiramate extended-release capsules treatment is recommended. If metabolic acidosis develops and persists, consideration should be given to reducing the dose or discontinuing topiramate extended-release capsules (using dose tapering). If the decision is made to continue patients on topiramate extended-release capsules in the face of persistent acidosis, alkali treatment should be considered.

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including topiramate extended-release capsules increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Patients treated with any AED for any indication should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior.

Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled clinical trials (mono- and adjunctive therapy) of 11 different AEDs showed that patients randomized to one of the AEDs had approximately twice the risk (adjusted Relative Risk 1.8, 95% CI:1.2, 2.7) of suicidal thinking or behavior compared to patients randomized to placebo. In these trials, which had a median treatment duration of 12 weeks, the estimated incidence rate of suicidal behavior or ideation among 27,863 AED-treated patients was 0.43%, compared to 0.24% among 16,029 placebo-treated patients, representing an increase of approximately one case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 patients treated. There were four suicides in drug-treated patients in the trials and none in placebo-treated patients, but the number is too small to allow any conclusion about drug effect on suicide.

The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with AEDs was observed as early as one week after starting drug treatment with AEDs and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed. Because most trials included in the analysis did not extend beyond 24 weeks, the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior beyond 24 weeks could not be assessed.

The risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior was generally consistent among drugs in the data analyzed. The finding of increased risk with AEDs of varying mechanisms of action and across a range of indications suggests that the risk applies to all AEDs used for any indication. The risk did not vary substantially by age (5 years to 100 years) in the clinical trials analyzed.

Table 4 shows absolute and relative risk by indication for all evaluated AEDs.

The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher in clinical trials for epilepsy than in clinical trials for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were similar for the epilepsy and psychiatric indications.

Anyone considering prescribing topiramate extended-release capsules or any other AED must balance the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with the risk of untreated illness. Epilepsy and many other illnesses for which AEDs are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Should suicidal thoughts and behavior emerge during treatment, the prescriber needs to consider whether the emergence of these symptoms in any given patient may be related to the illness being treated.

Immediate-release topiramate can cause cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions and therefore these are expected to be caused by topiramate extended-release capsules. The most frequent of these can be classified into three general categories: 1) Cognitive-related dysfunction (e.g., confusion, psychomotor slowing, difficulty with concentration/attention, difficulty with memory, speech or language problems, particularly word-finding difficulties); 2) Psychiatric/behavioral disturbances (e.g., depression or mood problems); and 3) Somnolence or fatigue.

Adult Patients

Cognitive Related Dysfunction

Rapid titration rate and higher initial dose were associated with higher incidences of cognitive-related dysfunction.

In adult epilepsy adjunctive controlled trials, which used rapid titration (100 mg/day to 200 mg/day weekly increments) and target immediate-release topiramate doses of 200 mg/day to 1,000 mg/day, 56% of patients in the 800 mg/day and 1,000 mg/day dose groups experienced cognitive-related dysfunction compared to approximately 42% of patients in the 200 mg/day to 400 mg/day groups and 14% for placebo. In this rapid titration regimen, these dose-related adverse reactions began in the titration or in the maintenance phase, and in some patients these events began during titration and persisted into the maintenance phase.

In the monotherapy epilepsy-controlled trial conducted with immediate-release topiramate, the proportion of patients who experienced one or more cognitive-related adverse reactions was 19% for topiramate 50 mg per day and 26% for 400 mg per day.

In the 6 month controlled trials for the preventive treatment of migraine, which used a slower titration regimen (25 mg/day weekly increments), the proportion of patients who experienced one or more cognitive-related adverse reactions was 19% for topiramate 50 mg/day, 22% for 100 mg/day (the recommended dose), 28% for 200 mg/day, and 10% for placebo. Cognitive adverse reactions most commonly developed during titration and sometimes persisted after completion of titration.

Psychiatric/Behavioral Disturbances

Psychiatric/behavioral disturbances (e.g., depression, mood) were dose-related for both the adjunctive epilepsy and migraine populations treated with topiramate [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].

Somnolence/Fatigue

Somnolence and fatigue were the adverse reactions most frequently reported during clinical trials of topiramate for adjunctive epilepsy. For the adjunctive epilepsy population, the incidence of fatigue appeared dose-related. For the monotherapy epilepsy population, the incidence of somnolence was dose-related. For the migraine population, the incidences of both somnolence and fatigue were dose-related and more common in the titration phase.

Pediatric Patients

In pediatric epilepsy trials (adjunctive and monotherapy), the incidence of cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was generally lower than that observed in adults. These reactions included psychomotor slowing, difficulty with concentration/attention, speech disorders/related speech problems, and language problems. The most frequently reported cognitive/neuropsychiatric reactions in pediatric epilepsy patients during adjunctive therapy double-blind studies were somnolence and fatigue. The most frequently reported cognitive/neuropsychiatric reactions in pediatric epilepsy patients in the 50 mg/day and 400 mg/day groups during the monotherapy double-blind study were headache, dizziness, anorexia, and somnolence.

In pediatric migraine patients, the incidence of cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was increased in topiramate-treated patients compared to placebo.

The risk for cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was dose-dependent and was greatest at the highest dose (200 mg). This risk for cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was also greater in younger patients (6 years to 11 years of age) than in older patients (12 years to 17 years of age). The most common cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reaction in these trials was difficulty with concentration/attention. Cognitive adverse reactions most commonly developed during the titration period and sometimes persisted for various durations after completion of titration.

The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) was administered to adolescents (12 years to 17 years of age) to assess the effects of topiramate on cognitive function at baseline and at the end of the Study 13 [see Clinical Studies (14.5)]. Mean change from baseline in certain CANTAB tests suggests that topiramate treatment may result in psychomotor slowing and decreased verbal fluency.

Topiramate extended-release capsules can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Data from pregnancy registries indicate that infants exposed to topiramate in utero have an increased risk of major congenital malformation, including but not limited to cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts), and of being small for gestational age (SGA). When multiple species of pregnant animals received topiramate at clinically relevant doses, structural malformations, including craniofacial defects, and reduced fetal weights occurred in offspring [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

Consider the benefits and risks of topiramate extended-release capsules when administering this drug in women of childbearing potential, particularly when topiramate extended-release capsules are considered for a condition not usually associated with permanent injury or death [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1), Patient Counseling Information (17)]. Topiramate extended-release capsules should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be informed of the potential hazard to a fetus [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

In patients with or without a history of seizures or epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs including topiramate extended-release capsules, should be gradually withdrawn to minimize the potential for seizures or increased seizure frequency [see Clinical Studies (14)]. In situations where, rapid withdrawal of topiramate extended-release capsules is medically required, appropriate monitoring is recommended.

Results of a one-year active-controlled study in pediatric patients (N=63) demonstrated negative effects of immediate-release topiramate monotherapy on bone mineral acquisition via statistically significant decreases in bone mineral density (BMD) measured in lumbar spine and in total body less head [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. Twenty-one percent of immediate-release topiramate-treated patients experienced clinically important reductions in BMD (Z score change from baseline of -0.5 or greater) compared to 0 patients in the control group. Although decreases in BMD occurred across all pediatric age subgroups, patients 6 to 9 years of age were most commonly affected. The sample size and study duration were too small to determine if fracture risk is increased. Decreased BMD in the lumbar spine was correlated with decreased serum bicarbonate, which commonly occurs with topiramate treatment and reflects metabolic acidosis, a known cause of increased bone resorption [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. Although small decreases in some markers of bone metabolism (e.g., serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) occurred in immediate-release topiramate-treated patients, more significant decreases in serum parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, hormones involved in bone metabolism, were observed, along with an increased excretion of urinary calcium.

Results of a one-year active-controlled study of pediatric patients (N=63) demonstrated negative effects of immediate-release topiramate monotherapy on growth (i.e., height and weight) [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. Although continued growth was observed in both treatment groups, the immediate-release topiramate group showed statistically significant reductions in mean annual change from baseline in body weight compared to the control group. A similar trend of attenuation in height velocity and height change from baseline was also observed in the immediate-release topiramate group compared to the control group. Negative effects on weight and height were seen across all topiramate age subgroups. Growth (height and weight) of children receiving prolonged topiramate extended-release capsules therapy should be carefully monitored.

Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), also known as multiorgan hypersensitivity, has been reported in patients taking topiramate. DRESS may be fatal or lifethreatening. DRESS typically, although not exclusively, presents with fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, and/or facial swelling, in association with other organ system involvement, such as hepatitis, nephritis, hematological abnormalities, myocarditis, or myositis sometimes resembling an acute viral infection. Eosinophilia is often present. Because this disorder is variable in its expression, other organ systems not noted here may be involved. It is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity, such as fever or lymphadenopathy, may be present even though rash is not evident. If such signs or symptoms are present, the patient should be evaluated immediately. Topiramate extended-release capsules should be discontinued if an alternative etiology for the signs or symptoms cannot be established.

Serious skin reactions (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome [SJS] and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis [TEN]) have been reported in patients receiving topiramate. Topiramate extended-release capsules should be discontinued at the first sign of a rash, unless the rash is clearly not drug-related. If signs or symptoms suggest SJS/TEN, use of this drug should not be resumed, and alternative therapy should be considered. Inform patients about the signs of serious skin reactions.

Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis and angioedema, have occurred in patients treated with topiramate in the postmarketing setting. If a hypersensitivity reaction occurs, discontinue topiramate extended-release capsules and initiate appropriate therapy [see Contraindications (4)].

Topiramate treatment can cause hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. The risk for hyperammonemia with topiramate appears dose-related. Hyperammonemia has been reported more frequently when topiramate is used concomitantly with valproic acid. Post-marketing cases of hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy have been reported with topiramate and valproic acid in patients who previously tolerated either drug alone [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].

