Levomilnacipran

The recommended dosage range for levomilnacipran extended-release capsule is 40 mg to 120 mg once daily, with or without food. Levomilnacipran extended-release capsules should be initiated at 20 mg once daily for 2 days and then increased to 40 mg once daily. Based on clinical response and tolerability, levomilnacipran extended-release capsules may be increased in increments of 40 mg at intervals of 2 or more days. The maximum recommended dosage is 120 mg once daily.

Take levomilnacipran extended-release capsules at approximately the same time each day. Swallow levomilnacipran extended-release capsules whole; do not open, chew, or crush the capsule.

Prior to initiating treatment with levomilnacipran extended-release capsules or another antidepressant, screen patients for a personal or family history of bipolar disorder, mania, or hypomania [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].

• End stage renal disease (ESRD): Levomilnacipran extended-release capsules are not recommended;
• Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance of 15 mL/min to 29 mL/min), the dosage should not exceed 40 mg once daily;
• Moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance of 30 mL/min to 59 mL/min), the dosage should not exceed 80 mg once daily;
• Mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance of 60 mL/min to 89 mL/min): no dosage adjustment recommended   [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].

Discontinuation symptoms have been reported with discontinuation of serotonergic drugs such as levomilnacipran extended-release capsules. Gradual dose reduction is recommended, instead of abrupt discontinuation, whenever possible. Monitor patients for these symptoms when discontinuing levomilnacipran extended-release capsules. If intolerable symptoms occur following a dose decrease or upon discontinuation of treatment, consider resuming the previously prescribed dose and decreasing the dose at a more gradual rate [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)].

At least 14 days must elapse between discontinuation of an MAOI intended to treat psychiatric disorders and initiation of therapy with levomilnacipran extended-release capsules. Conversely, at least 7 days should be allowed after stopping levomilnacipran extended-release capsules before starting an MAOI antidepressant [see Contraindications (4)].

The maximum recommended dosage of levomilnacipran extended-release capsules should not exceed 80 mg once daily when used with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].

In pooled analyses of placebo-controlled trials of antidepressant drugs (SSRIs and other antidepressant classes) that included approximately 77,000 adult patients and 4,500 pediatric patients, the incidence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in antidepressant-treated patients aged 24 years and younger was greater than in placebo-treated patients. There was considerable variation in risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among drugs, but there was an increased risk identified in young patients for most drugs studied. There were differences in absolute risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors across the different indications, with the highest incidence in patients with MDD. The drug-placebo differences in the number of cases of suicidal thoughts and behaviors per 1,000 patients treated are provided in Table 1.

Table 1: Risk Differences of the Number of Patients of Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior in the Pooled Placebo-Controlled Trials of Antidepressants in Pediatric^* and Adult Patients

It is unknown whether the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, adolescents, and young adults extends to longer-term use, i.e. beyond four months. However, there is substantial evidence from placebo-controlled maintenance trials in adults with MDD that antidepressants delay the recurrence of depression and that depression itself is a risk factor for suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

Monitor all antidepressant-treated patients for any indication for clinical worsening and emergence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, especially during the initial few months of drug therapy, and at times of dosage changes. Counsel family members or caregivers of patients to monitor for changes in behavior and to alert the healthcare provider. Consider changing the therapeutic regimen, including possibly discontinuing levomilnacipran, in patients whose depression is persistently worse, or who are experiencing emergent suicidal thoughts or behaviors.

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), including levomilnacipran, can precipitate serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition. The risk is increased with concomitant use of other serotonergic drugs (including triptans, tricyclic antidepressants, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, meperidine, methadone, tryptophan, buspirone, amphetamines, and St. John’s Wort) and with drugs that impair metabolism of serotonin, i.e. MAOIs  [see Contraindications (4), Drug Interactions (7.1)]. Serotonin syndrome can also occur when these drugs are used alone.

Serotonin syndrome symptoms may include mental status changes (e.g., agitation, hallucinations, delirium, and coma), autonomic instability (e.g., tachycardia, labile blood pressure, dizziness, diaphoresis, flushing, hyperthermia), neuromuscular symptoms (e.g., tremor, rigidity, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, incoordination), seizures, and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea).

