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adverse reactions
ADVERSE REACTIONS During its premarketing assessment, multiple doses of sertraline HCl were administered to over 4000 adult subjects as of February 18, 2000. The conditions and duration of exposure to sertraline HCl varied greatly, and included (in overlapping categories) clinical pharmacology studies, open and double-blind studies, uncontrolled and controlled studies, inpatient and outpatient studies, fixed-dose and titration studies, and studies for multiple indications, including major depressive disorder. Untoward events associated with this exposure were recorded by clinical investigators using terminology of their own choosing. Consequently, it is not possible to provide a meaningful estimate of the proportion of individuals experiencing adverse events without first grouping similar types of untoward events into a smaller number of standardized event categories. In the tabulations that follow, a World Health Organization dictionary of terminology has been used to classify reported adverse events. The frequencies presented, therefore, represent the proportion of the over 4000 adult individuals exposed to multiple doses of sertraline HCl who experienced a treatment-emergent adverse event of the type cited on at least one occasion while receiving sertraline HCl. An event was considered treatment-emergent if it occurred for the first time or worsened while receiving therapy following baseline evaluation. It is important to emphasize that events reported during therapy were not necessarily caused by it. The prescriber should be aware that the figures in the tables and tabulations cannot be used to predict the incidence of side effects in the course of usual medical practice where patient characteristics and other factors differ from those that prevailed in the clinical trials. Similarly, the cited frequencies cannot be compared with figures obtained from other clinical investigations involving different treatments, uses, and investigators. The cited figures, however, do provide the prescribing physician with some basis for estimating the relative contribution of drug and nondrug factors to the side effect incidence rate in the population studied. Incidence in Placebo-Controlled Trials – Table 1 enumerates the most common treatment-emergent adverse events associated with the use of sertraline HCl (incidence of at least 5% for sertraline HCl and at least twice that for placebo within at least one of the indications) for the treatment of adult patients with major depressive disorder/other* in placebo-controlled clinical trials. Most patients in major depressive disorder/other* studies, received doses of 50 to 200 mg/day. TABLE 1 MOST COMMON TREATMENT-EMERGENT ADVERSE EVENTS: INCIDENCE IN PLACEBO-CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS Percentage of Patients Reporting Event Major Depressive Disorder/Other* (1) Primarily ejaculatory delay. Denominator used was for male patients only (N=271 sertraline HCl major depressive disorder/other*; N=271 placebo major depressive disorder/other*). *Major depressive disorder and other premarketing controlled trials. Body System/Adverse Event Sertraline HCl (N=861) Placebo (N=853) Autonomic Nervous System Disorders Ejaculation Failure (1) 7 <1 Mouth Dry 16 9 Sweating Increased 8 3 Centr. & Periph. Nerv. System Disorders Somnolence 13 6 Tremor 11 3 Dizziness 12 7 General Fatigue 11 8 Pain 1 2 Malaise <1 1 Gastrointestinal Disorders Abdominal Pain 2 2 Anorexia 3 2 Constipation 8 6 Diarrhea/Loose Stools 18 9 Dyspepsia 6 3 Nausea 26 12 Psychiatric Disorders Agitation 6 4 Insomnia 16 9 Libido Decreased 1 <1 Associated with Discontinuation in Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials Table 2 lists the adverse events associated with discontinuation of sertraline HCl treatment (incidence at least twice that for placebo and at least 1% for sertraline HCl in clinical trials) in major depressive disorder/other*. TABLE 2 MOST COMMON ADVERSE EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH DISCONTINUATION IN PLACEBO-CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS Adverse Event Major Depressive Disorder/Other (N=861) (1) Primarily ejaculatory delay. Denominator used was for male patients only (N=271 major depressive disorder/other*). *Major depressive disorder and other premarketing controlled trials. Abdominal Pain – Agitation 1% Anxiety – Diarrhea/Loose Stools 2% Dizziness – Dry Mouth 1% Dyspepsia – Ejaculation Failure (1) 1% Fatigue – Headache 2% Hot Flushes – Insomnia 1% Nausea 4% Nervousness – Palpitation – Somnolense 1% Tremor 2% Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction with SSRIs Although changes in sexual desire, sexual performance and sexual satisfaction often occur as manifestations of a psychiatric disorder, they may also be a consequence of pharmacologic treatment. In particular, some evidence suggests that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can cause such untoward sexual experiences. Reliable estimates of the incidence and severity of untoward experiences involving sexual desire, performance and satisfaction are difficult to obtain, however, in part because patients and physicians may be reluctant to discuss them. Accordingly, estimates of the incidence of untoward sexual experience and performance cited in product labeling, are likely to underestimate their actual incidence. Table 3 below displays the incidence of sexual side effects reported by at least 2% of patients taking sertraline HCl in placebo-controlled trials. TABLE 3 Adverse Event Sertraline HCl Placebo *Denominator used was for male patients only (N=1118 sertraline HCl; N=926 placebo) **Denominator used was for male and female patients (N=2799 sertraline HCl; N=2394 placebo) Ejaculation failure* (primarily delayed ejaculation) 14% 1% Decreased libido** 6% 1% There are no adequate and well-controlled studies examining sexual dysfunction with sertraline treatment. Priapism has been reported with all SSRIs. While it is difficult to know the precise risk of sexual dysfunction associated with the use of SSRIs, physicians should routinely inquire about such possible side effects. Other Adverse Events in Pediatric Patients – In over 600 pediatric patients treated with sertraline HCl, the overall profile of adverse events was generally similar to that seen in adult studies. However, the following adverse events, from controlled trials, not appearing in Table 1, were reported at an incidence of at least 2% and occurred at a rate of at least twice the placebo rate (N=281 patients treated with sertraline HCl): fever, hyperkinesia, urinary incontinence, aggressive reaction, sinusitis, epistaxis and purpura. Other Events Observed During the Premarketing Evaluation of Sertraline HCl – Following is a list of treatment-emergent adverse events reported during premarketing assessment of sertraline HCl in clinical trials (over 4000 adult subjects) except those already listed in the previous tables or elsewhere in labeling. In the tabulations that follow, a World Health Organization dictionary of terminology has been used to classify reported adverse events. The frequencies presented, therefore, represent the proportion of the over 4000 adult individuals exposed to multiple doses of sertraline HCl who experienced an event of the type cited on at least one occasion while receiving sertraline HCl. All events are included except those already listed in the previous tables or elsewhere in labeling and those reported in terms so general as to be uninformative and those for which a causal relationship to sertraline HCl treatment seemed remote. It is important to emphasize that although the events reported occurred during treatment with sertraline HCl, they were not necessarily caused by it. Events are further categorized by body system and listed in order of decreasing frequency according to the following definitions: frequent adverse events are those occurring on one or more occasions in at least 1/100 patients; infrequent adverse events are those occurring in 1/100 to 1/1000 patients; rare events are those occurring in fewer than 1/1000 patients. Events of major clinical importance are also described in the PRECAUTIONS section. Autonomic Nervous System Disorders – Frequent : impotence; Infrequent : flushing, increased saliva, cold clammy skin, mydriasis; Rare : pallor, glaucoma, priapism, vasodilation. Body as a Whole – General Disorders – Rare : allergic reaction, allergy. Cardiovascular – Frequent : palpitations, chest pain; Infrequent : hypertension, tachycardia, postural dizziness, postural hypotension, periorbital edema, peripheral edema, hypotension, peripheral ischemia, syncope, edema, dependent edema; Rare : precordial chest pain, substernal chest pain, aggravated hypertension, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disorder. Central and Peripheral Nervous System Disorders – Frequent : hypertonia, hypoesthesia; Infrequent : twitching, confusion, hyperkinesia, vertigo, ataxia, migraine, abnormal coordination, hyperesthesia, leg cramps, abnormal gait, nystagmus, hypokinesia; Rare : dysphonia, coma, dyskinesia, hypotonia, ptosis, choreoathetosis, hyporeflexia. Disorders of Skin and Appendages – Infrequent : pruritus, acne, urticaria, alopecia, dry skin, erythematous