Clinical symptoms of hyperammonemic encephalopathy often include acute alterations in level of consciousness and/or cognitive function with lethargy and/or vomiting. In most cases, hyperammonemic encephalopathy abated with discontinuation of treatment.

The incidence of hyperammonemia in pediatric patients 12 years to 17 years of age in the preventive treatment of migraine trials was 26% in patients taking topiramate monotherapy at 100 mg/day, and 14% in patients taking topiramate at 50 mg/day, compared to 9% in patients taking placebo. There was also an increased incidence of markedly increased hyperammonemia at the 100 mg dose.

Dose-related hyperammonemia was also seen in pediatric patients 1 month to 24 months of age treated with topiramate and concomitant valproic acid for partial-onset epilepsy and this was not due to a pharmacokinetic interaction.

In some patients, hyperammonemia can be asymptomatic.

Monitoring for Hyperammonemia

Patients with inborn errors of metabolism or reduced hepatic mitochondrial activity may be at an increased risk for hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy. Although not studied, topiramate treatment or an interaction of concomitant topiramate and valproic acid treatment may exacerbate existing defects or unmask deficiencies in susceptible persons.

In patients who develop unexplained lethargy, vomiting or changes in mental status associated with any topiramate treatment, hyperammonemic encephalopathy should be considered and an ammonia level should be measured.

Topiramate increases the risk of kidney stones. During adjunctive epilepsy trials, the risk for kidney stones in immediate-release topiramate-treated adults was 1.5%, an incidence about 2 times to 4 times greater than expected in a similar, untreated population. As in the general population, the incidence of stone formation among topiramate-treated patients was higher in men. Kidney stones have also been reported in pediatric patients taking topiramate for epilepsy or migraine. During long-term (up to 1 year) topiramate treatment in an open-label extension study of 284 pediatric patients 1 month to 24 months old with epilepsy, 7% developed kidney or bladder stones. Topiramate extended-release capsules are not approved for treatment of epilepsy in pediatric patients less than 2 years old [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].

Topiramate is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors can promote stone formation by reducing urinary citrate excretion and by increasing urinary pH [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. The concomitant use of topiramate extended-release capsules with any other drug producing metabolic acidosis, or potentially in patients on a ketogenic diet, may create a physiological environment that increases the risk of kidney stone formation, and should therefore be avoided.

Increased fluid intake increases the urinary output, lowering the concentration of substances involved in stone formation. Hydration is recommended to reduce new stone formation.

An increase in urinary calcium and a marked decrease in urinary citrate was observed in immediate-release topiramate-treated pediatric patients in one-year active-controlled study [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. This increased ratio of urinary calcium/citrate increases the risk of kidney stones and/or nephrocalcinosis.

Hypothermia, defined as a drop-in body core temperature to < 35ºC (95ºF), has been reported in association with topiramate use with concomitant valproic acid both in conjunction with hyperammonemia and in the absence of hyperammonemia. This adverse reaction in patients using concomitant topiramate and valproate can occur after starting topiramate treatment or after increasing the daily dose of topiramate [see Drug Interactions (7.1)]. Consideration should be given to stopping topiramate extended-release capsules or valproate in patients who develop hypothermia, which may be manifested by a variety of clinical abnormalities including lethargy, confusion, coma, and significant alterations in other major organ systems such as the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Clinical management and assessment should include examination of blood ammonia levels.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Monotherapy Epilepsy

Adults 16 Years of Age and Older

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled trial (Study 1) that occurred in adults in the 400 mg/day topiramate group and at an incidence higher (≥ 10%) than in the 50 mg/day group were: paresthesia, weight loss, and anorexia (see Table 5).

Approximately 21% of the 159 adult patients in the 400 mg/day group who received topiramate as monotherapy in Study 1 discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions. The most common (≥ 2% more frequent than low-dose 50 mg/day topiramate) adverse reactions causing discontinuation were difficulty with memory, fatigue, asthenia, insomnia, somnolence, and paresthesia.

Pediatric Patients 6 Years to 15 Years of Age

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled trial (Study 1) that occurred in pediatric patients in the 400 mg/day topiramate group and at an incidence higher (≥ 10%) than in the 50 mg/day group were fever and weight loss (see Table 5).

Approximately 14% of the 77 pediatric patients in the 400 mg/day group who received topiramate as monotherapy in the controlled clinical trial discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions. The most common (≥ 2% more frequent than in the 50 mg/day group) adverse reactions resulting in discontinuation in this trial were difficulty with concentration/attention, fever, flushing, and confusion.

Table 5 represents the incidence of adverse reactions occurring in at least 3% of the adult and pediatric patients treated with 400 mg/day immediate-release topiramate and occurring with greater incidence than 50 mg/day topiramate.

Adjunctive Therapy Epilepsy

Adults 16 Years of Age and Older

In pooled controlled clinical trials in adults with partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 183 patients received adjunctive therapy with immediate-release topiramate at dosages of 200 mg/day to 400 mg/day (recommended dosage range) and 291 patients received placebo. Patients in these trials were receiving 1 to 2 concomitant antiepileptic drugs in addition to immediate-release topiramate or placebo.

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled clinical trial that occurred in adult patients in the 200 mg/day to 400 mg/day topiramate group with an incidence higher (≥ 10%) than in the placebo group were: dizziness, speech disorders/related speech problems, somnolence, nervousness, psychomotor slowing, and vision abnormal (Table 6).

Table 6 presents the incidence of adverse reactions occurring in at least 3% of adult patients treated with 200 mg/day to 400 mg/day topiramate and was greater than placebo incidence. The incidence of some adverse reactions (e.g., fatigue, dizziness, paresthesia, language problems, psychomotor slowing, depression, difficulty with concentration/attention, mood problems) was dose-related and much greater at higher than recommended topiramate dosing (i.e., 600 mg to 1,000 mg daily) compared to the incidence of these adverse reactions at the recommended dosing (200 mg to 400 mg daily) range.

In controlled clinical trials in adults, 11% of patients receiving immediate-release topiramate 200 mg/day to 400 mg/day as adjunctive therapy discontinued due to adverse reactions. This rate appeared to increase at dosages above 400 mg/day. Adverse reactions associated with discontinuing therapy included somnolence, dizziness, anxiety, difficulty with concentration or attention, fatigue, and paresthesia.

Pediatric Patients 2 Years to 15 Years of Age

In pooled, controlled clinical trials in pediatric patients (2 years to 15 years of age) with partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 98 patients received adjunctive therapy with immediate-release topiramate at dosages of 5 mg/kg/day to 9 mg/kg/day (recommended dose range) and 101 patients received placebo.

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled clinical trial that occurred in pediatric patients in the 5 mg/kg/day to 9 mg/kg/day immediate-release topiramate group with an incidence higher (≥ 10%) than in the placebo group were: fatigue and somnolence (see Table 7).

Table 7 presents the incidence of adverse reactions that occurred in at least 3% of pediatric patients 2 years to 15 years of age receiving 5 mg/kg/day to 9 mg/kg/day (recommended dose range) of immediate-release topiramate and was greater than placebo incidence.

None of the pediatric patients who received topiramate adjunctive therapy at 5 mg/kg/day to 9 mg/kg/day in controlled clinical trials discontinued due to adverse reactions.

Migraine

Adults

In the four multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group migraine clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine (which included 35 adolescent patients age 12 years to 15 years of age), most of the adverse reactions with topiramate were mild or moderate in severity. Most adverse reactions occurred more frequently during the titration period than during the maintenance period.

The most common adverse reactions with immediate-release topiramate 100 mg in clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine of predominantly adults that were seen at an incidence higher (≥ 5%) than in the placebo group were paresthesia, anorexia, weight loss, taste perversion, diarrhea, difficulty with memory, hypoesthesia, and nausea (see Table 8).

Table 8 includes those adverse reactions that occurred in the placebo-controlled trials where the incidence in any immediate-release topiramate treatment group was at least 3% and was greater than that for placebo patients. The incidence of some adverse reactions (e.g., fatigue, dizziness, somnolence, difficulty with memory, difficulty with concentration/attention) was dose-related and greater at higher than recommended topiramate dosing (200 mg daily) compared to the incidence of these adverse reactions at the recommended dosing (100 mg daily).

Of the 1,135 patients exposed to immediate-release topiramate in the adult placebo-controlled studies, 25% discontinued due to adverse reactions, compared to 10% of the 445 placebo-treated patients. The adverse reactions associated with discontinuing therapy in the immediate-release topiramate-treated patients in these studies included paresthesia (7%), fatigue (4%), nausea (4%), difficulty with concentration/attention (3%), insomnia (3%), anorexia (2%), and dizziness (2%).

Patients treated in these studies experienced mean percent reductions in body weight that were dose-dependent. This change was not seen in the placebo group. Mean changes of 0%, -2%, -3%, and -4% were seen for the placebo group, immediate-release topiramate 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg groups, respectively.

Pediatric Patients 12 Years to 17 Years of Age

In five, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine, most of the adverse reactions with immediate-release topiramate occurred more frequently during the titration period than during the maintenance period. Among adverse reactions with onset during titration, approximately half persisted into the maintenance period.

In four, fixed-dose, double-blind clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine in immediate-release topiramate-treated pediatric patients 12 years to 17 years of age, the most common adverse reactions immediate-release topiramate 100 mg that were seen at an incidence higher (≥ 5%) than in the placebo group were: paresthesia, upper respiratory tract infection, anorexia, and abdominal pain (see Table 9). Table 9 shows adverse reactions from the pediatric trial [Study 13; see Clinical Studies (14.5)], in which 103 pediatric patients were treated with placebo or 50 mg or 100 mg of immediate-release topiramate, and three predominantly adult trials in which 49 pediatric patients (12 years to 17 years of age) were treated with placebo or 50 mg, 100 mg, or 200 mg of immediate-release topiramate [see Clinical Studies (14.5)]. Table 9 also shows adverse reactions in pediatric patients in the controlled migraine trials when the incidence in an immediate-release topiramate dose group was at least 5% or higher and greater than the incidence of placebo. Many adverse reactions shown in Table 9 indicate a dose-dependent relationship. The incidence of some adverse reactions (e.g., allergy, fatigue, headache, anorexia, insomnia, somnolence, and viral infection) was dose-related and greater at higher than recommended immediate-release topiramate dosing (200 mg daily) compared to the incidence of these adverse reactions at the recommended dose (100 mg daily).