The concomitant use of levomilnacipran with MAOIs is contraindicated. In addition, do not initiate levomilnacipran in a patient who is being treated with MAOIs such as linezolid or intravenous methylene blue. No reports involved the administration of methylene blue by other routes (such as oral tablets or local tissue injection). If it is necessary to initiate treatment with a MAOI such as linezolid or intravenous methylene blue in a patient taking levomilnacipran, discontinue levomilnacipran before initiating treatment with the MAOI [see Dosage and Administration (2.5, 2.6) and Contraindications (4), Drug Interactions (7.1)].

Monitor all patients taking levomilnacipran for the emergence of serotonin syndrome. Discontinue treatment with levomilnacipran and any concomitant serotonergic agents immediately if the above events occur and initiate supportive symptomatic treatment. If concomitant use of levomilnacipran with other serotonergic drugs is clinically warranted, inform patients of the increased risk for serotonin syndrome and monitor for symptoms.

SNRIs, including levomilnacipran, have been associated with increases in blood pressure. Blood pressure should be measured prior to initiating treatment and periodically throughout levomilnacipran treatment. Pre-existing hypertension should be controlled before initiating treatment with levomilnacipran. Caution should be exercised in treating patients with pre-existing hypertension, cardiovascular, or cerebrovascular conditions that might be compromised by increases in blood pressure. For patients who experience a sustained increase in blood pressure while receiving levomilnacipran, discontinuation or other appropriate medical intervention should be considered.

Table 2 shows the mean changes in blood pressure, sustained hypertension, and upward shifts in hypertensive status that were observed in levomilnacipran-treated adult patients in the short-term placebo-controlled studies.

Table 2: Blood Pressure Mean Changes, Sustained Hypertension, and Upward Shifts in Hypertensive Status with Levomilnacipran (in Adults)

In the short-term, placebo-controlled MDD studies in adults, the mean increase from initiation of treatment in systolic BP was 3 mm Hg and diastolic BP was 3.2 mm Hg, as compared to no change in the placebo group. There were no dose-related changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure observed.

In adult patients exposed to one-year, open-label treatment of levomilnacipran (doses range from 40 mg to 120 mg once daily), the mean change from initiation of treatment in systolic BP was 3.9 mm Hg and diastolic BP was 3.1 mm Hg.

In short-term, placebo- and active-controlled MDD studies in pediatric patients 7 years to less than 18 years of age, treatment with levomilnacipran was associated with the occurrence of new-onset hypertension (two systolic and/or diastolic BP measurements in the stage I hypertension range and/or one measurement in the stage II range) in 36.2% of treated patients compared with 20.7% of patients randomized to placebo. Elevations in either systolic or diastolic BP leading to measures at or above the stage II hypertension threshold occurred in 12.1% of pediatric patients treated with levomilnacipran and 7.5% of patients randomized to placebo. Sustained hypertension (three or more consecutive systolic or diastolic BP measurements at or above the stage I hypertension threshold) occurred in 15% of pediatric patients treated with levomilnacipran and 4% of patients randomized to placebo. The safety and effectiveness of levomilnacipran have not been established in pediatric patients for the treatment of MDD.

In the short-term, placebo-controlled studies in adults, 11.6% of patients met orthostatic hypotension criteria (SBP or DBP) in the levomilnacipran group compared to 9.7% in the placebo group. Orthostatic reductions of blood pressure ≥ 10 mm Hg in DBP occurred in 5.8%, 6.1% and 9.8% of levomilnacipran-treated patients with doses of 40, 80 and 120 mg/day respectively, compared to 6.2% of placebo-treated patients.

Concomitant use of levomilnacipran with drugs that increase blood pressure and heart rate has not been evaluated and such combinations should be used with caution. Effects of levomilnacipran on blood pressure in patients with significant hypertension or cardiac disease have not been systematically evaluated. Levomilnacipran should be used with caution in these patients.

