Azathioprine

Product NDC
43353-745
11-digit product format
433530745
Labeler code
43353
Product ID
43353-745_2a5598d0-3932-4397-97b3-5d63dc7af1f7
Type
HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG
Nonproprietary name
azathioprine
Dosage form
TABLET
Route
ORAL
Labeler
Aphena Pharma Solutions - Tennessee, LLC
Application
ANDA075568
Marketing category
ANDA
Marketing start
2009-12-28
Marketing end
0000-00-00
Substance
AZATHIOPRINE
Active strength
50 mg/1
Pharmacologic classes
Nucleoside Analog [EXT],Purine Antimetabolite [EPC],Purines [CS],Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors [MoA]
NDC exclude flag
No
Listing certified through
2019-12-31
Current FDA listing
Historical FDA.report record

NDC auxiliary status#

These records are reproduced from FDA’s unfinished, excluded, and compounder listings. They describe what appeared in the source files; a missing record does not establish a regulatory status. View all current auxiliary records, including entries without an NDC. · View the auxiliary file history.

Current NDC status page 1 of 1 · 3 matching rows.

Dataset, Scope, Product NDC table
DatasetScopeProduct NDCPackage NDCCodeStatusReporting periodSource date
excluded productproduct43353-745IInactivated by FDA2026-08-03
excluded packagepackage43353-74543353-745-09IInactivated by FDA2026-08-03
excluded packagepackage43353-74543353-745-60IInactivated by FDA2026-08-03

Observed NDC auxiliary status history#

This history shows the information present in each captured FDA auxiliary file. It is not a continuous regulatory timeline, and a missing record does not establish a status.

Historic NDC status page 1 of 2 · 63 matching rows.

View current auxiliary records. · View the auxiliary file history.

