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adverse reactions
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following serious adverse reactions are discussed in detail in another section of the labeling: Hypersensitivity [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] Hepatic Effects [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] Elevated Liver Enzymes During Concomitant Use with Cyclosporine [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] Adults: Most common adverse reactions (incidence 10% or greater) are diarrhea, pyrexia, ALT/AST increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, and blood potassium decreased. ( 6.1 ) Pediatric Patients: Most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥10%) are pyrexia, diarrhea, rash, ALT/AST increased, blood potassium decreased, hypotension, and chills. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Almaject, Inc. at 1-866-770-3024 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in clinical trials of caspofungin cannot be directly compared to rates in clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. Clinical Trials Experience in Adults The overall safety of caspofungin was assessed in 1865 adult individuals who received single or multiple doses of caspofungin: 564 febrile, neutropenic patients (empirical therapy study); 382 patients with candidemia and/or intra-abdominal abscesses, peritonitis, or pleural space infections (including 4 patients with chronic disseminated candidiasis); 297 patients with esophageal and/or oropharyngeal candidiasis; 228 patients with invasive aspergillosis; and 394 individuals in phase I studies. In the empirical therapy study patients had undergone hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation or chemotherapy. In the studies involving patients with documented Candida infections, the majority of the patients had serious underlying medical conditions (e.g., hematologic or other malignancy, recent major surgery, HIV) requiring multiple concomitant medications. Patients in the noncomparative Aspergillus studies often had serious predisposing medical conditions (e.g., bone marrow or peripheral stem cell transplants, hematologic malignancy, solid tumors or organ transplants) requiring multiple concomitant medications. Empirical Therapy for Presumed Fungal Infections in Febrile Neutropenic Patients In the randomized, double-blinded empirical therapy study, patients received either caspofungin 50 mg/day (following a 70 mg loading dose) or AmBisome ® (amphotericin B liposome for injection, 3 mg/kg/day). In this study clinical or laboratory hepatic adverse reactions were reported in 39% and 45% of patients in the caspofungin and AmBisome groups, respectively. Also reported was an isolated, serious adverse reaction of hyperbilirubinemia. Adverse reactions occurring in 7.5% or greater of the patients in either treatment group are presented in Table 2 . Table 2: Adverse Reactions Among Patients with Persistent Fever and Neutropenia Incidence 7.5% or greater for at Least One Treatment Group Within any system organ class, individuals may experience more than 1 adverse reaction. * 70 mg on Day 1, then 50 mg once daily for the remainder of treatment; daily dose was increased to 70 mg for 73 patients. † 3 mg/kg/day; daily dose was increased to 5 mg/kg for 74 patients. Adverse Reactions Caspofungin * N=564 (%) AmBisome † N=547 (%) All Systems, Any Adverse Reaction 95 97 Investigations 58 63 Alanine Aminotransferase Increased 18 20 Blood Alkaline Phosphatase Increased 15 23 Blood Potassium Decreased 15 23 Aspartate Aminotransferase Increased 14 17 Blood Bilirubin Increased 10 14 Blood Magnesium Decreased 7 9 Blood Glucose Increased 6 9 Bilirubin Conjugated Increased 5 9 Blood Urea Increased 4 8 Blood Creatinine Increased 3 11 General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions 57 63 Pyrexia 27 29 Chills 23 31 Edema Peripheral 11 12 Mucosal Inflammation 6 8 Gastrointestinal Disorders 50 55 Diarrhea 20 16 Nausea 11 20 Abdominal Pain 9 11 Vomiting 9 17 Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders 47 49 Dyspnea 9 10 Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders 42 37 Rash 16 14 Nervous System Disorders 25 27 Headache 11 12 Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders 21 24 Hypokalemia 6 8 Vascular Disorders 20 23 Hypotension 6 10 Cardiac Disorders 16 19 Tachycardia 7 9 The proportion of patients who experienced an infusion-related adverse reaction (defined as a systemic event, such as pyrexia, chills, flushing, hypotension, hypertension, tachycardia, dyspnea, tachypnea, rash, or