SNRIs, including levomilnacipran, have been associated with increased heart rate. Heart rate should be measured prior to initiating treatment and periodically throughout levomilnacipran treatment. Pre-existing tachyarrhythmias and other cardiac disease should be treated before starting therapy with levomilnacipran. For patients who experience a sustained increase in heart rate while receiving levomilnacipran, discontinuation or other appropriate medical intervention should be considered.

In short-term clinical studies, levomilnacipran treatment was associated with a mean increase in heart rate of 7.4 beats per minute (bpm) compared to a mean decrease of 0.3 bpm in placebo-treated patients. Heart rate increase in levomilnacipran-treated patients receiving doses of 40 mg, 80 mg and 120 mg was 7.2, 7.2, and 9.1 bpm.

Levomilnacipran has not been systematically evaluated in patients with a cardiac rhythm disorder.

Drugs that interfere with serotonin reuptake, including levomilnacipran, may increase the risk of bleeding events. Concomitant use of aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), warfarin, and other anticoagulants may add to this risk. Case reports and epidemiological studies (case-control and cohort design) have demonstrated an association between use of drugs that interfere with serotonin reuptake and the occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding. Based on data from the published observational studies, exposure to SNRIs, particularly in the month before delivery, has been associated with a less than 2-fold increase in the risk of postpartum hemorrhage [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)]. Bleeding events related to SSRIs and SNRIs have ranged from ecchymosis, hematoma, epistaxis, and petechiae to life-threatening hemorrhages.

Inform patients about the increased risk of bleeding associated with the concomitant use of levomilnacipran and NSAIDs, aspirin, or other drugs that affect coagulation [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].

The pupillary dilation that occurs following use of many antidepressant drugs including levomilnacipran may trigger an angle closure attack in a patient with anatomically narrow angles who does not have a patent iridectomy.

Avoid use of antidepressants, including levomilnacipran, in patients with anatomically narrow angles.

The noradrenergic effect of SNRIs including levomilnacipran, can affect urethral resistance. In the controlled short-term studies, urinary hesitation occurred in 4%, 5% and 6% of levomilnacipran-treated patients receiving doses of 40, 80 and 120 mg, respectively, compared to no patients in the placebo group. Caution is advised in the use of levomilnacipran in patients prone to obstructive urinary disorders. If symptoms of urinary hesitation, urinary retention, or dysuria develop during treatment with levomilnacipran, consideration should be given to the possibility that they might be drug-related, and discontinuation or other appropriate medical intervention should be considered.

Symptoms of mania/hypomania were reported in 0.2% of levomilnacipran-treated patients and 0.2% of placebo-treated patients in clinical studies. Activation of mania/hypomania has also been reported in a small proportion of patients with mood disorders who were treated with other antidepressants. Prior to initiating treatment with levomilnacipran, screen patients for any personal or family history of bipolar disorder, mania, or hypomania.

One case of seizure has been reported in pre-marketing clinical studies with levomilnacipran. Levomilnacipran has not been systematically evaluated in patients with a seizure disorder. Patients with a history of seizures were excluded from clinical studies. Levomilnacipran should be prescribed with caution in patients with a seizure disorder.

There have been reports of adverse events occurring upon discontinuation of serotonergic antidepressants, particularly when discontinuation is abrupt, including the following: dysphoric mood, irritability, agitation, dizziness, sensory disturbances (e.g., paresthesia, such as electric shock sensations), anxiety, confusion, headache, lethargy, emotional lability, insomnia, hypomania, tinnitus, and seizures. While these events are generally self-limiting, there have been reports of serious discontinuation symptoms.

Monitor patients for these symptoms when discontinuing levomilnacipran. Reduce the dose gradually whenever possible. If intolerable symptoms occur following a decrease in the dose or upon discontinuation of treatment, consider resuming the previously prescribed dose. Subsequently, the dose may be decreased, but at a more gradual rate [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)].