Captured / source date, Dataset, Scope table
Captured / source dateDatasetScopePackage NDCSnapshotSource SHA-256
2025-12-14 17:58 UTC · source 2025-12-05excluded productproductd630ba8d3edf…732f749b63fb…
2025-12-14 17:58 UTC · source 2025-12-05excluded packagepackage43353-745-09d630ba8d3edf…732f749b63fb…
2025-12-14 17:58 UTC · source 2025-12-05excluded packagepackage43353-745-60d630ba8d3edf…732f749b63fb…
2025-08-27 00:01 UTC · source 2025-08-26excluded productproductf5e01cc5f278…a2eaf40c39c3…
2025-08-27 00:01 UTC · source 2025-08-26excluded packagepackage43353-745-09f5e01cc5f278…a2eaf40c39c3…
2025-08-27 00:01 UTC · source 2025-08-26excluded packagepackage43353-745-60f5e01cc5f278…a2eaf40c39c3…
2025-04-01 02:39 UTC · source 2025-03-31excluded productproduct2ef7874e63bc…57b86245f4fa…
2025-04-01 02:39 UTC · source 2025-03-31excluded packagepackage43353-745-092ef7874e63bc…57b86245f4fa…
2025-04-01 02:39 UTC · source 2025-03-31excluded packagepackage43353-745-602ef7874e63bc…57b86245f4fa…
2025-03-28 20:22 UTC · source 2025-03-28excluded productproducta1b67e2a42f9…c4cf2c586c0d…
2025-03-28 20:22 UTC · source 2025-03-28excluded packagepackage43353-745-09a1b67e2a42f9…c4cf2c586c0d…
2025-03-28 20:22 UTC · source 2025-03-28excluded packagepackage43353-745-60a1b67e2a42f9…c4cf2c586c0d…
2025-03-22 03:12 UTC · source 2025-03-21excluded productproductcfe11265f3b6…090c488252e2…
2025-03-22 03:12 UTC · source 2025-03-21excluded packagepackage43353-745-09cfe11265f3b6…090c488252e2…
2025-03-22 03:12 UTC · source 2025-03-21excluded packagepackage43353-745-60cfe11265f3b6…090c488252e2…
2025-03-10 12:48 UTC · source 2025-03-10excluded productproductcdf11ea48f46…ba0047e9e063…
2025-03-10 12:48 UTC · source 2025-03-10excluded packagepackage43353-745-09cdf11ea48f46…ba0047e9e063…
2025-03-10 12:48 UTC · source 2025-03-10excluded packagepackage43353-745-60cdf11ea48f46…ba0047e9e063…
2025-02-02 03:52 UTC · source 2025-01-31excluded productproduct302b2466d912…e7b80fea0513…
2025-02-02 03:52 UTC · source 2025-01-31excluded packagepackage43353-745-09302b2466d912…e7b80fea0513…
2025-02-02 03:52 UTC · source 2025-01-31excluded packagepackage43353-745-60302b2466d912…e7b80fea0513…
2025-01-20 13:05 UTC · source 2025-01-20excluded productproducted331223b511…672a5bd82f5f…
2025-01-20 13:05 UTC · source 2025-01-20excluded packagepackage43353-745-09ed331223b511…672a5bd82f5f…
2025-01-20 13:05 UTC · source 2025-01-20excluded packagepackage43353-745-60ed331223b511…672a5bd82f5f…
2025-01-11 03:41 UTC · source 2025-01-10excluded productproduct0efc9e666f02…f202fb6c5f17…
2025-01-11 03:41 UTC · source 2025-01-10excluded packagepackage43353-745-090efc9e666f02…f202fb6c5f17…
2025-01-11 03:41 UTC · source 2025-01-10excluded packagepackage43353-745-600efc9e666f02…f202fb6c5f17…
2024-11-09 02:27 UTC · source 2024-11-08excluded productproductad56d346431e…cc804d4bbf1e…
2024-11-09 02:27 UTC · source 2024-11-08excluded packagepackage43353-745-09ad56d346431e…cc804d4bbf1e…
2024-11-09 02:27 UTC · source 2024-11-08excluded packagepackage43353-745-60ad56d346431e…cc804d4bbf1e…
2024-10-04 04:10 UTC · source 2024-10-03excluded productproduct367a005e9d99…383a685ebd0f…
2024-10-04 04:10 UTC · source 2024-10-03excluded packagepackage43353-745-09367a005e9d99…383a685ebd0f…
2024-10-04 04:10 UTC · source 2024-10-03excluded packagepackage43353-745-60367a005e9d99…383a685ebd0f…
2024-07-10 04:00 UTC · source 2024-07-09excluded productproduct557ba5c1ecfa…9c80585c8c6e…
2024-07-10 04:00 UTC · source 2024-07-09excluded packagepackage43353-745-09557ba5c1ecfa…9c80585c8c6e…
2024-07-10 04:00 UTC · source 2024-07-09excluded packagepackage43353-745-60557ba5c1ecfa…9c80585c8c6e…
2024-05-28 21:12 UTC · source 2024-05-28excluded productproduct8af77b9d5b6f…d9bbb34c5368…
2024-05-28 21:12 UTC · source 2024-05-28excluded packagepackage43353-745-098af77b9d5b6f…d9bbb34c5368…
2024-05-28 21:12 UTC · source 2024-05-28excluded packagepackage43353-745-608af77b9d5b6f…d9bbb34c5368…
2024-05-15 03:39 UTC · source 2024-05-14excluded productproduct834df4deac94…adcc014656a3…
2024-05-15 03:39 UTC · source 2024-05-14excluded packagepackage43353-745-09834df4deac94…adcc014656a3…
2024-05-15 03:39 UTC · source 2024-05-14excluded packagepackage43353-745-60834df4deac94…adcc014656a3…
2024-03-11 06:39 UTC · source 2024-03-08excluded productproduct1332a3947898…d4bfe170f9cd…
2024-03-11 06:39 UTC · source 2024-03-08excluded packagepackage43353-745-091332a3947898…d4bfe170f9cd…
2024-03-11 06:39 UTC · source 2024-03-08excluded packagepackage43353-745-601332a3947898…d4bfe170f9cd…
2022-08-30 03:57 UTC · source 2022-08-29excluded productproductfb8cb913e6d1…eb8c232b6be0…
2022-08-30 03:57 UTC · source 2022-08-29excluded packagepackage43353-745-09fb8cb913e6d1…eb8c232b6be0…
2022-08-30 03:57 UTC · source 2022-08-29excluded packagepackage43353-745-60fb8cb913e6d1…eb8c232b6be0…
2022-04-09 23:13 UTC · source 2022-04-08excluded productproduct86f5da6cb304…a595104c45d7…
2022-04-09 23:13 UTC · source 2022-04-08excluded packagepackage43353-745-0986f5da6cb304…a595104c45d7…
2022-04-09 23:13 UTC · source 2022-04-08excluded packagepackage43353-745-6086f5da6cb304…a595104c45d7…
2022-04-04 05:40 UTC · source 2022-04-01excluded productproductbd6a592717d7…303034d00443…
2022-04-04 05:40 UTC · source 2022-04-01excluded packagepackage43353-745-09bd6a592717d7…303034d00443…
2022-04-04 05:40 UTC · source 2022-04-01excluded packagepackage43353-745-60bd6a592717d7…303034d00443…
2021-12-27 23:28 UTC · source 2021-12-27excluded productproduct8dfbde2a14a4…c9ff85d89658…
2021-12-27 23:28 UTC · source 2021-12-27excluded packagepackage43353-745-098dfbde2a14a4…c9ff85d89658…
2021-12-27 23:28 UTC · source 2021-12-27excluded packagepackage43353-745-608dfbde2a14a4…c9ff85d89658…
2020-12-18 03:04 UTC · source 2020-12-17excluded productproducte2bbac7714bc…27bdfed8d636…
2020-12-18 03:04 UTC · source 2020-12-17excluded packagepackage43353-745-09e2bbac7714bc…27bdfed8d636…
2020-12-18 03:04 UTC · source 2020-12-17excluded packagepackage43353-745-60e2bbac7714bc…27bdfed8d636…