anaphylaxis, that developed during the study therapy infusion and one hour following infusion) was significantly lower in the group treated with caspofungin (35%) than in the group treated with AmBisome (52%). To evaluate the effect of caspofungin and AmBisome on renal function, nephrotoxicity was defined as doubling of serum creatinine relative to baseline or an increase of greater than or equal to 1 mg/dL in serum creatinine if baseline serum creatinine was above the upper limit of the normal range. Among patients whose baseline creatinine clearance was greater than 30 mL/min, the incidence of nephrotoxicity was significantly lower in the group treated with caspofungin (3%) than in the group treated with AmBisome (12%). Candidemia and Other Candida Infections In the randomized, double-blinded invasive candidiasis study, patients received either caspofungin 50 mg/day (following a 70 mg loading dose) or amphotericin B 0.6 to 1 mg/kg/day. Adverse reactions occurring in 10% or greater of the patients in either treatment group are presented in Table 3 . Table 3: Adverse Reactions Among Patients with Candidemia or Other Candida Infections* Incidence 10% or Greater for at Least One Treatment Group Within any system organ class, individuals may experience more than 1 adverse reaction. * Intra-abdominal abscesses, peritonitis and pleural space infections. † Patients received caspofungin 70 mg on Day 1, then 50 mg once daily for the remainder of their treatment. Adverse Reactions Caspofungin 50 mg † N=114 (%) Amphotericin B N=125 (%) All Systems, Any Adverse Reaction 96 99 Investigations 67 82 Blood Potassium Decreased 23 32 Blood Alkaline Phosphatase Increased 21 32 Hemoglobin Decreased 18 23 Alanine Aminotransferase Increased 16 15 Aspartate Aminotransferase Increased 16 14 Blood Bilirubin Increased 13 17 Hematocrit Decreased 13 18 Blood Creatinine Increased 11 28 Red Blood Cells Urine Positive 10 10 Blood Urea Increased 9 23 Bilirubin Conjugated Increased 8 14 Gastrointestinal Disorders 49 53 Vomiting 17 16 Diarrhea 14 10 Nausea 9 17 General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions 47 63 Pyrexia 13 33 Edema Peripheral 11 12 Chills 9 30 Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders 40 54 Tachypnea 1 11 Cardiac Disorders 26 34 Tachycardia 8 12 Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders 25 28 Rash 4 10 Vascular Disorders 25 38 Hypotension 10 16 Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders 15 13 Anemia 11 9 The proportion of patients who experienced an infusion-related adverse reaction (defined as a systemic event, such as pyrexia, chills, flushing, hypotension, hypertension, tachycardia, dyspnea, tachypnea, rash, or anaphylaxis, that developed during the study therapy infusion and one hour following infusion) was significantly lower in the group treated with caspofungin (20%) than in the group treated with amphotericin B (49%). To evaluate the effect of caspofungin and amphotericin B on renal function, nephrotoxicity was defined as doubling of serum creatinine relative to baseline or an increase of greater than or equal to 1 mg/dL in serum creatinine if baseline serum creatinine was above the upper limit of the normal range. In a subgroup of patients whose baseline creatinine clearance was greater than 30 mL/min, the incidence of nephrotoxicity was significantly lower in the group treated with caspofungin than in the group treated with amphotericin B. In a second randomized, double-blinded invasive candidiasis study, patients received either caspofungin 50 mg/day (following a 70 mg loading dose) or caspofungin 150 mg/day. The proportion of patients who experienced any adverse reaction was similar in the 2 treatment groups; however, this study was not large enough to detect differences in rare or unexpected adverse reactions. Adverse reactions occurring in 5% or greater of the patients in either treatment group are presented in Table 4 . Table 4: Adverse Reactions Among Patients with Candidemia or other Candida Infections* Incidence 5% or Greater for at Least One Treatment Group Within any system organ class, individuals may experience more than 1 adverse event. * Intra-abdominal abscesses, peritonitis and pleural space infections. † Patients received caspofungin 70 mg on Day 1, then 50 mg once daily for the remainder of their treatment. Adverse Reactions Caspofungin 50 mg † N=104 (%) Caspofungin 150 mg N=100 (%) All Systems, Any Adverse Reaction 83 83 General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions 33 27 Pyrexia 6 6 Gastrointestinal Disorders 30 33 Vomiting 