Hyponatremia may occur as a result of treatment with SSRIs and SNRIs, including levomilnacipran. In many cases, hyponatremia appears to be the result of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Cases with serum sodium lower than 110 mmol/L have been reported. Elderly patients may be at greater risk of developing hyponatremia with SSRIs and SNRIs. Also, patients taking diuretics or who are otherwise volume depleted can be at greater risk. Levomilnacipran should be discontinued in patients with symptomatic hyponatremia and appropriate medical intervention should be instituted. Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia include headache, difficulty concentrating, memory impairment, confusion, weakness, and unsteadiness, which can lead to falls. Signs and symptoms associated with more severe and/or acute cases have included hallucination, syncope, seizure, coma, respiratory arrest, and death.

Use of SNRIs, including levomilnacipran, may cause symptoms of sexual dysfunction [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. In male patients, SNRI use may result in ejaculatory delay or failure, decreased libido, and erectile dysfunction. In female patients, SNRI use may result in decreased libido and delayed or absent orgasm.

It is important for prescribers to inquire about sexual function prior to initiation of levomilnacipran and to inquire specifically about changes in sexual function during treatment, because sexual function may not be spontaneously reported. When evaluating changes in sexual function, obtaining a detailed history (including timing of symptom onset) is important because sexual symptoms may have other causes, including the underlying psychiatric disorder. Discuss potential management strategies to support patients in making informed decisions about treatment.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical studies of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Patient exposure

The safety of levomilnacipran was evaluated in 3,317 patients (18 to 78 years of age) diagnosed with MDD who participated in clinical studies, representing 1,186 patient-years of exposure. Among the 3,317 levomilnacipran-treated patients, 1,583 were exposed to levomilnacipran in short-term, placebo-controlled studies. There were 825 patients who continued from short-term studies into a one-year, open-label extension study.

Of the 3,317 patients exposed to at least one dose of levomilnacipran, 895 patients were exposed to levomilnacipran for at least 6 months and 367 were exposed for one year. In these studies, levomilnacipran was given at doses ranging from 40 mg to 120 mg once daily and was given without regard to food.

Adverse reactions reported as reasons for discontinuation of treatment

In the short-term placebo-controlled pre-marketing studies for MDD, 9% of the 1,583 patients who received levomilnacipran (40 mg to 120 mg) discontinued treatment due to an adverse reaction, compared with 3% of the 1,040 placebo-treated patients in those studies. The most common adverse reaction leading to discontinuation in at least 1% of the levomilnacipran-treated patients in the short-term placebo-controlled studies was nausea (1.5%).

Common adverse reactions in placebo-controlled MDD studies

The most commonly observed adverse reactions in levomilnacipran-treated MDD patients in placebo-controlled studies (incidence ≥ 5% and at least twice the rate of placebo) were: nausea, constipation, hyperhidrosis, heart rate increased, erectile dysfunction, ejaculation disorder, tachycardia, vomiting, and palpitations.

Table 3 shows the incidence of adverse reactions that occurred in ≥ 2% of levomilnacipran-treated MDD patients and at least twice the rate of placebo in the placebo-controlled studies.

Table 3: Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 2% of Levomilnacipran-treated Patients and at Least Twice the rate of Placebo-treated Patients in Pooled MDD Studies

Dose-related adverse reactions

In pooled data from the short-term placebo-controlled fixed-dose studies, there were no dose-related adverse reactions (greater than 2% overall incidence) in patients treated with levomilnacipran across the dose range 40 mg to 120 mg once daily, with the exception of erectile dysfunction and urinary hesitation (see Table 4).

Table 4: Dose-Related Adverse Reactions

Other adverse reactions observed in clinical studies

Other infrequent adverse reactions, not described elsewhere in the label, occurring at an incidence of < 2% in MDD patients treated with levomilnacipran were:

Cardiac disorders: Angina pectoris; Supraventricular and Ventricular extrasystoles

Eye disorders: Dry eye; Vision blurred; Conjunctival hemorrhage

General disorders: Chest pain; Thirst

Gastrointestinal disorders: Abdominal pain; Flatulence

Investigations disorders: Blood cholesterol increased; Liver function test abnormal

Nervous System disorders: Migraine; Paraesthesia; Syncope; Extrapyramidal disorder

Psychiatric disorders: Agitation; Anger; Bruxism; Panic attack; Tension; Aggression

Renal and Urinary disorder: Pollakiuria; Hematuria; Proteinuria

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: Yawning

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Dry skin; Pruritus; Urticaria

The following adverse reaction has been identified during post-approval use of levomilnacipran or other selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Cardiac disorders: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: Anosmia, Hyposmia

Table 5 includes clinically important drug interactions with levomilnacipran.