Source provenance: Browse the complete Orange Book source catalog · source snapshot 1.

Orange Book products#

Current product rows page 1 of 1 · 1 matching rows.

Application-product, Trade name, Ingredient table
Application-productTrade nameIngredientStrengthDosage form / routeTE codesRLD / RSApproval date
A075568-001AZATHIOPRINEAZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13

Therapeutic equivalence codes#

Current TE-code rows page 1 of 1 · 1 matching rows.

Application-product, TE code table
Application-productTE code
A075568-001AB

Observed Orange Book product history#

Observed FDA ZIP history: Each table is queried independently by exact application/product key from successfully parsed Orange Book snapshots. Capture times identify archived source observations; absence or a change between snapshots is not inferred. FDA publication files that were not recoverable as structured ZIP data are not represented as states.

Product history page 1 of 2 · 41 observed states.

Captured, Edition, Application-product table
CapturedEditionApplication-productTrade nameStrengthDosage form / routeProduct TE source textRLD / RSApproval dateSource SHA-256
2026-02-19 14:30 UTC2026-02A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13011fe1cb6892…
2025-12-14 10:44 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2025-12A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-1331067a03dcf5…
2025-08-23 18:47 UTC2025-08A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-136a471c1ec25d…
2025-03-22 03:13 UTC · 3 captures of this ZIP2025-03A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13fd3edfee7708…
2025-02-26 10:13 UTC · 3 captures of this ZIP2025-02A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13b8a1b40f171c…
2025-01-19 17:59 UTC · 7 captures of this ZIP2025-01A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-1303ed91905a0d…
2024-12-13 21:23 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2024-12A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-132680178bc6a6…
2024-09-14 05:58 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2024-09A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-135bbf6a4d5a75…
2024-11-08 22:44 UTC · 3 captures of this ZIP2024-11A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13d8e5a09893c0…
2024-10-29 15:01 UTC2024-10A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13d06236e962d9…
2024-08-13 05:28 UTC · 3 captures of this ZIP2024-08A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-1379d66fd596c7…
2024-07-13 05:37 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2024-07A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13301d65b070ca…
2024-06-18 03:08 UTC · 5 captures of this ZIP2024-06A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-131e350fbaab3a…
2024-05-31 18:47 UTC2024-05A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-138072bd15b7f6…
2022-06-29 02:47 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2022-06A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-135c6f7cd8ea54…
2022-04-08 23:34 UTC2022-04A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-135d02ea3f76ae…
2022-04-04 05:41 UTC2022-04A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-134b0b4de00fa7…
2019-12-13 00:20 UTC2019-12A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-1374a2ff9319b5…
2022-03-09 01:35 UTC2022-03A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13bb7c543d1eb4…
2021-12-28 21:50 UTC2021-12A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13782e0a99824c…
2021-05-05 16:15 UTC · 3 captures of this ZIP2021-05A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-1387673890dc5c…
2021-03-12 10:30 UTC2021-03A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-135aa47cf7b7d7…
2020-12-22 03:56 UTC2020-12A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-138869cabd3fbd…
2020-11-12 02:37 UTC2020-11A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13c0c555d07b60…
2019-12-14 00:12 UTC2019-12A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-133f01610625f2…
2019-09-15 20:21 UTC2019-09A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13b00525d2431f…
2019-07-19 19:46 UTC2019-07A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13ea99ee380514…
2024-03-16 18:09 UTC · 4 captures of this ZIP2024-03A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-136a51e52b5d6a…
2024-02-18 07:12 UTC2024-02A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-131c564ffb4f44…
2023-12-20 04:57 UTC2023-12A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13ea1830bbd6c7…
2023-11-28 05:40 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2023-11A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13a72a2bbeb626…
2023-10-25 00:34 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2023-10A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-139b2671bbb829…
2023-07-15 15:27 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2023-07A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13a67488948f0b…
2023-06-13 01:57 UTC · 3 captures of this ZIP2023-06A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-133f0d92c62455…
2023-05-13 08:27 UTC2023-05A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13053a50430f4f…
2023-01-26 05:58 UTC2023-01A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-133bdfa0b2c4d7…
2022-11-12 20:34 UTC · 5 captures of this ZIP2022-11A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-133a93d1ddd44b…
2022-10-28 04:53 UTC2022-10A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13f41ea6bd6efb…
2022-09-29 23:25 UTC2022-09A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13e64feba35796…
2022-07-09 03:26 UTC · 3 captures of this ZIP2022-07A075568-001AZATHIOPRINE50MGTABLET / ORALAB1999-12-13cb3db0bc1861…