In the double-blind placebo-controlled studies, adverse reactions led to discontinuation of treatment in 8% of placebo patients compared with 6% of immediate-release topiramate-treated patients. Adverse reactions associated with discontinuing therapy that occurred in more than one immediate-release topiramate-treated patient were fatigue (1%), headache (1%), and somnolence (1%).

Increased Risk for Bleeding

Topiramate is associated with an increased risk for bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled studies of approved and unapproved indications, bleeding was more frequently reported as an adverse reaction for topiramate than for placebo (4.5% versus 3% in adult patients, and 4.4% versus 2.3% in pediatric patients). In this analysis, the incidence of serious bleeding events for topiramate and placebo was 0.3% versus 0.2% for adult patients, and 0.4% versus 0% for pediatric patients.

Adverse bleeding reactions reported with topiramate ranged from mild epistaxis, ecchymosis, and increased menstrual bleeding to life-threatening hemorrhages. In patients with serious bleeding events, conditions that increased the risk for bleeding were often present, or patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia (other antiepileptic drugs) or affect platelet function or coagulation (e.g., aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or warfarin or other anticoagulants).

Other Adverse Reactions Observed During Clinical Trials

Other adverse reactions seen during clinical trials were: abnormal coordination, eosinophilia, gingival bleeding, hematuria, hypotension, myalgia, myopia, postural hypotension, scotoma, suicide attempt, syncope, and visual field defect.

Laboratory Test Abnormalities

Adult Patients

In addition to changes in serum bicarbonate (i.e., metabolic acidosis), sodium chloride and ammonia, immediate-release topiramate was associated with changes in several clinical laboratory analytes in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4,5.14)]. Controlled trials of adjunctive topiramate treatment of adults for partial-onset seizures showed an increased incidence of markedly decreased serum phosphorus (6% topiramate versus 2% placebo), markedly increased serum alkaline phosphatase (3% topiramate versus 1% placebo), and decreased serum potassium (0.4% topiramate versus 0.1% placebo).

Pediatric Patients

In pediatric patients (1 month to 24 months) receiving adjunctive topiramate for partial-onset seizures, there was an increased incidence for an increased result (relative to normal analyte reference range) associated with topiramate (vs placebo) for the following clinical laboratory analytes: creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alkaline phosphatase, and total protein. The incidence was also increased for a decreased result for bicarbonate (i.e., metabolic acidosis), and potassium with immediate-release (vs placebo) [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. Topiramate extended-release capsules are not indicated for partial-onset seizures in pediatric patients less than 2 years of age.

In pediatric patients (ranging from 6 years to 17 years of age) receiving immediate-release topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine, there was an increased incidence for an increased result (relative to normal analyte reference range) associated with immediate-release topiramate (vs placebo) for the following clinical laboratory analytes: creatinine, BUN, uric acid, chloride, ammonia, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, platelets, and eosinophils, The incidence was also increased for a decreased result for phosphorus, bicarbonate, total white blood count, and neutrophils [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. Topiramate extended-release capsules are not indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine in pediatric patients less than 12 years of age.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice. In the topiramate extended-release capsules study, a dose of 200 mg per day was administered to a limited number of patients; therefore, these results cannot be directly compared to immediate-release topiramate experience.

The safety data presented below are from 249 patients with partial epilepsy on concomitant AEDs who participated in the topiramate extended-release capsules study [see Clinical Studies (14.4)].

Table 10 displays the incidence of adverse reactions that occurred in ≥ 2% of patients and numerically greater than placebo.

In the controlled clinical study using topiramate extended-release capsules, 8.9% of patients who received topiramate extended-release capsules and 4% who received placebo discontinued as a result of adverse reactions.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of topiramate. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Body as a Whole-General Disorders: immediate hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylaxis and angioedema [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)], delayed hypersensitivity reactions (including facial swelling, lip swelling, periorbital swelling, tongue swelling), oligohydrosis and hyperthermia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)], hyperammonemia, hyperammonemic encephalopathy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.14)], hypothermia with concomitant valproic acid [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16)]

Gastrointestinal System Disorders: hepatic failure (including fatalities), hepatitis, pancreatitis

Skin and Appendage Disorders: bullous skin reactions (including erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)], pemphigus, urticaria

Urinary System Disorders: kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4, 5.13)]

Vision Disorders: acute myopia, secondary angle closure glaucoma [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)], maculopathy

Hematological Disorders: decrease of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) or prothrombin time when given concomitantly with Vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant medications such as warfarin.

Concomitant administration of phenytoin or carbamazepine with topiramate resulted in a clinically significant decrease in plasma concentrations of topiramate when compared to topiramate given alone. A dosage adjustment may be needed [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Concomitant administration of valproic acid and topiramate has been associated with hypothermia and hyperammonemia with and without encephalopathy. Examine blood ammonia levels in patients in whom the onset of hypothermia has been reported [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12, 5.14), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Concomitant use of topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with any other carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (e.g., zonisamide or acetazolamide) may increase the severity of metabolic acidosis and may also increase the risk of kidney stone formation. Patients should be monitored for the appearance or worsening of metabolic acidosis when topiramate extended-release capsules are given concomitantly with another carbonic anhydrase inhibitor [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Concomitant administration of topiramate and alcohol or other CNS depressant drugs has not been evaluated in clinical studies. Because of the potential of topiramate to cause CNS depression, as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions, topiramate extended-release capsules should be used with extreme caution if used in combination with alcohol and other CNS depressants.

The possibility of decreased contraceptive efficacy and increased breakthrough bleeding may occur in patients taking contraceptive products with topiramate extended-release capsules. Patients taking estrogen-containing or progestin-only contraceptives should be asked to report any change in their bleeding patterns. Contraceptive efficacy can be decreased even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Topiramate C_max and AUC increased when HCTZ was added to immediate-release topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The addition of HCTZ to topiramate extended-release capsules may require a decrease in the topiramate extended-release capsules dose [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

A decrease in the exposure of pioglitazone and its active metabolites were noted with the concurrent use of pioglitazone and immediate-release topiramate in a clinical trial. The clinical relevance of these observations is unknown; however, when topiramate extended-release capsules are added to pioglitazone therapy or pioglitazone is added to topiramate extended-release capsules therapy, careful attention should be given to the routine monitoring of patients for adequate control of their diabetic disease state [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

An increase in systemic exposure of lithium following topiramate doses of up to 600 mg/day can occur. Lithium levels should be monitored when co-administered with high-dose topiramate extended-release capsules [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Some patients may experience a large increase in amitriptyline concentration in the presence of topiramate extended-release capsules and any adjustments in amitriptyline dose should be made according to the patient's clinical response and not on the basis of plasma levels [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Pregnancy Exposure Registry

There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), such as topiramate extended-release capsules, during pregnancy. Patients should be encouraged to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry if they become pregnant. This registry is collecting information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. To enroll, patients can call the toll-free number 1-888-233-2334. Information about the North American Drug Pregnancy Registry can be found at www.aedpregnancyregistry.org.

Risk Summary

Topiramate extended-release capsules can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Data from pregnancy registries indicate that infants exposed to topiramate in utero have increased risk of major congenital malformations, including but not limited to cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts), and of being small for gestational age (SGA) [see Human Data]. SGA has been observed at all doses and appears to be dose-dependent. The prevalence of SGA is greater in infants of women who received higher doses of topiramate during pregnancy. In addition, the prevalence of SGA in infants of women who continued topiramate use until later in pregnancy is higher compared to the prevalence in infants of women who stopped topiramate use before the third trimester.

In multiple animal species, topiramate demonstrated developmental toxicity, including increased incidences of fetal malformations, in the absence of maternal toxicity at clinically relevant doses [see Animal Data].

All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risks of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies are 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions

Consider the benefits and risks of topiramate when prescribing this drug to women of childbearing potential, particularly when topiramate is considered for a condition not usually associated with permanent injury or death. Because of the risk of oral clefts to the fetus, which occur in the first trimester of pregnancy before many women know they are pregnant, all women of childbearing potential should be informed of the potential risk to the fetus from exposure to topiramate. Women who are planning a pregnancy should be counseled regarding the relative risks and benefits of topiramate use during pregnancy, and alternative therapeutic options should be considered for these patients.

Labor or Delivery

Although the effect of topiramate on labor and delivery in humans has not been established, the development of topiramate-induced metabolic acidosis in the mother and/or in the fetus might affect the fetus' ability to tolerate labor.

Topiramate extended-release capsules treatment can cause metabolic acidosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. The effect of topiramate-induced metabolic acidosis has not been studied in pregnancy; however, metabolic acidosis in pregnancy (due to other causes) can cause decreased fetal growth, decreased fetal oxygenation, and fetal death, and may affect the fetus' ability to tolerate labor. Pregnant patients should be monitored for metabolic acidosis and treated as in the nonpregnant state [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. Newborns of mothers treated with topiramate extended-release capsules should be monitored for metabolic acidosis because of transfer of topiramate to the fetus and possible occurrence of transient metabolic acidosis following birth.

Based on limited information, topiramate has also been associated with pre-term labor and premature delivery.