Table 5: Clinically Important Drug Interactions with Levomilnacipran

Pregnancy Exposure Registry

There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to antidepressants during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to advise patients to register by calling the National Pregnancy Registry for Antidepressants at 1-844-405-6185 or visiting online at womensmentalhealth.org/research/pregnancyregistry/antidepressants.

Risk Summary

Based on data from published observational studies, exposure to SNRIs, particularly in the month before delivery, has been associated with a less than 2-fold increase in the risk of postpartum hemorrhage [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) and Clinical Considerations].

The available data on levomilnacipran use in pregnant women are insufficient to evaluate for a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. There are risks associated with untreated depression in pregnancy and with exposure to SNRIs and SSRIs, including levomilnacipran, during pregnancy (see Clinical Considerations).

In animal reproduction studies, levomilnacipran was not associated with malformations in rats or rabbits when given during the period of organogenesis at doses up to 8 or 16 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 120 mg on a mg/m² basis, respectively. However, an increase in early post-natal rat pup mortality was seen at a dose equivalent to 5 times the MRHD given during pregnancy and lactation (see Data).

The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk

Women who discontinued antidepressants during pregnancy were more likely to experience a relapse of major depression than women who continued antidepressants. This finding is from a prospective, longitudinal study that followed 201 pregnant women with a history of major depressive disorder who were euthymic and taking antidepressants at the beginning of pregnancy. Consider the risk of untreated depression when discontinuing or changing treatment with antidepressant medication during pregnancy and postpartum.

Maternal Adverse Reactions

Use of levomilnacipran in the month before delivery may be associated with an increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].

Fetal/Neonatal adverse reactions

Neonates exposed to SNRIs or SSRIs, including levomilnacipran, late in the third trimester have developed complications requiring prolonged hospitalization, respiratory support, and tube feeding. Such complications can arise immediately upon delivery. Reported clinical findings have included respiratory distress, cyanosis, apnea, seizures, temperature instability, feeding difficulty, vomiting, hypoglycemia, hypotonia, hypertonia, hyperreflexia, tremor, jitteriness, irritability, and constant crying. These findings are consistent with either direct toxic effect of SSRIs and SNRIs or possibly, a drug discontinuation syndrome. It should be noted that, in some cases, the clinical picture is consistent with serotonin syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2 and 5.10)].

Data

Animal Data

No malformations were observed when levomilnacipran was administered to pregnant rats or rabbits during the period of organogenesis at oral doses up to 100 mg/kg/day. This dose is 8 and 16 times (in rats and rabbits, respectively) the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 120 mg on a mg/m² basis. Fetal body weights were reduced in rats, and skeletal ossification was delayed in both rats and rabbits at this dose; these effects were not observed in either species at doses up to 30 mg/kg/day, 2.4 times the MRHD in rats or 5 times the MRHD in rabbits on a mg/m² basis.

When levomilnacipran was administered to pregnant rats at an oral dose of 60 mg/kg/day, 5 times the MRHD, during organogenesis and throughout pregnancy and lactation, there was an increase in early post-natal pup mortality; no pup mortality was seen at 20 mg/kg/day, 1.6 times the MRHD on a mg/m² basis. Among the surviving pups, pre- and post-weaning pup weight gain was reduced up to at least 8 weeks of age; however, physical and functional development, including reproductive performance of the progeny, was not affected. The effects on body weight gain were not seen at 7 mg/kg/day, 0.6 times the MRHD on a mg/m² basis.

Risk Summary

There are no available data on the presence of levomilnacipran in human milk; however, racemic milnacipran is present in human milk (see Data). There are no reports on the effects of levomilnacipran or milnacipran on the breastfed infant or the effects on milk production. However, there are reports of agitation, irritability, poor feeding and poor weight gain in infants exposed to SSRIs or SNRIs through breast milk (see Clinical Considerations). The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for levomilnacipran and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from levomilnacipran or from the underlying maternal conditions.

