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warnings and cautions
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Worsening cardiac failure may occur. ( 5.2 ) Bronchospastic Disease: Avoid beta-blockers. ( 5.3 ) Pheochromocytoma: First initiate therapy with an alpha blocker. ( 5.4 ) May aggravate symptoms of arterial insufficiency. ( 5.6 ) 5.1 Bradycardia Bradycardia, including sinus pause, heart block, and cardiac arrest have occurred with the use of Metoprolol tartrate. Patients with first-degree atrioventricular block, sinus node dysfunction, or conduction disorders may be at increased risk. Monitor heart rate and rhythm in patients receiving Metoprolol tartrate. If severe bradycardia develops, reduce or stop Metoprolol tartrate. 5.2 Heart Failure Worsening cardiac failure may occur during metoprolol use. If such symptoms occur, increase diuretics and restore clinical stability before administering the next dose of metoprolol [see Dosage and Administration (2) ] . Such episodes do not preclude subsequent successful titration of oral metoprolol. 5.3 Bronchospastic Disease PATIENTS WITH BRONCHOSPASTIC DISEASES, IN GENERAL, SHOULD NOT RECEIVE BETA-BLOCKERS because they can exacerbate bronchospasm. Because of its relative beta 1 cardio-selectivity, however, metoprolol may be used in patients with bronchospastic disease for initial treatment of myocardial infarction. Bronchodilators, including beta 2 -agonists, should be readily available or administered concomitantly [see Dosage and Administration (2) ]. 5.4 Pheochromocytoma If metoprolol tartrate is used in the setting of pheochromocytoma, it should be given in combination with an alpha blocker, and only after the alpha blocker has been initiated. Administration of beta-blockers alone in the setting of pheochromocytoma has been associated with a paradoxical increase in blood pressure due to the attenuation of beta-mediated vasodilatation in skeletal muscle. 5.5 Hypoglycemia Beta-blockers may prevent early warning signs of hypoglycemia, such as tachycardia, and increase the risk for severe or prolonged hypoglycemia at any time during treatment, especially in patients with diabetes mellitus or children and patients who are fasting (i.e., surgery, not eating regularly, or are vomiting). If severe hypoglycemia occurs, patients should be instructed to seek emergency treatment. 5.6 Peripheral Vascular Disease Beta-blockers can precipitate or aggravate symptoms of arterial insufficiency in patients with peripheral vascular disease.
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following adverse reactions are described elsewhere in labeling: Worsening angina or myocardial infarction [see Warnings and Precautions (5) ] Worsening heart failure [see Warnings and Precautions (5) ] Worsening AV block [see Contraindications (4) ] Most common adverse reactions: tiredness, dizziness, shortness of breath, bradycardia, hypotension, pruritus. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Hospira, Inc. at 1-800-441-4100 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The adverse reaction information from clinical trials does, however, provide a basis for identifying the adverse events that appear to be related to drug use and for approximating rates. Myocardial Infarction These adverse reactions were reported from treatment regimens where intravenous Metoprolol tartrate was administered, when tolerated. Central Nervous System: Tiredness has been reported in about 1 of 100 patients. Vertigo, sleep disturbances, hallucinations, headache, dizziness, visual disturbances, confusion, and reduced libido have also been reported, but a drug relationship is not clear. Cardiovascular: In a randomized comparison of Metoprolol tartrate and placebo, the following adverse reactions were reported: Metoprolol Tartrate Placebo Hypotension (systolic BP <90 mmHg) 27.4% 23.2% Bradycardia (heart rate <40 beats/min) 15.9% 6.7% Second- or third-degree heart block 4.7% 4.7% First-degree heart block (P-R ≥0.26 sec) 5.3% 1.9% Heart failure 27.5% 29.6% Respiratory: Dyspnea of pulmonary origin has been reported in fewer than 1 of 100 patients. Gastrointestinal: Nausea and abdominal pain have been reported in fewer than 1 of 100 patients. Miscellaneous: Unstable diabetes and claudication have been reported. 6.2 Post-Marketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of metoprolol. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Cardiovascular: Cold extremities, arterial insufficiency (usually of the Raynaud type), palpitations, peripheral edema, syncope, and hypotension. Respiratory: Wheezing (bronchospasm), dyspnea. Central Nervous System: Confusion, short-term memory loss, headache, nightmares, insomnia, nervousness, hallucinations. Gastrointestinal: Nausea, dry mouth, constipation, flatulence, heartburn, hepatitis, vomiting. Hypersensitive Reactions: Pruritus. Miscellaneous: Musculoskeletal pain, arthritis, blurred vision, decreased libido, tinnitus, reversible alopecia, agranulocytosis, dry eyes, worsening of psoriasis, Peyronie's disease, photosensitivity.