Data

Human Data

Data from pregnancy registries indicate an increased risk of major congenital malformations, including but not limited to oral clefts in infants exposed to topiramate during the first trimester of pregnancy. Other than oral clefts, no specific pattern of major congenital malformations or grouping of major congenital malformation types were observed. In the NAAED pregnancy registry, when topiramate-exposed infants with only oral clefts were excluded, the prevalence of major congenital malformations (4.1%) was higher than that in infants exposed to a reference AED (1.8%) or in infants with mothers without epilepsy and without exposure to AEDs (1.1%). The prevalence of oral clefts among topiramate-exposed infants (1.4%) was higher than the prevalence in infants exposed to a reference AED (0.3%) or the prevalence in infants with mothers without epilepsy and without exposure to AEDs (0.11%). It was also higher than the background prevalence in the United States (0.17%) as estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The relative risk of oral clefts in topiramate-exposed pregnancies in the NAAED Pregnancy Registry was 12.5 (95% Confidence Interval=[CI] 5.9 to 26.37) as compared to the risk in a background population of untreated women. The UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register reported a prevalence of oral clefts among infants exposed to topiramate monotherapy (3.2%) that was 16 times higher than the background rate in the UK (0.2%).

Data from the NAAED pregnancy registry and a population-based birth registry cohort indicate that exposure to topiramate in utero is associated with an increased risk of SGA newborns (birth weight < 10^thpercentile). In the NAAED pregnancy registry, 19.7% of topiramate-exposed newborns were SGA compared to 7.9% of newborns exposed to a reference AED, and 5.4% of newborns of mothers without epilepsy and without AED exposure. In the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN), a population-based pregnancy registry, 25% of newborns in the topiramate monotherapy exposure group were SGA compared to 9% in the comparison group who were unexposed to AEDs. The long-term consequences of the SGA findings are not known.

Animal Data

When topiramate (0 mg/kg/day, 20 mg/kg/day, 100 mg/kg/day, or 500 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to pregnant mice during the period of organogenesis, the incidence of fetal malformations (primarily craniofacial defects) were increased at all doses. Fetal body weights and skeletal ossification were reduced at the highest dose tested in conjunction with decreased maternal body weight gain. A no-effect dose for embryofetal developmental toxicity in mice was not identified. The lowest dose tested, which was associated with an increased incidence of malformations, is less than the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) for epilepsy (400 mg/day) or migraine (100 mg/day) on a body surface area (mg/m²) basis.

In pregnant rats administered topiramate (0 mg/kg/day, 20 mg/kg/day, 100 mg/kg/day, and 500 mg/kg/day or 0 mg/kg/day, 0.2 mg/kg/day, 2.5 mg/kg/day, 30 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day) orally during the period of organogenesis, the frequency of limb malformations (ectrodactyly, micromelia, and amelia) was increased in fetuses at 400 mg/kg/day and 500 mg/kg/day. Embryotoxicity (reduced fetal body weights, increased incidences of structural variations) was observed at doses as low as 20 mg/kg/day. Clinical signs of maternal toxicity were seen at 400 mg/kg/day and above, and maternal body weight gain was reduced at doses of 100 mg/kg/day or greater. The no-effect dose (2.5 mg/kg/day) for embryofetal developmental toxicity in rats is less than the MRHD for epilepsy or migraine on a mg/m² basis.

In pregnant rabbits administered topiramate (0 mg/kg/day, 20 mg/kg/day, 60 mg/kg/day, and 180 mg/kg/day or 0 mg/kg/day, 10 mg/kg/day, 35 mg/kg/day, and 120 mg/kg/day) orally during organogenesis, embryofetal mortality was increased at 35 mg/kg/day and an increased incidence of fetal malformations (primarily rib and vertebral malformations) was observed at 120 mg/kg/day. Evidence of maternal toxicity (decreased body weight gain, clinical signs, and/or mortality) was seen at 35 mg/kg/day and above. The no-effect dose (20 mg/kg/day) for embryofetal developmental toxicity in rabbits is equivalent to the MRHD for epilepsy and approximately 4 times the MRHD for migraine on a mg/m² basis.

When topiramate (0 mg/kg/day, 0.2 mg/kg/day, 4 mg/kg/day, 20 mg/kg/day, and 100 mg/kg/day or 0 mg/kg/day, 2 mg/kg/day, 20 mg/kg/day, and 200 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to female rats during the latter part of gestation and throughout lactation, offspring exhibited decreased viability and delayed physical development at 200 mg/kg/day and reductions in pre- and/or postweaning body weight gain at 2 mg/kg/day and above. Maternal toxicity (decreased body weight gain, clinical signs) was evident at 100 mg/kg/day or greater. In a rat embryofetal development study which included postnatal assessment of offspring, oral administration of topiramate (0 mg/kg/day, 0.2 mg/kg/day, 2.5 mg/kg/day, 30 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day) to pregnant animals during the period of organogenesis resulted in delayed physical development in offspring at 400 mg/kg/day and persistent reductions in body weight gain in offspring at 30 mg/kg/day and higher. The no-effect dose (0.2 mg/kg/day) for pre- and postnatal developmental toxicity in rats is less than the MRHD for epilepsy or migraine on a mg/m² basis.

Risk Summary

Topiramate is excreted in human milk [see Data]. The effects of topiramate on milk production are unknown. Diarrhea and somnolence have been reported in breastfed infants whose mothers receive topiramate treatment.

The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for topiramate extended-release capsules and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from topiramate extended-release capsules or from the underlying maternal condition.

Data

Human Data

Limited data from 5 women with epilepsy treated with topiramate during lactation showed drug levels in milk similar to those in maternal plasma.

Contraception

Women of childbearing potential who are not planning a pregnancy should use effective contraception because of the risk of major congenital malformations, including oral clefts, and the risk of infants being SGA [see Drug Interactions (7.4) and Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

Adjunctive Treatment for Epilepsy

Pediatric Patients 2 Years of Age and Older

The safety and effectiveness of topiramate extended-release capsules as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome have been established in pediatric patients 2 years of age and older and is based on controlled trials with immediate-release topiramate [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) and Clinical Studies (14.3, 14.4)].

The adverse reactions (both common and serious) in pediatric patients are similar to those seen in adults [see Warnings and Precautions (5) and Adverse Reactions (6)].

These include, but are not limited to:

• oligohydrosis and hyperthermia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
• dose-related increased incidence of metabolic acidosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]
• dose-related increased incidence of hyperammonemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)]

Pediatric Patients Below the Age of 2 Years 

The following pediatric use information is based on studies conducted with immediate-release topiramate.

Safety and effectiveness in patients below the age of 2 years have not been established for the adjunctive therapy treatment of partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. In a single randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigational trial, the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of immediate-release topiramate oral liquid and sprinkle formulations as an adjunct to concurrent antiepileptic drug therapy in pediatric patients 1 month to 24 months of age with refractory partial-onset seizures were assessed. After 20 days of double-blind treatment, immediate-release topiramate (at fixed doses of 5 mg/kg/day, 15 mg/kg/day, and 25 mg/kg/day) did not demonstrate efficacy compared with placebo in controlling seizures.

In general, the adverse reaction profile for immediate-release topiramate in this population was similar to that of older pediatric patients, although results from the above controlled study and an open-label, long-term extension study in these pediatric patients 1 month to 24 months old suggested some adverse reactions/toxicities not previously observed in older pediatric patients and adults; i.e., growth/length retardation, certain clinical laboratory abnormalities, and other adverse reactions/toxicities that occurred with a greater frequency and/or greater severity than had been recognized previously from studies in older pediatric patients or adults for various indications.

These very young pediatric patients appeared to experience an increased risk for infections (any topiramate dose 12%, placebo 0%) and of respiratory disorders (any topiramate dose 40%, placebo 16%). The following adverse reactions were observed in at least 3% of patients on immediate-release topiramate and were 3% to 7% more frequent than in patients on placebo: viral infection, bronchitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, otitis media, upper respiratory infection, cough, and bronchospasm. A generally similar profile was observed in older pediatric patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

Immediate-release topiramate resulted in an increased incidence of patients with increased creatinine (any topiramate dose 5%, placebo 0%), BUN (any topiramate dose 3%, placebo 0%), and protein (any topiramate dose 34%, placebo 6%), and an increased incidence of decreased potassium (any topiramate dose 7%, placebo 0%). This increased frequency of abnormal values was not dose-related. Creatinine was the only analyte showing a noteworthy increased incidence (topiramate 25 mg/kg/day 5%, placebo 0%) of a markedly abnormal increase [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. The significance of these findings is uncertain.

Immediate-release topiramate treatment also produced a dose-related increase in the percentage of patients who had a shift from normal at baseline to high/increased (above the normal reference range) in total eosinophil count at the end of treatment. The incidence of these abnormal shifts was 6% for placebo, 10% for 5 mg/kg/day, 9% for 15 mg/kg/day, 14% for 25 mg/kg/day, and 11% for any topiramate dose [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. There was a mean dose-related increase in alkaline phosphatase. The significance of these findings is uncertain.

Topiramate produced a dose-related increased incidence of hyperammonemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.14)].

Treatment with immediate-release topiramate for up to 1 year was associated with reductions in Z SCORES for length, weight, and head circumference [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

In open-label, uncontrolled experience, increasing impairment of adaptive behavior was documented in behavioral testing over time in this population. There was a suggestion that this effect was dose-related. However, because of the absence of an appropriate control group, it is not known if this decrement in function was treatment related or reflects the patient's underlying disease (e.g., patients who received higher doses may have more severe underlying disease) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

In this open-label, uncontrolled study, the mortality was 37 deaths/1,000 patient years. It is not possible to know whether this mortality rate is related to immediate-release topiramate treatment, because the background mortality rate for a similar, significantly refractory, young pediatric population (1 month to 24 months) with partial epilepsy is not known.

Monotherapy Treatment for Epilepsy

Pediatric Patients 2 Years of Age and Older

The safety and effectiveness of topiramate extended-release capsules as monotherapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures have been established in pediatric patients aged 2 years and older and is based on controlled trials with immediate-release topiramate [see Adverse Reactions (6.1), Clinical Studies (14.1)].