Clinical Considerations

Infants exposed to levomilnacipran should be monitored for agitation, irritability, poor feeding and poor weight gain.

Data

Milnacipran, a racemic mixture that contains levomilnacipran (the 1S,2R-enantiomer of milnacipran), is present in the milk of lactating women treated with milnacipran. In a lactation pharmacokinetic study with milnacipran, a single, oral dose of 50 mg milnacipran HCl tablet was administered to 8 lactating women who were at least 12 weeks postpartum and weaning their infants. The milk/plasma AUC ratio of milnacipran was 1.85 ± 0.38. The maximum estimated weight-adjusted daily infant dose for milnacipran from breast milk (assuming mean milk consumption of 150 mL/kg/day) was 5% of the maternal weight-adjusted dose based on peak plasma concentrations.

The safety and effectiveness of levomilnacipran have not been established in pediatric patients for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).

The safety and efficacy of levomilnacipran were evaluated in two randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled 8-week trials in pediatric patients with MDD, one in patients 7 to 17 years of age (flexible-dose study) and the other in patients 12 to 17 years of age (fixed-dose study). The primary efficacy endpoint for both studies was the change from baseline to week 8 in the Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) total score. The CDRS-R assesses the severity of depression and change in depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with depression. Levomilnacipran was not superior to placebo in either study. The most commonly observed adverse reactions in pediatric patients 7 to 17 years of age randomized to levomilnacipran were similar to those observed in adults [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

Levomilnacipran was associated with an increase in blood pressure in placebo-and active-controlled trials in pediatric patients with MDD. Increases in blood pressure in pediatric patients treated with levomilnacipran led to a higher proportion of pediatric patients developing new-onset and sustained hypertension when compared to adults [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

Antidepressants increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in pediatric patients [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.1), and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

Juvenile Animal Toxicity Data

In a juvenile animal study, male and female rats were treated with 10, 35, or 120 mg/kg/day of levomilnacipran by oral gavage from post-natal day 21 to 90. At 120 mg/kg/day, there was a decrease in bone mineral density in both males and females and a decrease in mean tibia length in females. These effects were not completely resolved at the end of the recovery period. There was a delay in sexual maturation in females treated with 120 mg/kg/day; however, there was no effect on fertility. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for all these findings was 35 mg/kg/day.

No dose adjustment is recommended on the basis of age [see  Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Of the total number of patients in the 8-week clinical studies of levomilnacipran, 2.8% of patients were age 65 or older.

Because levomilnacipran is predominantly excreted by the kidney, renal clearance of levomilnacipran should be considered when determining the dose [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].

SNRIs, including levomilnacipran, have been associated with cases of clinically significant hyponatremia in elderly patients, who may be at greater risk for this adverse reaction [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)].

Dose adjustment is not recommended in patients with mild (Child-Pugh score of 1 to 6), moderate (Child-Pugh score of 7 to 9), or severe (Child-Pugh score of 10 to 13) hepatic impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Renal excretion plays a predominant role in the elimination of levomilnacipran.

Levomilnacipran is not recommended for use in patients with end stage renal disease.

Dosing adjustment is recommended for patients with moderate (creatinine clearance of 30 mL/min to 59 mL/min) or severe (creatinine clearance of 15 mL/min to 29 mL/min) renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Dose adjustment is not recommended for patients with mild (creatinine clearance of 60 mL/min to 89 mL/min) renal impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Levomilnacipran is not a controlled substance.

Levomilnacipran has not been systematically studied in animals or humans for its potential for abuse. There was no evidence suggestive of drug-seeking behavior in the clinical studies. It is not possible to predict on the basis of clinical experience the extent to which a CNS active drug will be misused, diverted, and/or abused once marketed. Consequently, physicians should carefully evaluate patients for a history of drug abuse and follow such patients closely, observing them for signs of misuse or abuse of levomilnacipran (e.g., development of tolerance or drug-seeking behavior).

Levomilnacipran has not been systematically studied in animals or humans for its potential for dependence.