11 6 Diarrhea 6 7 Nausea 5 7 Investigations 28 35 Alkaline Phosphatase Increased 12 9 Aspartate Aminotransferase Increased 6 9 Blood potassium decreased 6 8 Alanine Aminotransferase Increased 4 7 Vascular Disorders 19 18 Hypotension 7 3 Hypertension 5 6 Esophageal Candidiasis and Oropharyngeal Candidiasis Adverse reactions occurring in 10% or greater of patients with esophageal and/or oropharyngeal candidiasis are presented in Table 5 . Table 5: Adverse Reactions Among Patients with Esophageal and/or Oropharyngeal Candidiasis Incidence 10% or Greater for at Least One Treatment Group Within any system organ class, individuals may experience more than 1 adverse reaction. * Derived from a comparator-controlled clinical study. Adverse Reactions Caspofungin 50 mg* N=83 (%) Fluconazole IV 200 mg* N=94 (%) All Systems, Any Adverse Reaction 90 93 Gastrointestinal Disorders 58 50 Diarrhea 27 18 Nausea 15 15 Investigations 53 61 Hemoglobin Decreased 21 16 Hematocrit Decreased 18 16 Aspartate Aminotransferase Increased 13 19 Blood Alkaline Phosphatase Increased 13 17 Alanine Aminotransferase Increased 12 17 White Blood Cell Count Decreased 12 19 General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions 31 36 Pyrexia 21 21 Vascular Disorders 19 15 Phlebitis 18 11 Nervous System Disorders 18 17 Headache 15 9 Invasive Aspergillosis In an open-label, noncomparative aspergillosis study, in which 69 patients received caspofungin (70 mg loading dose on Day 1 followed by 50 mg daily), the following adverse reactions were observed with an incidence of 12.5% or greater: blood alkaline phosphatase increased (22%), hypotension (20%), respiratory failure (20%), pyrexia (17%), diarrhea (15%), nausea (15%), headache (15%), rash (13%), alanine aminotransferase increased (13%), aspartate aminotransferase increased (13%), blood bilirubin increased (13%), and blood potassium decreased (13%). Also reported in this patient population were pulmonary edema, ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome), and radiographic infiltrates. Clinical Trials Experience in Pediatric Patients (3 months to 17 years of age) The overall safety of caspofungin was assessed in 171 pediatric patients who received single or multiple doses of caspofungin. The distribution among the 153 pediatric patients who were over the age of 3 months was as follows: 104 febrile, neutropenic patients; 38 patients with candidemia and/or intra-abdominal abscesses, peritonitis, or pleural space infections; 1 patient with esophageal candidiasis; and 10 patients with invasive aspergillosis. The overall safety profile of caspofungin in pediatric patients is comparable to that in adult patients. Table 6 shows the incidence of adverse reactions reported in 7.5% or greater of pediatric patients in clinical studies. One patient (0.6%) receiving caspofungin, and three patients (12%) receiving AmBisome developed a serious drug-related adverse reaction. Two patients (1%) were discontinued from caspofungin and three patients (12%) were discontinued from AmBisome due to a drug-related adverse reaction. The proportion of patients who experienced an infusion-related adverse reaction (defined as a systemic event, such as pyrexia, chills, flushing, hypotension, hypertension, tachycardia, dyspnea, tachypnea, rash, or anaphylaxis, that developed during the study therapy infusion and one hour following infusion) was 22% in the group treated with caspofungin and 35% in the group treated with AmBisome. Table 6: Adverse Reactions Among Pediatric Patients (0 months to 17 years of age) Incidence 7.5% or Greater for at Least One Treatment Group Within any system organ class, individuals may experience more than 1 adverse reaction. * 70 mg/m 2 on Day 1, then 50 mg/m 2 once daily for the remainder of the treatment. Adverse Reactions Noncomparative Clinical Studies Comparator-Controlled Clinical Study of Empirical Therapy Caspofungin Any Dose N=115 (%) Caspofungin 50 mg/m 2 * N=56 (%) AmBisome 3 mg/kg N=26 (%) All Systems, Any Adverse Reaction 95 96 89 Investigations 55 41 50 Blood Potassium Decreased 18 9 27 Aspartate Aminotransferase Increased 17 2 12 Alanine Aminotransferase Increased 14 5 12 Blood Potassium Increased 3 0 8 General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions 47 59 42 Pyrexia 29 30 23 Chills 10 13 8 Mucosal Inflammation 10 4 4 Edema 3 4 8 Gastrointestinal Disorders 42 41 35 Diarrhea 17 7 15 Vomiting 8 11 12 Abdominal Pain 7 4 12 Nausea 4 4 8 Infections and Infestations 40 30 35 Central Line Infection 1 9 0 Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders 33 41 39 Pruritus 7 6 8 Rash 