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adverse reactions
ADVERSE REACTIONS THE MAJOR TOXICITY OF FOSCARNET IS RENAL IMPAIRMENT (see WARNINGS section). Approximately 33% of 189 patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis who received foscarnet (60 mg/kg TID), without adequate hydration, developed significant impairment of renal function (serum creatinine ≥ 2.0 mg/dL). The incidence of renal impairment in subsequent clinical trials in which 1000 mL of normal saline or 5% dextrose solution was given with each infusion of foscarnet was 12% (34/280). Foscarnet has been associated with changes in serum electrolytes including hypocalcemia (15-30%), hypophosphatemia (8–26%) and hyperphosphatemia (6%), hypomagnesemia (15–30%), and hypokalemia (16–48%) (see WARNINGS section). The higher percentages were derived from those patients receiving hydration. Foscarnet treatment was associated with seizures in 18/189 (10%) AIDS patients in the initial five controlled studies (see WARNINGS section). Risk factors associated with seizures included impaired baseline renal function, low total serum calcium, and underlying CNS conditions predisposing the patient to seizures. The rate of seizures did not increase with duration of treatment. Three cases were associated with overdoses of foscarnet (see OVERDOSAGE section). In five controlled U.S. clinical trials the most frequently reported adverse events in patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis are shown in Table 9 . These figures were calculated without reference to drug relationship or severity. TABLE 9 Adverse Events Reported in Five Controlled US Clinical Trials n = 189 n = 189 Fever 65% Abnormal Renal Function 27% Nausea 47% Vomiting 26% Anemia 33% Headache 26% Diarrhea 30% Seizures 10% From the same controlled studies, adverse events categorized by investigator as “severe” are shown in Table 10 . Although death was specifically attributed to foscarnet in only one case, other complications of foscarnet (i.e., renal impairment, electrolyte abnormalities, and seizures) may have contributed to patient deaths (see WARNINGS section). TABLE 10 Severe Adverse Events n = 189 Death 14% Abnormal Renal Function 14% Marrow Suppression 10% Anemia 9% Seizures 7% From the five initial U.S. controlled trials of foscarnet, the following list of adverse events has been compiled regardless of causal relationship to foscarnet. Evaluation of these reports was difficult because of the diverse manifestations of the underlying disease and because most patients received numerous concomitant medications. Incidence of 5% or Greater Body as a Whole : fever, fatigue, rigors, asthenia, malaise, pain, infection, sepsis, death Central and Peripheral Nervous System: headache, paresthesia, dizziness, involuntary muscle contractions, hypoesthesia, neuropathy, seizures including grand mal seizures (see WARNINGS ) Gastrointestinal System : anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain Hematologic : anemia, granulocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia (see PRECAUTIONS ) Metabolic and Nutritional : mineral and electrolyte imbalances (see WARNINGS ) including hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphatemia Psychiatric : depression, confusion, anxiety Respiratory System : coughing, dyspnea Skin and Appendages : rash, increased sweating Urinary : alterations in renal function including increased serum creatinine, decreased creatinine clearance, and abnormal renal function (see WARNINGS ) Special Senses : vision abnormalities Incidence between 1% and 5% Application Site : injection site pain, injection site inflammation Body as a Whole : back pain, chest pain (including reports of transient chest pain as part of infusion reactions), edema, influenza-like symptoms, bacterial infections, moniliasis, fungal infections, abscess Cardiovascular : hypertension, palpitations, ECG abnormalities including sinus tachycardia, first degree AV block and non-specific ST-T segment changes, hypotension, flushing, cerebrovascular disorder (see WARNINGS ) Central and Peripheral Nervous System : tremor, ataxia, dementia, stupor, generalized spasms, sensory disturbances, meningitis, aphasia, abnormal coordination, leg cramps, EEG abnormalities (see WARNINGS ) Gastrointestinal : constipation, dysphagia, dyspepsia, rectal hemorrhage, dry mouth, melena, flatulence, ulcerative stomatitis, pancreatitis Hematologic : thrombocytopenia, platelet abnormalities, thrombosis, white blood cell abnormalities, lymphadenopathy Liver and Biliary : abnormal