A one-year, active-controlled, open-label study with blinded assessments of bone mineral density (BMD) and growth in pediatric patients 4 to 15 years of age, including 63 patients with recent or new onset of epilepsy, was conducted to assess effects of immediate-release topiramate (N=28, 6 to 15 years of age) versus levetiracetam (N=35, 4 to 15 years of age) monotherapy on bone mineralization and on height and weight, which reflect growth. Effects on bone mineralization were evaluated via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and blood markers. Table 11 summarizes effects of immediate-release topiramate at 12 months for key safety outcomes including BMD, height, height velocity, and weight. All Least Square Mean values for immediate-release topiramate and the comparator were positive. Therefore, the Least Square Mean treatment differences shown reflect a topiramate induced attenuation of the key safety outcomes. Statistically significant effects were observed for decreases in BMD (and bone mineral content) in lumbar spine and total body less head and in weight. Subgroup analyses according to age demonstrated similar negative effects for all key safety outcomes (i.e., BMD, height, weight).

Metabolic acidosis (serum bicarbonate < 20 mEq/L) was observed in all immediate-release topiramate-treated patients at some time in the study [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. Over the whole study, 76% more immediate-release topiramate-treated patients experienced persistent metabolic acidosis (i.e., 2 consecutive visits with or final serum bicarbonate < 20 mEq/L) compared to levetiracetam-treated patients. Over the whole study, 35% more immediate-release topiramate-treated patients experienced a markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate (i.e., absolute value < 17 mEq/L and ≥ 5 mEq/L decrease from pre-treatment), indicating the frequency of more severe metabolic acidosis, compared to levetiracetam-treated patients. The decrease in BMD at 12 months was correlated with decreased serum bicarbonate, suggesting that metabolic acidosis was at least a partial factor contributing to this adverse effect on BMD. Immediate-release topiramate-treated patients exhibited an increased risk for developing an increased serum creatinine and an increased serum glucose above the normal reference range compared to control patients.

Pediatric Patients Below the Age of 2 Years

Safety and effectiveness in patients below the age of 2 years have not been established for the monotherapy treatment of epilepsy.

Preventive Treatment of Migraine

Pediatric Patients 12 to 17 Years of Age

Safety and effectiveness of topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine was studied in 5 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trials in a total of 219 pediatric patients, at doses of 50 mg/day to 200 mg/day, or 2 mg/kg/day to 3 mg/kg/day. These comprised a fixed dose study in 103 pediatric patients 12 years to 17 years of age [see Clinical Studies (14.5)], a flexible dose (2 mg/kg/day to 3 mg/kg/day), placebo-controlled study in 157 pediatric patients 6 years to 16 years of age (including 67 pediatric patients 12 years to 16 years of age), and a total of 49 pediatric patients 12 years to 17 years of age in 3 studies for the preventive treatment of migraine primarily in adults. Open-label extension phases of 3 studies enabled evaluation of long-term safety for up to 6 months after the end of the double-blind phase.

Efficacy of topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine in pediatric patients 12 years to 17 years of age is demonstrated for a 100 mg daily dose in Study 13 [see Clinical Studies (14.5)]. Efficacy of topiramate (2 mg/kg/day to 3 mg/kg/day) for the preventive treatment of migraine was not demonstrated in a placebo-controlled trial of 157 pediatric patients (6 years to 16 years of age) that included treatment of 67 pediatric patients (12 years to 16 years of age) for 20 weeks.

In the pediatric trials (12 years to 17 years of age) in which patients were randomized to placebo or a fixed daily dose of immediate-release topiramate, the most common adverse reactions with immediate-release topiramate that were seen at an incidence higher (≥ 5%) than in the placebo group were: paresthesia, upper respiratory tract infection, anorexia, and abdominal pain [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

The most common cognitive adverse reaction in pooled double-blind studies in pediatric patients 12 years to 17 years of age was difficulty with concentration/attention [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

Markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate values indicative of metabolic acidosis were reported in topiramate-treated pediatric migraine patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

In topiramate-treated pediatric patients (12 years to 17 years of age) compared to placebo-treated patients, abnormally increased results were more frequent for creatinine, BUN, uric acid, chloride, ammonia, total protein, and platelets. Abnormally decreased results were observed with topiramate vs placebo treatment for phosphorus and bicarbonate [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

Notable changes (increases and decreases) from baseline in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse were observed occurred more commonly in pediatric patients treated with topiramate compared to pediatric patients treated with placebo [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)].

Pediatric Patients Below the Age of 12 Years

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 12 years have not been established for the preventive treatment of migraine.

In a double-blind study in 90 pediatric patients 6 years to 11 years of age (including 59 topiramate-treated and 31 placebo patients), the adverse reaction profile was generally similar to that seen in pooled double-blind studies of pediatric patients 12 years to 17 years of age. The most common adverse reactions that occurred in immediate-release topiramate-treated pediatric patients 6 years to 11 years of age, and at least twice as frequently than placebo, were gastroenteritis (12% topiramate, 6% placebo), sinusitis (10% topiramate, 3% placebo), weight loss (8% topiramate, 3% placebo) and paresthesia (7% topiramate, 0% placebo). Difficulty with concentration/attention occurred in 3 topiramate-treated patients (5%) and 0 placebo-treated patients.

The risk for cognitive adverse reaction was greater in younger patients (6 years to 11 years of age) than in older patients (12 years to 17 years of age) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

Juvenile Animal Studies

When topiramate (0 mg/kg/day, 30 mg/kg/day, 90 mg/kg/day or 300 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to rats during the juvenile period of development (postnatal days 12 to 50), bone growth plate thickness was reduced in males at the highest dose, which is approximately 5 times to 8 times the maximum recommended pediatric dose (9 mg/kg/day) on a body surface area (mg/m²) basis.

Clinical studies of immediate-release topiramate did not include sufficient numbers of subjects age 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently than younger subjects. Dosage adjustment may be necessary for elderly with creatinine clearance less than 70 mL/min/1.73 m². Estimate GFR should be measured prior to dosing [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

The clearance of topiramate is reduced in patients with moderate (creatinine clearance 30 mL/min/1.73 m² to 69 mL/min/1.73 m²) and severe (creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m²) renal impairment. A dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Topiramate is cleared by hemodialysis at a rate that is 4 times to 6 times greater than in a normal individual. A dosage adjustment may be required [see Dosage and Administration (2.5) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

The precise mechanisms by which topiramate exerts its anticonvulsant and preventive migraine effects are unknown; however, preclinical studies have revealed four properties that may contribute to topiramate's efficacy for epilepsy and the preventive treatment of migraine. Electrophysiological and biochemical evidence suggests that topiramate, at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels, augments the activity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyrate at some subtypes of the GABA-A receptor, antagonizes the AMPA/kainate subtype of the glutamate receptor, and inhibits the carbonic anhydrase enzyme, particularly isozymes II and IV.

Topiramate has anticonvulsant activity in rat and mouse maximal electroshock seizure (MES) tests. Topiramate is only weakly effective in blocking clonic seizures induced by the GABA-A receptor antagonist, pentylenetetrazole. Topiramate is also effective in rodent models of epilepsy, which include tonic and absence-like seizures in the spontaneous epileptic rat (SER) and tonic and clonic seizures induced in rats by kindling of the amygdala or by global ischemia.

Changes (increases and decreases) from baseline in vital signs (systolic blood pressure-SBP, diastolic blood pressure-DBP, pulse) occurred more frequently in pediatric patients (6 years to 17 years) treated with various daily doses of topiramate (50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 2 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg) than in patients treated with placebo in controlled trials for the preventive treatment of migraine. The most notable changes were SBP < 90 mm Hg, DBP < 50 mm Hg, SBP or DBP increases or decreases ≥ 20 mm Hg, and pulse increases or decreases ≥ 30 beats per minute. These changes were often dose-related and were most frequently associated with the greatest treatment difference at the 200 mg dose level. Systematic collection of orthostatic vital signs has not been conducted. The clinical significance of these various changes in vital signs has not been clearly established.

Absorption and Distribution

The pharmacokinetics of topiramate extended-release capsules are linear with dose proportional increases in plasma concentration when administered as a single oral dose over the range of 50 mg to 1,400 mg. At 25 mg, the pharmacokinetics of topiramate extended-release capsules are nonlinear, possibly due to the binding of topiramate to carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells.

Topiramate extended-release capsules sprinkled on a spoonful of soft food is bioequivalent to the intact capsule formulation.

Following a single 200 mg oral dose of topiramate extended-release capsules, peak plasma concentrations (T_max) occurred approximately 20 hours after dosing. Steady-state was reached in about 5 days following daily dosing of topiramate extended-release capsules in subjects with normal renal function, with a T_max of approximately 6 hours.

At steady-state, the plasma exposure (AUC_{0 -24hr}, C_max, and C_min) of topiramate from topiramate extended-release capsules administered once daily and the immediate-release topiramate tablets administered twice-daily were shown to be bioequivalent. Fluctuation of topiramate plasma concentrations at steady-state for topiramate extended-release capsules administered once daily was approximately 40% in healthy subjects, compared to approximately 53% for immediate-release topiramate [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.6)].

Compared to the fasted state, high-fat meal had no effect on bioavailability (AUC and C_max) but delayed the T_max by approximately 4 hours following a single dose of topiramate extended-release capsules. Topiramate extended-release capsules can be taken without regard to meals.

Topiramate is 15% to 41% bound to human plasma proteins over the blood concentration range of 0.5 mcg/mL to 250 mcg/mL. The fraction bound decreased as blood concentration increased.

Carbamazepine and phenytoin do not alter the binding of immediate-release topiramate. Sodium valproate, at 500 mcg/mL (a concentration 5 times to 10 times higher than considered therapeutic for valproate) decreased the protein binding of immediate-release topiramate from 23% to 13%. Immediate-release topiramate does not influence the binding of sodium valproate.