rash, photosensitivity reaction, maculopapular rash; Rare : follicular rash, eczema, dermatitis, contact dermatitis, bullous eruption, hypertrichosis, skin discoloration, pustular rash. Endocrine Disorders – Rare : exophthalmos, gynecomastia. Gastrointestinal Disorders – Frequent : appetite increased; Infrequent : dysphagia, tooth caries aggravated, eructation, esophagitis, gastroenteritis; Rare : melena, glossitis, gum hyperplasia, hiccup, stomatitis, tenesmus, colitis, diverticulitis, fecal incontinence, gastritis, rectum hemorrhage, hemorrhagic peptic ulcer, proctitis, ulcerative stomatitis, tongue edema, tongue ulceration. General – Frequent : back pain, asthenia, malaise, weight increase; Infrequent : fever, rigors, generalized edema; Rare : face edema, aphthous stomatitis. Hearing and Vestibular Disorders – Rare : hyperacusis, labyrinthine disorder. Hematopoietic and Lymphatic – Rare : anemia, anterior chamber eye hemorrhage. Liver and Biliary System Disorders – Rare : abnormal hepatic function. Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders – Infrequent : thirst; Rare : hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia reaction. Musculoskeletal System Disorders – Frequent : myalgia; Infrequent : arthralgia, dystonia, arthrosis, muscle cramps, muscle weakness. Psychiatric Disorders – Frequent : yawning, other male sexual dysfunction, other female sexual dysfunction; Infrequent : depression, amnesia, paroniria, teeth-grinding, emotional lability, apathy, abnormal dreams, euphoria, paranoid reaction, hallucination, aggressive reaction, aggravated depression, delusions; Rare : withdrawal syndrome, suicide ideation, libido increased, somnambulism, illusion. Reproductive – Infrequent : menstrual disorder, dysmenorrhea, intermenstrual bleeding, vaginal hemorrhage, amenorrhea, leukorrhea; Rare : female breast pain, menorrhagia, balanoposthitis, breast enlargement, atrophic vaginitis, acute female mastitis. Respiratory System Disorders – Frequent : rhinitis; Infrequent : coughing, dyspnea, upper respiratory tract infection, epistaxis, bronchospasm, sinusitis; Rare : hyperventilation, bradypnea, stridor, apnea, bronchitis, hemoptysis, hypoventilation, laryngismus, laryngitis. Special Senses – Frequent : tinnitus; Infrequent : conjunctivitis, earache, eye pain, abnormal accommodation; Rare : xerophthalmia, photophobia, diplopia, abnormal lacrimation, scotoma, visual field defect. Urinary System Disorders – Infrequent : micturition frequency, polyuria, urinary retention, dysuria, nocturia, urinary incontinence; Rare : cystitis, oliguria, pyelonephritis, hematuria, renal pain, strangury. Laboratory Tests – In man, asymptomatic elevations in serum transaminases (SGOT [or AST] and SGPT [or ALT]) have been reported infrequently (approximately 0.8%) in association with sertraline HCl administration. These hepatic enzyme elevations usually occurred within the first 1 to 9 weeks of drug treatment and promptly diminished upon drug discontinuation. Sertraline HCl therapy was associated with small mean increases in total cholesterol (approximately 3%) and triglycerides (approximately 5%), and a small mean decrease in serum uric acid (approximately 7%) of no apparent clinical importance. Other Events Observed During the Postmarketing Evaluation of Sertraline HCl – Reports of adverse events temporally associated with sertraline HCl that have been received since market introduction, that are not listed above and that may have no causal relationship with the drug, include the following: acute renal failure, anaphylactoid reaction, angioedema, blindness, optic neuritis, cataract, increased coagulation times, bradycardia, AV block, atrial arrhythmias, QT-interval prolongation, ventricular tachycardia (including torsade de pointes-type arrhythmias), hypothyroidism, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia and pancytopenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, lupus-like syndrome, serum sickness, hyperglycemia, galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like events, extrapyramidal symptoms, oculogyric crisis, serotonin syndrome, psychosis, pulmonary hypertension, severe skin reactions, which potentially can be fatal, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, vasculitis, photosensitivity and other severe cutaneous disorders, rare reports of pancreatitis, and liver events—clinical features (which in the majority of cases appeared to be reversible with discontinuation of sertraline HCl) occurring in one or more patients include: elevated enzymes, increased bilirubin, hepatomegaly, hepatitis, jaundice, abdominal pain, vomiting, liver failure and death.