6 23 8 Erythema 4 9 0 Vascular Disorders 24 21 19 Hypotension 12 9 8 Hypertension 10 9 4 Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders 22 11 23 Hypokalemia 8 5 4 Cardiac Disorders 17 13 19 Tachycardia 4 11 19 Nervous System Disorders 13 16 8 Headache 5 9 4 Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders 11 14 12 Back Pain 4 0 8 Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders 10 2 15 Anemia 2 0 8 Overall Safety Experience of Caspofungin in Clinical Trials The overall safety of caspofungin was assessed in 2036 individuals (including 1642 adult or pediatric patients and 394 volunteers) from 34 clinical studies. These individuals received single or multiple (once daily) doses of caspofungin, ranging from 5 mg to 210 mg. Full safety data is available from 1951 individuals, as the safety data from 85 patients enrolled in 2 compassionate use studies was limited solely to serious adverse reactions. Adverse reactions which occurred in 5% or greater of all individuals who received caspofungin in these trials are shown in Table 7 . Overall, 1665 of the 1951 (85%) patients/volunteers who received caspofungin experienced an adverse reaction. Table 7: Adverse Reactions* in Patients Who Received Caspofungin in Clinical Trials † Incidence 5% or Greater for at Least One Treatment Group * Defined as an adverse reaction, regardless of causality, while on caspofungin or during the 14-day post- caspofungin follow-up period. † Incidence for each preferred term is 5% or greater among individuals who received at least 1 dose of caspofungin. ‡ Within any system organ class, individuals may experience more than 1 adverse event. Adverse Reactions ‡ Caspofungin (N=1951) n (%) All Systems, Any Adverse Reaction 1665 (85) Investigations 901 (46) Alanine Aminotransferase Increased 258 (13) Aspartate Aminotransferase Increased 233 (12) Blood Alkaline Phosphatase Increased 232 (12) Blood Potassium Decreased 220 (11) Blood Bilirubin Increased 117 (6) General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions 843 (43) Pyrexia 381 (20) Chills 192 (10) Edema Peripheral 110 (6) Gastrointestinal Disorders 754 (39) Diarrhea 273 (14) Nausea 166 (9) Vomiting 146 (8) Abdominal Pain 112 (6) Infections and Infestations 730 (37) Pneumonia 115 (6) Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders 613 (31) Cough 111 (6) Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders 520 (27) Rash 159 (8) Erythema 98 (5) Nervous System Disorders 412 (21) Headache 193 (10) Vascular Disorders 344 (18) Hypotension 118 (6) Clinically significant adverse reactions, regardless of causality or incidence which occurred in less than 5% of patients are listed below. Blood and lymphatic system disorders: anemia, coagulopathy, febrile neutropenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia Cardiac disorders: arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, tachycardia Gastrointestinal disorders: abdominal distension, abdominal pain upper, constipation, dyspepsia General disorders and administration site conditions: asthenia, fatigue, infusion site pain/pruritus/swelling, mucosal inflammation, edema Hepatobiliary disorders: hepatic failure, hepatomegaly, hepatotoxicity, hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice Infections and infestations: bacteremia, sepsis, urinary tract infection Metabolic and nutrition disorders: anorexia, decreased appetite, fluid overload, hypomagnesemia, hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia Musculoskeletal, connective tissue, and bone disorders: arthralgia, back pain, pain in extremity Nervous system disorders: convulsion, dizziness, somnolence, tremor Psychiatric disorders: anxiety, confusional state, depression, insomnia Renal and urinary disorders: hematuria, renal failure Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders: dyspnea, epistaxis, hypoxia, tachypnea Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: erythema, petechiae, skin lesion, urticaria Vascular disorders: flushing, hypertension, phlebitis 6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following additional adverse reactions have been identified during the post-approval use of caspofungin. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Gastrointestinal disorders: pancreatitis Hepatobiliary disorders : hepatic necrosis Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and skin exfoliation Renal and urinary disorders: clinically significant renal dysfunction General disorders and administration site conditions: swelling and peripheral edema Laboratory abnormalities: gamma-glutamyltransferase increased