Metabolism and Excretion

Topiramate is not extensively metabolized and is primarily eliminated unchanged in the urine (approximately 70% of an administered dose). Six metabolites have been identified in humans, none of which constitutes more than 5% of an administered dose. The metabolites are formed via hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and glucuronidation. There is evidence of renal tubular reabsorption of topiramate. In rats, given probenecid to inhibit tubular reabsorption, along with topiramate, a significant increase in renal clearance of topiramate was observed. This interaction has not been evaluated in humans. Overall, oral plasma clearance (CL/F) is approximately 20 mL/min to 30 mL/min in adults following oral administration. The mean effective half-life of topiramate extended-release capsules is approximately 56 hours. Steady-state is reached in about 5 days after topiramate extended-release capsules dosing in subjects with normal renal function.

Specific Populations

Renal Impairment

The clearance of topiramate was reduced by 42% in subjects with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance 30 mL/min/1.73 m² to 69 mL/min/1.73 m²) and by 54% in subjects with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m²) compared to subjects with normal renal function (creatinine clearance greater than 70 mL/min/1.73 m²) [see Dosage and Administration (2.4, 2.6)].

Hemodialysis

Topiramate is cleared by hemodialysis. Using a high-efficiency, counter flow, single pass-dialysate hemodialysis procedure, topiramate dialysis clearance was 120 mL/min with blood flow through the dialyzer at 400 mL/min. This high clearance (compared to 20 mL/min to 30 mL/min total oral clearance in healthy adults) will remove a clinically significant amount of topiramate from the patient over the hemodialysis treatment period [see Dosage and Administration (2.5) and Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].

Hepatic Impairment

Plasma clearance of topiramate decreased a mean of 26% in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment.

Age, Gender and Race

The pharmacokinetics of topiramate in elderly subjects (65 years to 85 years of age, N=16) were evaluated in a controlled clinical study. The elderly subject population had reduced renal function (creatinine clearance [-20%]) compared to young adults. Following a single oral 100 mg dose, maximum plasma concentration for elderly and young adults was achieved at approximately 1 hour to 2 hours. Reflecting the primary renal elimination of topiramate, topiramate plasma and renal clearance were reduced 21% and 19%, respectively, in elderly subjects, compared to young adults. Similarly, topiramate half-life was longer (13%) in the elderly. Reduced topiramate clearance resulted in slightly higher maximum plasma concentration (23%) and AUC (25%) in elderly subjects than observed in young adults. Topiramate clearance is decreased in the elderly only to the extent that renal function is reduced [see Dosage and Administration (2.3), Use in Specific Populations (8.5)].

Clearance of topiramate in adults was not affected by gender or race.

Pediatric Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics of immediate-release topiramate were evaluated in patients age 2 years to less than 16 years. Patients received either no or a combination of other antiepileptic drugs. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed on the basis of pharmacokinetic data from relevant topiramate clinical studies. This dataset contained data from 1,217 subjects including 258 pediatric patients age 2 years to less than 16 years (95 pediatric patients less than 10 years of age).

Pediatric patients on adjunctive treatment exhibited a higher oral clearance (L/h) of topiramate compared to patients on monotherapy, presumably because of increased clearance from concomitant enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs. In comparison, topiramate clearance per kg is greater in pediatric patients than in adults and in young pediatric patients (down to 2 years) than in older pediatric patients. Consequently, the plasma drug concentration for the same mg/kg/day dose would be lower in pediatric patients compared to adults and also in younger pediatric patients compared to older pediatric patients. Clearance was independent of dose.

As in adults, hepatic enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs decrease the steady state plasma concentrations of topiramate.

Pediatric Patients with Obesity

A population PK analysis of topiramate was conducted in 129 children < 21 years of age with and without obesity to evaluate the potential impact of obesity on plasma topiramate exposures. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 95^th percentile for age and sex based on CDC-recommended BMI-for-age growth charts for males and females. Using the currently recommended dosing regimens, children with obesity are likely to have median values of average concentration at steady-state, and trough concentration at steady-state that are up to 20% lower and 19% lower, respectively, compared to children without obesity. Dosage adjustment according to obesity status is not necessary.

Drug Interactions

In vitro studies indicate that topiramate does not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, or CYP3A4/5 isozymes. In vitro studies indicate that topiramate is a mild inhibitor of CYP2C19 and a mild inducer of CYP3A4.

Antiepileptic Drugs

Potential interactions between immediate-release topiramate and standard AEDs were assessed in controlled clinical pharmacokinetic studies in patients with epilepsy. The effects of these interactions on mean plasma AUCs are summarized in Table 12. Interaction of topiramate extended-release capsules and standard AEDs is not expected to differ from the experience with immediate-release topiramate products.

In Table 12, the second column (AED concentration) describes what happens to the concentration of the co-administered AED listed in the first column when topiramate was added. The third column (topiramate concentration) describes how the co-administration of a drug listed in the first column modifies the concentration of topiramate when compared to topiramate given alone.

Oral Contraceptives

In a pharmacokinetic interaction study in healthy volunteers with a concomitantly administered combination oral contraceptive product containing 1 mg norethindrone (NET) plus 35 mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE), topiramate, given in the absence of other medications at doses of 50 mg per day to 200 mg per day, was not associated with statistically significant changes in mean exposure (AUC) to either component of the oral contraceptive. In another study, exposure to EE was statistically significantly decreased at doses of 200 mg per day, 400 mg per day, and 800 mg per day (18%, 21%, and 30%, respectively) when given as adjunctive therapy in patients taking valproic acid. In both studies, topiramate (50 mg per day to 800 mg per day) did not significantly affect exposure to NET and there was no significant dose-dependent change in EE exposure for doses of 50 mg per day to 200 mg per day. The clinical significance of the changes observed is not known [see Drug Interactions (7.4)].

Digoxin

In a single-dose study, serum digoxin AUC decreased by 12% with concomitant topiramate administration. The clinical relevance of this observation has not been established.

Hydrochlorothiazide

A drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) (25 mg every 24 hours) and topiramate (96 mg every 12 hours) when administered alone and concomitantly. The results of this study indicate that topiramate C_max increased by 27% and AUC increased by 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not significantly influenced by the concomitant administration of topiramate. Clinical laboratory results indicated decreases in serum potassium after topiramate or HCTZ administration, which were greater when HCTZ and topiramate were administered in combination.

Metformin

A drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of metformin (500 mg every 12 hours) and topiramate in plasma when metformin was given alone and when metformin and topiramate (100 mg every 12 hours) were given simultaneously. The results of this study indicated that the mean metformin C_max and AUC_{0 -12h} increased by 18% and 25%, respectively, when topiramate was added. Topiramate did not affect metformin T_max. The clinical significance of the effect of topiramate on metformin pharmacokinetics is not known. Oral plasma clearance of topiramate appears to be reduced when administered with metformin. The clinical significance of the effect of metformin on topiramate pharmacokinetics is unclear.

Pioglitazone

A drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of topiramate and pioglitazone when administered alone and concomitantly. A 15% decrease in the AUC_τ,ss of pioglitazone with no alteration in C_max,ss was observed. This finding was not statistically significant. In addition, a 13% and 16% decrease in C_max,ss and AUC_τ,ss respectively, of the active hydroxy-metabolite was noted as well as a 60% decrease in C_max,ss and AUC_τ,ss of the active keto-metabolite. The clinical significance of these findings is not known.

Glyburide

A drug-drug interaction study conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of glyburide (5 mg per day) alone and concomitantly with topiramate (150 mg per day). There was a 22% decrease in C_max and a 25% reduction in AUC_{2 4} for glyburide during topiramate administration. Systemic exposure (AUC) of the active metabolites, 4-trans-hydroxy glyburide (M1) and 3-c is-hydroxyglyburide (M2), was also reduced by 13% and 15% and C_max was reduced by 18% and 25%, respectively. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of topiramate were unaffected by concomitant administration of glyburide.

Lithium

In patients, the pharmacokinetics of lithium were unaffected during treatment with topiramate at doses of 200 mg per day; however, there was an observed increase in systemic exposure of lithium (27% for C_max and 26% for AUC) following topiramate doses up to 600 mg per day [see Drug Interactions (7.7)].

Haloperidol

The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of haloperidol (5 mg) were not affected following multiple dosing of topiramate (100 mg every 12 hr) in 13 healthy adults (6 males, 7 females).

Amitriptyline

There was a 12% increase in AUC and C_max for amitriptyline (25 mg per day) in 18 healthy subjects (9 males, 9 females) receiving 200 mg per day of topiramate.

Sumatriptan

Multiple dosing of topiramate (100 mg every 12 hours) in 24 healthy volunteers (14 males, 10 females) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of single-dose sumatriptan either orally (100 mg) or subcutaneously (6 mg).

Risperidone

When administered concomitantly with topiramate at escalating doses of 100 mg per day, 250 mg per day, and 400 mg per day, there was a reduction in risperidone systemic exposure (16% and 33% for steady-state AUC at the 250 mg per day and 400 mg per day doses of topiramate). No alterations of 9-hydroxyrisperidone levels were observed. Coadministration of topiramate 400 mg per day with risperidone resulted in a 14% increase in C_max and a 12% increase in AUC_{1 2} of topiramate. There were no clinically significant changes in the systemic exposure of risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone or of topiramate; therefore, this interaction is not likely to be of clinical significance.

Propranolol

Multiple dosing of topiramate (200 mg per day) in 34 healthy volunteers (17 males, 17 females) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of propranolol following daily 160 mg doses. Propranolol doses of 160 mg per day in 39 volunteers (27 males, 12 females) had no effect on the exposure to topiramate, at a dose of 200 mg per day of topiramate.