Observed Orange Book normalized TE history#

Normalized TE history page 1 of 2 · 41 observed states.

Captured, Edition, Application-product table
CapturedEditionApplication-productTE codeOrderSource SHA-256
2026-02-19 14:30 UTC2026-02A075568-001AB1011fe1cb6892…
2025-12-14 10:44 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2025-12A075568-001AB131067a03dcf5…
2025-08-23 18:47 UTC2025-08A075568-001AB16a471c1ec25d…
2025-03-22 03:13 UTC · 3 captures of this ZIP2025-03A075568-001AB1fd3edfee7708…
2025-02-26 10:13 UTC · 3 captures of this ZIP2025-02A075568-001AB1b8a1b40f171c…
2025-01-19 17:59 UTC · 7 captures of this ZIP2025-01A075568-001AB103ed91905a0d…
2024-12-13 21:23 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2024-12A075568-001AB12680178bc6a6…
2024-09-14 05:58 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2024-09A075568-001AB15bbf6a4d5a75…
2024-11-08 22:44 UTC · 3 captures of this ZIP2024-11A075568-001AB1d8e5a09893c0…
2024-10-29 15:01 UTC2024-10A075568-001AB1d06236e962d9…
2024-08-13 05:28 UTC · 3 captures of this ZIP2024-08A075568-001AB179d66fd596c7…
2024-07-13 05:37 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2024-07A075568-001AB1301d65b070ca…
2024-06-18 03:08 UTC · 5 captures of this ZIP2024-06A075568-001AB11e350fbaab3a…
2024-05-31 18:47 UTC2024-05A075568-001AB18072bd15b7f6…
2022-06-29 02:47 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2022-06A075568-001AB15c6f7cd8ea54…
2022-04-08 23:34 UTC2022-04A075568-001AB15d02ea3f76ae…
2022-04-04 05:41 UTC2022-04A075568-001AB14b0b4de00fa7…
2019-12-13 00:20 UTC2019-12A075568-001AB174a2ff9319b5…
2022-03-09 01:35 UTC2022-03A075568-001AB1bb7c543d1eb4…
2021-12-28 21:50 UTC2021-12A075568-001AB1782e0a99824c…
2021-05-05 16:15 UTC · 3 captures of this ZIP2021-05A075568-001AB187673890dc5c…
2021-03-12 10:30 UTC2021-03A075568-001AB15aa47cf7b7d7…
2020-12-22 03:56 UTC2020-12A075568-001AB18869cabd3fbd…
2020-11-12 02:37 UTC2020-11A075568-001AB1c0c555d07b60…
2019-12-14 00:12 UTC2019-12A075568-001AB13f01610625f2…
2019-09-15 20:21 UTC2019-09A075568-001AB1b00525d2431f…
2019-07-19 19:46 UTC2019-07A075568-001AB1ea99ee380514…
2024-03-16 18:09 UTC · 4 captures of this ZIP2024-03A075568-001AB16a51e52b5d6a…
2024-02-18 07:12 UTC2024-02A075568-001AB11c564ffb4f44…
2023-12-20 04:57 UTC2023-12A075568-001AB1ea1830bbd6c7…
2023-11-28 05:40 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2023-11A075568-001AB1a72a2bbeb626…
2023-10-25 00:34 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2023-10A075568-001AB19b2671bbb829…
2023-07-15 15:27 UTC · 2 captures of this ZIP2023-07A075568-001AB1a67488948f0b…
2023-06-13 01:57 UTC · 3 captures of this ZIP2023-06A075568-001AB13f0d92c62455…
2023-05-13 08:27 UTC2023-05A075568-001AB1053a50430f4f…
2023-01-26 05:58 UTC2023-01A075568-001AB13bdfa0b2c4d7…
2022-11-12 20:34 UTC · 5 captures of this ZIP2022-11A075568-001AB13a93d1ddd44b…
2022-10-28 04:53 UTC2022-10A075568-001AB1f41ea6bd6efb…
2022-09-29 23:25 UTC2022-09A075568-001AB1e64feba35796…
2022-07-09 03:26 UTC · 3 captures of this ZIP2022-07A075568-001AB1cb3db0bc1861…