There is limited clinical experience with levomilnacipran overdose in humans. In clinical studies, cases of ingestions up to 360 mg daily were reported with none being fatal.

No specific antidotes for levomilnacipran are known. In managing overdose, provide supportive care, including close medical supervision and monitoring, and consider the possibility of multiple drug involvement. In case of an overdose, consult a Certified Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222) for up-to-date guidance and advice. The high volume of distribution of levomilnacipran suggests that dialysis will not be effective in reducing levomilnacipran plasma concentrations.

The exact mechanism of the antidepressant action of levomilnacipran is unknown, but is thought to be related to the potentiation of serotonin and norepinephrine in the central nervous system, through inhibition of reuptake at serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. Non-clinical studies have shown that levomilnacipran is a potent and selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).

Levomilnacipran binds with high affinity to the human serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) transporters (Ki = 11 and 91 nM, respectively) and potently inhibits 5-HT and NE reuptake (IC50 = 16 to 19 and 11 nM, respectively). Levomilnacipran lacks significant affinity for any other receptors, ion channels or transporters tested in vitro, including serotonergic (5HT1-7), α- and β-adrenergic, muscarinic, or histaminergic receptors and Ca²⁺, Na+, K+ or Cl- channels. Levomilnacipran did not inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO).

Cardiovascular Electrophysiology

At a dose 2.5 times the maximum recommended dose, levomilnacipran does not prolong QTc to any clinically relevant extent.

The concentration of levomilnacipran at steady-state is proportional to dose when administered from 25 mg to 300 mg (2.5 times the maximum recommended dosage of levomilnacipran) once daily. Steady-state concentrations of levomilnacipran are predictable from single-dose data. After daily dosing of levomilnacipran 120 mg, the mean C_max value is 341 ng/mL, and the mean steady-state AUC value is 5196 ng·h/mL. Interconversion between levomilnacipran and its stereoisomer does not occur in humans.

Absorption

The relative bioavailability of levomilnacipran after administration of levomilnacipran extended-release capsules was 92% when compared to oral solution. The median time to peak concentration (T_max) of levomilnacipran is 6 to 8 hours after oral administration.

Effect of Food

Levomilnacipran concentration was not significantly affected when levomilnacipran extended-release capsule was administered with food.

Distribution

Levomilnacipran is widely distributed with an apparent volume of distribution of 387 to 473 L; plasma protein binding is 22% over concentration range of 10 to 1,000 ng/mL.

Elimination

Following an oral administration, the mean apparent total clearance of levomilnacipran is 21 to 29 L/h. The apparent terminal elimination half-life of levomilnacipran is approximately 12 hours.

Metabolism

Levomilnacipran undergoes desethylation to form desethyl levomilnacipran and hydroxylation to form p-hydroxy-levomilnacipran. Both oxidative metabolites undergo further conjugation with glucuronide to form conjugates. The desethylation is catalyzed primarily by CYP3A4 with minor contribution by CYP2C8, 2C19, 2D6, and 2J2.

Excretion

Levomilnacipran and its metabolites are eliminated primarily by renal excretion. Following oral administration of 14C-levomilnacipran solution, approximately 58% of the dose is excreted in urine as unchanged levomilnacipran. N-desethyl levomilnacipran is the major metabolite excreted in the urine and accounted for approximately 18% of the dose. Other identifiable metabolites excreted in the urine are levomilnacipran glucuronide (4%), desethyl levomilnacipran glucuronide (3%), p-hydroxy levomilnacipran glucuronide (1%), and p-hydroxy levomilnacipran (1%). The metabolites are inactive [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].

Drug Interaction Studies

Clinical Studies

The drug interaction studies for levomilnacipran are summarized in Figure 1.

Figure 1. PK Interactions between Levomilnacipran (LVM) and Other Drugs

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In vitro Studies

In vitro studies suggested that CYP2C8, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2J2 had minimal contributions to metabolism of levomilnacipran. In addition, levomilnacipran is not a substrate of BCRP, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OAT1, OAT3, or OCT2 and is a weak substrate of P-gp.