Dihydroergotamine

Multiple dosing of topiramate (200 mg per day) in 24 healthy volunteers (12 males, 12 females) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of a 1 mg subcutaneous dose of dihydroergotamine. Similarly, a 1 mg subcutaneous dose of dihydroergotamine did not affect the pharmacokinetics of a 200 mg per day dose of topiramate in the same study.

Diltiazem

Coadministration of diltiazem (240 mg Cardizem CD^®) with topiramate (150 mg per day) resulted in a 10% decrease in C_max and 25% decrease in diltiazem AUC, a 27% decrease in C_max and an 18% decrease in des-acetyl diltiazem AUC, and no effect on N-desmethyl diltiazem. Co-administration of topiramate with diltiazem resulted in a 16% increase in C_max and a 19% increase in AUC_{1 2} of topiramate.

Venlafaxine

Multiple dosing of topiramate (150 mg per day) in healthy volunteers did not affect the pharmacokinetics of venlafaxine or O-desmethyl venlafaxine. Multiple dosing of venlafaxine (150 mg) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of topiramate.

Topiramate extended-release capsules, taken once daily, provides similar steady-state topiramate concentrations to immediate-release topiramate taken every 12 hours, when administered at the same total daily dose. In a healthy volunteer, multiple-dose crossover study, the 90% CI for the ratios of AUC_{0 -24}, C_max and C_min, as well as partial AUC (the area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to time p (post dose)) for multiple time points were within the 80% to 125% bioequivalence limits, indicating no clinically significant difference between the two formulations. In addition, the 90% CI for the ratios of topiramate plasma concentration at each of multiple time points over 24 hours for the two formulations were within the 80% to 125% bioequivalence limits, except for the initial time points before 3 hours and at 8 hours post-dose, which is not expected to have a significant clinical impact.

The effects of switching between topiramate extended-release capsules and immediate-release topiramate were also evaluated in the same multiple-dose, crossover, comparative bioavailability study. In healthy subjects switched from immediate-release topiramate given every 12 hours to topiramate extended-release capsules given once daily, similar concentrations were maintained immediately after the formulation switch. On the first day following the switch, there were no significant differences in AUC_{0 -24}, C_max, and C_min, as the 90% CI for the ratios were contained within the 80% to 125% equivalence limits.

Carcinogenesis

An increase in urinary bladder tumors was observed in mice given topiramate (0 mg/kg/day, 20 mg/kg/day, 75 mg/kg/day, and 300 mg/kg/day) in the diet for 21 months. An increase in the incidence of bladder tumors in males and females receiving 300 mg/kg/day was primarily due to the increased occurrence of a smooth muscle tumor considered histomorphologically unique to mice. The higher of the doses not associated with an increase in tumors (75 mg/kg/day) is equivalent to the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) for epilepsy (400 mg) and approximately 4 times the MRHD for migraine (100 mg) on a mg/m² basis. The relevance of this finding to human carcinogenic risk is uncertain.

No evidence of carcinogenicity was seen in rats following oral administration of topiramate for 2 years at doses up to 120 mg/kg/day (approximately 3 times the MRHD for epilepsy and 12 times the MRHD for migraine on a mg/m² basis).

Mutagenesis

Topiramate did not demonstrate genotoxic potential when tested in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays. Topiramate was not mutagenic in the Ames test or the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay; it did not increase unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes in vitro; and it did not increase chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro or in rat bone marrow in vivo.

Impairment of Fertility

No adverse effects on male or female fertility were observed in rats administered topiramate orally at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day (2.5 times the MRHD for epilepsy and 10 times the MRHD for migraine on a mg/m² basis) prior to and during mating and early pregnancy.

Although a controlled clinical trial was performed (Study 14) [see Clinical Studies (14.4)], the basis for approval of the extended-release formulation (topiramate extended-release capsules) included the studies described below using an immediate-release formulation [see Clinical Studies (14.2, 14.3, 14.5)] and the demonstration of the pharmacokinetic equivalence of topiramate extended-release capsules to immediate-release topiramate through the analysis of concentrations and cumulative AUCs at multiple time points [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.6)].

Patients with Partial-Onset or Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Adults and Pediatric Patients 10 Years of Age and Older

The effectiveness of topiramate as initial monotherapy in adults and pediatric patients 10 years of age and older with partial-onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, dose-controlled, parallel-group trial (Study 1).

Study 1 was conducted in 487 patients diagnosed with epilepsy (6 years to 83 years of age) who had 1 or 2 well-documented seizures during the 3 month retrospective baseline phase who then entered the study and received topiramate 25 mg/day for 7 days in an open-label fashion. Forty-nine percent of subjects had no prior AED treatment and 17% had a diagnosis of epilepsy for greater than 24 months. Any AED therapy used for temporary or emergency purposes was discontinued prior to randomization. In the double-blind phase, 470 patients were randomized to titrate up to 50 mg/day or 400 mg/day of topiramate. If the target dose could not be achieved, patients were maintained on the maximum tolerated dose. Fifty-eight percent of patients achieved the maximal dose of 400 mg/day for > 2 weeks, and patients who did not tolerate 150 mg/day were discontinued.

The primary efficacy assessment was a between-group comparison of time to first seizure during the double-blind phase. Comparison of the Kaplan-Meier survival curves of time to first seizure favored the topiramate 400 mg/day group over the topiramate 50 mg/day group (Figure 1). The treatment effects with respect to time to first seizure were consistent across various patient subgroups defined by age, sex, geographic region, baseline body weight, baseline seizure type, time since diagnosis, and baseline AED use.

Figure 1

Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Cumulative Rates for Time to First Seizure in Study 1

Pediatric Patients 2 Years to 9 Years of Age

The conclusion that topiramate is effective as initial monotherapy in pediatric patients 2 years to 9 years of age with partial-onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures was based on a pharmacometrics bridging approach using data from the controlled epilepsy trials conducted with immediate-release topiramate described in labeling. This approach consisted of first showing a similar exposure-response relationship between pediatric patients down to 2 years of age and adults when immediate-release topiramate was given as adjunctive therapy. Similarity of exposure-response was also demonstrated in pediatric patients 6 years to less than 16 years of age and adults when topiramate was given as initial monotherapy. Specific dosing in pediatric patients 2 years to 9 years of age was derived from simulations utilizing plasma exposure ranges observed in pediatric and adult patients treated with immediate-release topiramate initial monotherapy [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)].

Adult Patients with Partial-Onset Seizures

The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for adults with partial-onset seizures was established in six multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (Studies 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7), two comparing several dosages of topiramate and placebo and four comparing a single dosage with placebo, in patients with a history of partial-onset seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures.

Patients in these studies were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate tablets or placebo. In each study, patients were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during baseline phase lasting between 4 weeks and 12 weeks. Patients who experienced a pre-specified minimum number of partial onset seizures, with or without secondary generalization, during the baseline phase (12 seizures for 12 week baseline, 8 for 8 week baseline or 3 for 4 week baseline) were randomly assigned to placebo or a specified dose of topiramate tablets in addition to their other AEDs.

Following randomization, patients began the double-blind phase of treatment. In five of the six studies, patients received active drug beginning at 100 mg per day; the dose was then increased by 100 mg/day or 200 mg/day increments weekly or every other week until the assigned dose was reached, unless intolerance prevented increases. In Study 7, the 25 mg/day or 50 mg/day initial doses of topiramate were followed by respective weekly increments of 25 mg/day or 50 mg/day until the target dose of 200 mg/day was reached. After titration, patients entered a 4 week, 8 week or 12 week stabilization period. The numbers of patients randomized to each dose and the actual mean and median doses in the stabilization period are shown in Table 13.

Pediatric Patients 2 Years to 16 Years of Age with Partial-Onset Seizures

The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for pediatric patients 2 years to 16 years of age with partial-onset seizures was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Study 8), comparing topiramate and placebo in patients with a history of partial-onset seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures (see Table 14).

Patients in this study were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate tablets or placebo. In Study 8, patients were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during an 8 week baseline phase. Patients who experienced at least six partial-onset seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures, during the baseline phase were randomly assigned to placebo or topiramate tablets in addition to their other AEDs.

Following randomization, patients began the double-blind phase of treatment. Patients received active drug beginning at 25 mg/day or 50 mg/day; the dose was then increased by 25 mg/day to 150 mg/day increments every other week until the assigned dosage of 125 mg/day, 175 mg/day, 225 mg/day, or 400 mg/day based on patients' weight to approximate a dosage of 6 mg/kg/day was reached, unless intolerance prevented increases. After titration, patients entered an 8 week stabilization period.

Patients with Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients 2 years of age and older was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Study 9), comparing a single dosage of topiramate and placebo (see Table 14).

Patients in Study 9 were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate or placebo. Patients were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during an 8 week baseline phase. Patients who experienced at least three primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures during the baseline phase were randomly assigned to placebo or topiramate in addition to their other AEDs.

Following randomization, patients began the double-blind phase of treatment. Patients received active drug beginning at 50 mg/day for four weeks; the dose was then increased by 50 mg/day to 150 mg/day increments every other week until the assigned dose of 175 mg/day, 225 mg/day, or 400 mg/day based on patients' body weight to approximate a dosage of 6 mg/kg/day was reached, unless intolerance prevented increases. After titration, patients entered a 12 week stabilization period.

Patients with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in patients 2 years of age and older was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Study 10) comparing a single dosage of topiramate with placebo (see Table 14).

Patients in Study 10 were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate or placebo. Patients who were experiencing at least 60 seizures per month before study entry were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during a 4 week baseline phase. Following baseline, patients were randomly assigned to placebo or topiramate in addition to their other AEDs. Active drug was titrated beginning at 1 mg/kg/day for a week; the dose was then increased to 3 mg/kg/day for one week, then to 6 mg/kg/day. After titration, patients entered an 8 week stabilization period. The primary measures of effectiveness were the percent reduction in drop attacks and a parental global rating of seizure severity.