DailyMed Product Concepts#

Product concept, Relation, Version table
Product conceptRelationVersionEffective
4f4d1a46-20f1-4d12-8172-10a68a29bd37Product name120200714
6675d21e-6399-b5b7-7c97-62806f9c86aaProduct name220200714
e3ccdd15-9c9c-362f-f2a0-79d5e384527fProduct name120140508

FDA-Initiated Inactive NDC Indexing#

NDC, Effective, Action table
NDCEffectiveActionDocumentIndexing SPLRelated label
43353-745-092020-01-31C16284748780-19d75b9d0-f2e9-f424-e053-dadaa90a57ce8f8e2691-4dd9-4f92-b1dd-9fc8b272768d
43353-745-602020-01-31C16284748780-19d75b9d0-f2e9-f424-e053-dadaa90a57ce8f8e2691-4dd9-4f92-b1dd-9fc8b272768d

DailyMed Package Descriptions#

Package NDC, Product, Description table
Package NDCProductDescriptionFormQuantityStrengthSPL version
43353-745-09Azathioprine9000 in 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICTABLET90001
43353-745-60Azathioprine90 in 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICTABLET901

DailyMed Billing Units#

Package NDC, Billing unit, Product NDC table
Package NDCBilling unitProduct NDCDailyMed indexing SPLSPL versionEffective
43353-745-09EA - Each43353-745273cf3cf-ba22-472b-94f4-b835860c538e12017-12-14
43353-745-60EA - Each43353-745d8cfb027-045a-4528-b31b-e2ea07a19daa12017-12-14

DailyMed Dashboard NDC Coverage#

NDC, Dashboard title, SPL version table
NDCDashboard titleSPL versionValidationDashboard ZIP
43353-745AZATHIOPRINE TABLET [APHENA PHARMA SOLUTIONS - TENNESSEE, LLC]1Legacy NDC, 2 package rows20171201_8f8e2691-4dd9-4f92-b1dd-9fc8b272768d.zip

openFDA label cross-check#

OpenFDA label data provides additional search and identifier links. DailyMed’s Structured Product Label is the canonical label on FDA.report. Matching records are deduplicated before they are shown below.

Matched openFDA labels page 1 of 1 · 1 matching rows.

Brand, Generic, Manufacturer table
BrandGenericManufacturerSPL set IDEffective dateAvailable safety fieldsJoin
AZATHIOPRINEAZATHIOPRINERising Pharma Holdings, Inc.2ffa2fce-895d-469e-8667-b078560aec5f2025-02-04Boxed warning, Warnings, Adverse reactionsExact identifier
application applno (ANDA): 075568
application number: ANDA075568

DailyMed RxNorm Mappings#

RxCUI, RxNorm string, TTY table
RxCUIRxNorm stringTTYDailyMedSPL version
197388azaTHIOprine 50 MG Oral TabletPSN8f8e2691-4dd9-4f92-b1dd-9fc8b272768d1
197388azathioprine 50 MG Oral TabletSCD8f8e2691-4dd9-4f92-b1dd-9fc8b272768d1

Packages#

Package NDC, 11-digit format, Description table
Package NDC11-digit formatDescriptionStatus
43353-745-09433530745099000 in 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICHistorical
43353-745-604335307456090 in 1 BOTTLE, PLASTICHistorical