A-G ratio, abnormal hepatic function, increased SGPT, increased SGOT Metabolic and Nutritional : hyponatremia, decreased weight, increased alkaline phosphatase, increased LDH, increased BUN, acidosis, cachexia, thirst Musculo-Skeletal : arthralgia, myalgia Neoplasms : lymphoma-like disorder, sarcoma Psychiatric : insomnia, somnolence, nervousness, amnesia, agitation, aggressive reaction, hallucination Respiratory System : pneumonia, sinusitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, respiratory disorders, respiratory insufficiency, pulmonary infiltration, stridor, pneumothorax, hemoptysis, bronchospasm Skin and Appendages : pruritus, skin ulceration, seborrhea, erythematous rash, maculo-papular rash, skin discoloration Special Senses : taste perversions, eye abnormalities, eye pain, conjunctivitis Urinary System : albuminuria, dysuria, polyuria, urethral disorder, urinary retention, urinary tract infections, acute renal failure, nocturia, facial edema Selected adverse events occurring at a rate of less than 1% in the five initial U.S. controlled clinical trials of foscarnet include: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, pancytopenia, hematuria, dehydration, hypoproteinemia, increases in amylase and creatinine phosphokinase, cardiac arrest, coma, and other cardiovascular and neurologic complications. Selected adverse event data from the Foscarnet vs. Ganciclovir CMV Retinitis Trial (FGCRT), performed by the Studies of the Ocular Complications of AIDS (SOCA) Research Group, are shown in Table 11 (see CLINICAL TRIALS section). TABLE 11 FGRCT: Selected Adverse Events* * Values for the treatment groups refer only to patients who completed at least one follow-up visit – i.e., 133 to 119 patients in the ganciclovir group and 93 to 100 in the foscarnet group. “Events” denotes all events observed and “patients” the number of patients with one or more of the indicated events. †Per person-year at risk ‡Final frozen SOCA I database dated October 1991 EVENT GANCICLOVIR FOSCARNET No. of Events No. of Patients Rates† No. of Events No. of Patients Rates† Absolute neutrophil count decreasing to <0.50 x 10 9 per liter 63 41 1.30 31 17 0.72 Serum creatinine increasing to >260 μmol per liter (>2.9 mg/dL) 6 4 0.12 13 9 0.30 Seizure ‡ 21 13 0.37 19 13 0.37 Catheterization-related infection 49 27 1.26 51 28 1.46 Hospitalization 209 91 4.74 202 75 5.03 Selected adverse events from ACTG Study 228 (CRRT) comparing combination therapy with foscarnet or ganciclovir monotherapy are shown in Table 12 . The most common reason for a treatment change in patients assigned to either foscarnet or ganciclovir was retinitis progression. The most frequent reason for a treatment change in the combination treatment group was toxicity. TABLE 12 CRRT: Selected Adverse Events * Pts. = patients with event; †Rate = events/person/year; ‡ANC = absolute neutrophil count Foscarnet N=88 Ganciclovir N=93 Combination N=93 No. Events No. Pts.* Rate† No. Events No. Pts.* Rate† No. Events No. Pts.* Rate† Anemia (Hgb <70g/L) 11 7 0.20 9 7 0.14 19 15 0.33 Neutropenia‡ ANC <0.75 x 10 9 cells/L ANC <0.50 x 10 9 cells/L 86 50 32 25 1.53 0.91 95 49 41 28 1.51 0.80 107 50 51 28 1.91 0.85 Thrombocytopenia Platelets <50 x 10 9 /L Platelets <20 x 10 9 /L 28 1 14 1 0.50 0.01 19 6 8 2 0.43 0.05 40 7 15 6 0.56 0.18 Nephrotoxicity Creatinine >260 μmol/L (>2.9 mg/dL) 9 7 0.15 10 7 0.17 11 10 0.20 Seizures 6 6 0.17 7 6 0.15 10 5 0.18 Hospitalizations 86 53 1.86 111 59 2.36 118 64 2.36 Adverse events that have been reported in post-marketing surveillance include: administration site extravasation, localized edema, hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylactic shock, urticaria and angioedema) (see WARNINGS section), gastrointestinal hemorrhage, increased lipase, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, proteinuria, status epilepticus, ventricular arrhythmia, prolongation of QT interval, torsade de pointes (see WARNINGS section), gamma GT increased, diabetes insipidus (usually nephrogenic), renal calculus, Fanconi syndrome acquired, renal tubular acidosis, renal tubular necrosis, crystal-induced nephropathy, hypercalcemia, hypernatremia, esophageal ulceration and muscle disorders including myopathy, myositis, muscle weakness and rare cases of rhabdomyolysis. Cases of vesiculobullous eruptions including erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have been reported. In most cases, patients were taking other medications that have been associated with toxic epidermal necrolysis or Stevens-Johnson syndrome.