In all adjunctive topiramate trials, the reduction in seizure rate from baseline during the entire double-blind phase was measured. The median percent reductions in seizure rates and the responder rates (fraction of patients with at least a 50% reduction) by treatment group for each study are shown below in Table 14. As described above, a global improvement in seizure severity was also assessed in the Lennox-Gastaut trial.

Subset analyses of the antiepileptic efficacy of topiramate tablets in these studies showed no differences as a function of gender, race, age, baseline seizure rate, or concomitant AED.

In clinical trials for epilepsy, daily dosages were decreased in weekly intervals by 50 mg/day to 100 mg/day in adults and over a 2 week to 8 week period in pediatric patients; transition was permitted to a new antiepileptic regimen when clinically indicated.

The effectiveness of topiramate extended-release capsules as an adjunctive treatment for adults (18 years to 75 years of age) was evaluated in a randomized, international, multi-center, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial in patients with a history of partial-onset seizures, with or without secondary generalization (Study 14).

Patients with partial-onset seizures on a stable dose of 1 to 3 AEDs entered into an 8 week baseline period. Patients who experienced at least 8 partial onset seizures, with or without secondary generalization, and no more than 21 consecutive seizure free days during the 8 week baseline phase were randomly assigned to placebo or topiramate extended-release capsules administered once daily in addition to their concomitant AEDs. Following randomization, 249 patients began the double-blind treatment phase, which consisted of an initial 3 week titration period followed by an 8 week maintenance period. During the titration period, patients received topiramate extended-release capsules or placebo beginning at 50 mg once daily; the dose was increased at weekly intervals by 50 mg once daily, or the placebo equivalent, until a final dose of 200 mg once daily was achieved. Patients then entered the maintenance period at the assigned dose of 200 mg once daily, or its placebo equivalent.

The percent reduction in the frequency of partial-onset seizure, baseline period compared to the treatment phase, was the primary endpoint. Data was analyzed by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, with the criteria of statistical significance of p < 0.05. The results of the analysis are presented in Table 15. The median percent reduction in seizure rate was 39.5% in patients taking topiramate extended-release capsules (N=124) and 21.7% in patients taking placebo (N=125). This difference was statistically significant.

Figure 2 shows the change from baseline during titration plus maintenance (11 weeks) in partial-onset seizure frequency by category for patients treated with topiramate extended-release capsules and placebo. Patients in whom the seizure frequency increased are shown as "worse." Patients in whom the seizure frequency decreased are shown in four categories of reduction in seizure frequency.

Figure 2

Proportion of Patients by Category of Seizure Response to Topiramate Extended-Release Capsules and Placebo

Adult Patients

The results of 2 multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trials conducted in the US (Study 11) or the US and Canada (Study 12) established the effectiveness of immediate-release topiramate in the preventive treatment of migraine. The design of both trials was identical, enrolling patients with a history of migraine, with or without aura, for at least 6 months, according to the International Headache Society (IHS) diagnostic criteria. Patients with a history of cluster headaches or basilar, ophthalmoplegic, hemiplegic, or transformed migraine headaches were excluded from the trials. Patients were required to have completed up to a 2 week washout of any prior migraine preventive medications before starting the baseline phase.

Patients who experienced 3 to 12 migraine headaches over the 4 weeks in the baseline phase were randomized to either topiramate 50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, 200 mg/day (twice the recommended daily dosage for the preventive treatment of migraine), or placebo and treated for a total of 26 weeks (8 week titration period and 18 week maintenance period). Treatment was initiated at 25 mg/day for one week, and then the daily dosage was increased by 25 mg increments each week until reaching the assigned target dose or maximum tolerated dose (administered twice daily).

Effectiveness of treatment was assessed by the reduction in migraine headache frequency, as measured by the change in 4 week migraine rate (according to migraines classified by IHS criteria) from the baseline phase to double-blind treatment period in each immediate-release topiramate treatment group compared to placebo in the Intent-To-Treat (ITT) population.

In Study 11, a total of 469 patients (416 females, 53 males), ranging in age from 13 years to 70 years, were randomized and provided efficacy data. Two hundred sixty-five patients completed the entire 26 week double-blind phase. The median average daily dosages were 48 mg/day, 88 mg/day, and 132 mg/day in the target dose groups of topiramate 50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, and 200 mg/day, respectively.

The mean migraine headache frequency rate at baseline was approximately 5.5 migraine headaches per 28 days and was similar across treatment groups. The change in the mean 4 week migraine headache frequency from baseline to the double-blind phase was -1.3, -2.1, and -2.2 in the immediate-release topiramate 50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, and 200 mg/day groups, respectively, versus -0.8 in the placebo group (see Figure 3). The treatment differences between the immediate-release topiramate 100 mg/day and 200 mg/day groups versus placebo were similar and statistically significant (p < 0.001 for both comparisons).

In Study 12, a total of 468 patients (406 females, 62 males), ranging in age from 12 years to 65 years, were randomized and provided efficacy data. Two hundred fifty-five patients completed the entire 26 week double-blind phase. The median average daily dosages were 47 mg/day, 86 mg/day, and 150 mg/day in the target dose groups of immediate-release topiramate 50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, and 200 mg/day, respectively.

The mean migraine headache frequency rate at baseline was approximately 5.5 migraine headaches per 28 days and was similar across treatment groups. The change in the mean 4 week migraine headache period frequency from baseline to the double-blind phase was -1.4, -2.1, and -2.4 in the immediate-release topiramate 50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, and 200 mg/day groups, respectively, versus -1.1 in the placebo group (see Figure 3). The differences between the immediate-release topiramate 100 mg/day and 200 mg/day groups versus placebo were similar and statistically significant (p=0.008 and p < 0.001, respectively).

In both studies, there were no apparent differences in treatment effect within age or gender subgroups. Because most patients were Caucasian, there were insufficient numbers of patients from different races to make a meaningful comparison of race.

For patients withdrawing from immediate-release topiramate, daily dosages were decreased in weekly intervals by 25 mg/day to 50 mg/day.

Figure 3

Reduction in 4 Week Migraine Headache Frequency (Studies 11 and 12 for Adults and Adolescents)

Pediatric Patients 12 Years to 17 Years of Age

The effectiveness of immediate-release topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine in pediatric patients 12 years to 17 years of age was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial (Study 13). The study enrolled 103 patients (40 male, 63 female) 12 years to 17 years of age with episodic migraine headaches with or without aura. Patient selection was based on IHS criteria for migraines (using proposed revisions to the 1988 IHS pediatric migraine criteria [IHS-R criteria]).

Patients who experienced 3 to 12 migraine attacks (according to migraines classified by patient reported diaries) and ≤ 14 headache days (migraine and non-migraine) during the 4 week prospective baseline period were randomized to either immediate-release topiramate 50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, or placebo and treated for a total of 16 weeks (4 week titration period followed by a 12 week maintenance period). Treatment was initiated at 25 mg/day for one week, and then the daily dosage was increased by 25 mg increments each week until reaching the assigned target dose or maximum tolerated dose (administered twice daily). Approximately 80% or more patients in each treatment group completed the study. The median average daily dosages were 45 mg/day and 79 mg/day in the target dose groups of immediate-release topiramate 50 mg/day and 100 mg/day, respectively.

Effectiveness of treatment was assessed by comparing each immediate-release topiramate treatment group to placebo (ITT population) for the percent reduction from baseline to the last 12 weeks of the double-blind phase in the monthly migraine attack rate (primary endpoint). The percent reduction from baseline to the last 12 weeks of the double-blind phase in average monthly migraine attack rate is shown in Table 16. The 100 mg immediate-release topiramate dose produced a statistically significant treatment difference relative to placebo of 28% reduction from baseline in the monthly migraine attack rate.

The mean reduction from baseline to the last 12 weeks of the double-blind phase in average monthly attack rate, a key secondary efficacy endpoint in Study 13 (and the primary efficacy endpoint in Studies 11 and 12, of adults) was 3 for 100 mg immediate-release topiramate dose and 1.7 for placebo. This 1.3 treatment difference in mean reduction from baseline of monthly migraine rate was statistically significant (p = 0.0087).

Topiramate extended-release capsules, USP contain extended-release pellets of topiramate in a capsule and are available in the following strengths and colors:

25 mg: white to off white pellets filled in size "4" cellulose capsules with flesh opaque cap printed with "1039" in black ink and a white opaque body and are supplied as:

NDC 70710-1039-3 in bottles of 30 capsules with child-resistant closure

NDC 70710-1039-9 in bottles of 90 capsules with child-resistant closure

50 mg: white to off white pellets filled in size "2" cellulose capsules with ivory opaque cap printed with "1040" in black ink and a white opaque body and are supplied as:

NDC 70710-1040-3 in bottles of 30 capsules with child-resistant closure

NDC 70710-1040-9 in bottles of 90 capsules with child-resistant closure

100 mg: white to off white pellets filled in size "1" cellulose capsules with medium orange opaque cap printed with "1041" in black ink and a white opaque body and are supplied as:

NDC 70710-1041-3 in bottles of 30 capsules with child-resistant closure

NDC 70710-1041-9 in bottles of 90 capsules with child-resistant closure

150 mg: white to off white pellets filled in size "0" cellulose capsules with white opaque cap printed with "1042" in black ink and a white opaque body and are supplied as:

NDC 70710-1042-3 in bottles of 30 capsules with child-resistant closure

NDC 70710-1042-9 in bottles of 90 capsules with child-resistant closure

200 mg: white to off white pellets filled in size "00" cellulose capsules with light green opaque cap printed with "1043" in black ink and a white opaque body and are supplied as:

NDC 70710-1043-3 in bottles of 30 capsules with child-resistant closure

NDC 70710-1043-9 in bottles of 90 capsules with child-resistant closure

Topiramate extended-release capsules should be stored in a tightly closed container at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from moisture.