In vitro studies have shown that levomilnacipran is not an inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, P-gp, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OAT1, OAT3, or OCT2.

Alcohol

An in vitro study indicated increases of levomilnacipran release from levomilnacipran extended-release capsules (20, 40, 80, and 120 mg) at 2 hours by approximately 9.5%, 23% and 56% in the presence of 5%, 20% and 40% (v/v) alcohol, respectively. Effect of 40% alcohol resulted in nearly complete drug release in 4 hours. There is no in vivo study conducted for the effect of alcohol on drug exposure.

Specific Populations

The effect of intrinsic patient factors on the pharmacokinetics of levomilnacipran is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Effect of Intrinsic Factors on Levomilnacipran PK

Carcinogenesis

Levomilnacipran administered by oral gavage to rats for 2 years and Tg.rasH2 mice for 6 months did not increase the incidence of tumors in either study.

Rats received levomilnacipran at doses up to 90/70 mg/kg/day (the dose was lowered in males after 45 weeks of dosing). The 90 mg/kg/day dose is 7 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 120 mg on a mg/m² basis.

Tg.rasH2 mice received levomilnacipran at doses up to 150 mg/kg/day.

Mutagenesis

Levomilnacipran was not mutagenic in the in vitro bacterial mutation assay (Ames test) and was not clastogenic in an in vivo micronucleus assay in rats. Additionally, levomilnacipran was not genotoxic in the in vitro mouse lymphoma (L5178Y TK+/-) cell forward mutation assay.

Impairment of Fertility

When levomilnacipran was administered orally to male and female rats before mating, through mating and up to Day 7 of gestation at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day, no effects were observed on fertility. This dose is 8 times the MRHD on a mg/m² basis.

The efficacy of levomilnacipran for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) was established in three 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies (at doses 40 mg to 120 mg once daily) in adult (18 to 78 years of age) outpatients who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for MDD. Two of the studies were fixed dose (Study 1 and Study 2) and one study was flexible dose (Study 3).

In Study 1, patients received 40 mg (n = 178), 80 mg (n = 179), or 120 mg (n = 180) of levomilnacipran once daily, or placebo (n = 176). In Study 2, patients received either 40 mg (n = 188) or 80 mg (n = 188) of levomilnacipran once daily, or placebo (n = 186). In the flexible-dose study (Study 3), patients received 40 mg to 120 mg (n = 217) of levomilnacipran once daily, or placebo (n = 217) with 21%, 34%, and 44% of levomilnacipran patients on 40 mg, 80 mg, and 120 mg, respectively at the end of their treatment.

In all three studies, levomilnacipran demonstrated superiority over placebo in the improvement of depressive symptoms as measured by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score (see Table 6). Levomilnacipran also demonstrated superiority over placebo as measured by improvement in the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) functional impairment total score.

Table 6: Summary of Results for the Primary Efficacy Endpoint MADRS

Post-hoc analyses of the relationships between treatment outcome and age, gender, and race did not suggest any differential responsiveness on the basis of these patient characteristics.

In a maintenance study (Study 4; NCT02288325), adult patients meeting DSM-5 criteria for MDD received flexibly dosed levomilnacipran (40 mg, 80 mg, or 120 mg) once daily for 8 weeks. Responders in the initial 8-week treatment period were eligible to enter a 12-week, open-label, fixed-dose stabilization phase. At the end of stabilization, approximately half of the subjects were receiving 120 mg once daily. Three hundred twenty-four (324) patients who met the response criteria (MADRS total score ≤ 12) after 20 weeks of open-label treatment were randomized to the double-blind treatment phase with levomilnacipran or placebo for 26 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the time from randomization to first relapse during the double-blind phase. Relapse of depressive episode was defined as a MADRS total score ≥ 18 at two consecutive visits or insufficient therapeutic response as judged by the investigator. Patients on levomilnacipran experienced a statistically significantly longer time to relapse than patients on placebo (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Kaplan-Meier Estimated Proportion of Patients with Relapse for Adults with MDD (Study 4)

Note: The estimated hazard ratio (95% CI) of levomilnacipran relative to Placebo based on Cox proportional hazards model was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.92).